土壤水分运动空间变异性尺度效应的染色示踪入渗试验研究

探讨了土壤水非均匀流动特性和描述方法,通过染色示踪剂调查了三种试验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式,并采用随机层叠模型对不同实验尺度条件下非均匀流动模式进行了模拟。随机层叠模型中具有对数正态分布性质的随机层叠发生器被用来描述水流入渗过程,不同的方法被用于模型参数求解。试验观测和模拟计算结果均表明,尺度特性是非均匀流动的重要影响因素之一,准确的描述不同研究尺度下的非均匀流动特征,须同时考虑流动在水平和垂直方向的变异性。随着研究尺度的增加,流动的非均匀性变异程度更加明显。     

基于多重分形理论的土壤水非均匀流动分析

通过显色示踪方法研究了粘土土质、不同边界条件下的非均匀流动模式。20,40,60和80 mm的4组入渗水量条件下流动模式由面积较小的优先流逐步过渡到局部和全局性基质流,采用最大入渗深度分布和实际入渗深度分布对非均匀流动进行了特征,4组试验非均匀流动均具有多重分形性质,多重分形谱与流动非均