西天山东段天格尔峰-艾维尔沟一带泥盆-二叠纪地层的厘定及地质意义

天格尔峰—艾维尔沟一带处于东、西天山交界部位,长期以来,其地层单元划分、时代归属、分布范围和名称使用均不统一,给天山构造带的研究带来诸多的问题。通过东西6幅1∶5万区域地质调查,在北天山原奇尔古斯套组(天格尔组)分布区域发现了两条不整合面和大量化石资料。结合岩石组合特征、同位素年龄数据、变质-变形作用和沉积背景的差异,进一步将原奇尔古斯套组(天格尔组)解体为上泥盆统天格尔组(狭义)、上石炭统奇尔古斯套组(狭义)、上石炭统后峡组和下二叠统阿尔巴萨依组,并填绘出了各地层单元的分布范围,厘定了测区的构造格局。为东西天山地层单元的对比和构造区划提供了重要依据。     

西天山东段天格尔峰-艾维尔沟-带泥盆-二叠纪地层的厘定及地质意义

天格尔峰-艾维尔沟-带处于东、西天山交界部位，长期以来，其地层单元划分、时代归属、分布范围和名称使用均不统一，给天山构造带的研究带来诸多的问题。通过东西6幅1：5万区域地质调查，在北天山原奇尔古斯套组（天格尔组）分布区域发现了两条不整合面和大量化石资料。结合岩石组合特征、同位素年龄数据、变质一变形作用和沉积背景的差异，进一步将原奇尔古斯套组（天格尔组）解体为上泥盆统天格尔组（狭义）、上石炭统奇尔古斯套组（狭义）、上石炭统后峡组和下二叠统阿尔巴萨依组，并填绘出了各地层单元的分布范围，厘定了测区的构造格局。为东西天山地层单元的对比和构造区划提供了重要依据。     

甘肃省陇南地区碧口群的时代、层序及含矿性探讨

本文运用多重地层划分方法,将甘肃陇南地区前人所称的碧口群（广义的碧口群）解体为下寒武统、震旦系和前震旦系,并由下而上划分为阳坝组（AnZy）、白杨组（AnZb）、秧田坝组（AnZyn）、关家沟组（Z₁g）、陡山沱组（Z₂d）、临江组（Z₂1）、干沟组（∈₁g）;碧口群中矿产丰富,本文在原碧口群中划出了4个合矿层位和文县—康县及阳坝—店坝两个成矿带。     

新疆东天山石灰窑-沙尔乔克一带奥陶系

石灰窑等地发现奥陶纪藻类化石,导致研究区内原确立的岩石地层单位解体并重新厘定。经野外地质调查和区域地层对比,最终将石灰窑-沙尔乔克一带奥陶系厘定为上奥陶统乌列盖组、上奥陶统大柳沟组和上奥陶统庙尔沟组3个岩石地层单位,明确了分布范围。基于锆石U-Pb年龄、地层接触关系及化石证据等,将3个组的地质时代确定为晚奥陶世。完善了该区域地层格架,对正确认识该区构造演化历史,进一步开展东天山一带地层及岩相和古地理研究提供了基础。     

武当山腹地晚古生代沉积与火山物质的识别：微体化石和锆石年代学证据

普遍认为武当山为南秦岭前寒武纪基底,主要由新元古代武当群和耀岭河群构成,局部发育陡山沱组。野外路线调查查明,武当山黄龙-方滩地区岩石单元与区域上广泛分布的前寒武纪有序地层不同,具有明显"block-in-matrix"特征。进一步详细的微体化石和锆石LA-ICP-MS同位素年代学工作表明:原划归陡山沱组的变石英砂质板岩呈岩片产出,分离和鉴别出15属30余种晚泥盆世孢子化石;原划归耀岭河群的凝灰质砂岩亦呈岩片产出,获得382Ma单一加权峰值年龄,且碎屑锆石综合分析显示物源以晚泥盆世岩浆岩为主,仅少量可能来源于区域发育的武当群和耀岭河群。黄龙-方滩地区原划定的前寒武纪岩石地层中发现晚古生代沉积组合与火山活动物质的存在,为重新认识武当地区物质组成与演化提供了基础资料。该成果结合作者野外剖面构造解析和室内获得的玄武岩、大理岩及辉绿岩块体和砂岩基质多组新元古代-中生代锆石年代学数据,共同指示十堰黄龙-方滩地区岩石单元并非前寒武纪或显生宙有序构造-沉积层,而是混杂岩带。     

秦岭岩群和碧口岩群层序时代的重新厘定

秦岭岩群和碧口岩群因构造复杂、化石贫乏，多年来对其层序和时代的意见极不统一。笔者通过地层清理，并结合前人所获得的成果，对这两个岩群的层序和时代进行重新厘定。秦岭岩群包括云母石英片岩、大理岩、片麻岩三套岩石组合，据同位素年龄和区域地层对比定为早元古代；从原秦岭岩群中分解出峡河岩群，据同位素年龄定为中晚元古代。碧口岩群包括变火山岩和变沉积碎屑岩两套岩石组合，据同位素年龄和微古植物化石定为中晚元古代；从原碧口岩群中分解出鱼洞子杂岩，据同位素年龄和硅铁建造定为早元古一太古代。     

陕、甘、川交界处摩天岭区碧口群层序及时代划分

长期以来,对碧口群的时代归属、碧口群的总体构造形态、碧口群的基底及上覆层等问题众说纷纭,争论不休。经笔者通过寻找碧口群基底、剥开碧口群的上覆层等项研究,把广义的碧口群解体为3部分:下伏基底晚太古代鱼洞子群、中元古代碧口群(狭义)和上覆上震旦统一下寒武统。并进一步将碧口群内部区分出具有不同特征的3个构造分区,分别论述各区总体构造特征、层序建立的依据及碧口群上、下亚群间不整合关系的特征和划分原则,着重论述了与此问题紧密相关的广泛分布于碧口群中的“片理化凝灰质砂砾岩”的产出特征、层序位置及其成因,指出该“片理化凝灰质砂砾岩”为海沟重力流相沉积,而非冰碛岩。最后论述了碧口群分布区新建立的晚太古代地层单位鱼洞子群。     

陕、甘、川交界处摩天岭区碧口群层序及时代划分

长期以来,对碧口群的时代归属、碧口群的总体构造形态、碧口群的基底及上覆层等问题众说纷纭,争论不休。经笔者通过寻找碧口群基底、剥开碧口群的上覆层等项研究,把广义的碧口群解体为3部分:下伏基底晚太古代鱼洞子群、中元古代碧口群(狭义) 和上覆上震旦统一下寒武统。并进一步将碧口群内部区分出具有不同特征的3个构造分区,分别论述各区总体构造特征、层序建立的依据及碧口群上、下亚群间不整合关系的特征和划分原则,着重论述了与此问题紧密相关的广泛分布于碧口群中的“片理化凝灰质砂砾岩”的产出特征、层序位置及其成因,指出该“片理化凝灰质砂砾岩”。为海沟重力流相沉积,而非冰碛岩。最后论述了碧口群分布区新建立的晚太古代地层单位鱼洞子群。     

秦岭岩群和碧口岩群层序时代析重新厘定

秦岭岩群和碧口岩群因构造复杂、化石贫乏，多年来对其层序和时代的意见极不统一。笔者通过地层清理，并结合前人所获得的成果，对这两个岩群的层序和时代进行重新厘定。秦岭岩群包括云母石英片岩、大理岩、片麻岩三套岩石组合，据同位素年龄和区域地层对比定为早元古代；从原秦岭岩群中分解出峡河岩群，据同位素年龄定为中晚元古代。碧口岩群包括变火山岩和变沉积碎屑岩两套岩石组合，据同位素年龄和微古植物化石定为中晚元古代；从     

秦巴地区碧口群时代层序、火山作用及含矿性研究

碧口群分布于扬子板块西北缘陕、甘、川三省毗邻地区,地质构造复杂。长期以来,由于其时代和层序问题得不到解决,直接影响了对该区的进一步找矿和构造性质的认识,并成为秦巴地区引人瞩目的重大基础地质问题之一。通过近几年的工作,取得了重大进展。建立了碧口群的层序和统一地层系统。主要根据接触关系、火山活动演化规律、物质成分来源、变形变质特点及时代依据等建立了碧口群的基本层序。并根据岩石建造特征、沉积旋回、生物群、冰川作用、地球化学、同位素年龄及含矿层位等综合分析,自下而上将其划分为前震旦系、震旦系和寒武系。寒武系和震旦系时代依据比较充分,已从碧口群内解体出来,前震旦系由于下限尚不明确,仍保留碧口群(狭义)名称。火山岩为解体后“碧口群”的重要组成部分,进行了较系统地研究和总结。从分布情况和发育程度来看,火山作用横向东强西弱;纵向上,自下而上是弱-强-弱的演化规律。大体可分为3个大的喷发旋回。该火山岩为一套以细碧岩、角斑岩、石英角斑岩及次火山岩相的辉绿岩为主的建造。主要岩石类型有辉绿岩、辉绿玢岩、细碧岩、细碧玢岩、玄武岩、玄武玢岩、安山玢岩、角斑岩、石英角斑岩、流纹岩、流纹斑岩及同质火山碎屑岩等。根据大量岩石化学分析结果及稀土元素配分模式判断,大部分属大洋拉斑玄武岩系列,部分为钙碱玄武岩系列。主要形成于大洋板块洋中脊构造环境,部分为岛弧一洋岛环境下的产物。碧口群具有多期变质和变形作用。根据大量同位素资料分析,碧口群大体经历了晋宁、澄江、加里东、华力西、印支-燕山五期热事件及构造运动。变质作用主要表现为区域动力变质作用所形成的绿片岩相。部分地区受区域动力热流和区域高温变质作用影响达高绿片岩相和角闪岩相。空间上具有由北往南、由上部层位向下部层位变质程度逐渐加深的特点。沿青川-勉县大断裂带的北侧尚伴有高压低温蓝闪片岩带。变形作用在不同层位表现强弱不同,根据变形特点,可将碧口群划分为前震旦系和震旦-寒武系两个大的构造层和四个变形期次。而后一构造层又可分为下震旦统秧田坝组和下震旦统南沱组一下寒武统两个次一级构造层。上述构造层都具有独特的构造变形序列和构造样式。早期构造变形以线状褶皱为主。后期构造产生倒转以及次一级褶皱的叠加、韧性剪切、片理、劈理,以至脆性断裂的产生。反映出各构造层处于不同的构造环境,经历了不同的演化历史。对碧口群的有关矿产进行了较系统地总结。碧口群分布区内目前已知矿产地共193处,其中以铁、锰、金、镍、重晶石、磷、石棉等矿产为主。成因类型包括火山沉积(变质)型、沉积(变质)型、热液型、岩浆型和风化淋滤型。并从层位、岩石、沉积坏境、构造及火山机构等方面,分析探讨了不同矿种和成因类型的成矿规律,提出了进一步找矿的意见。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.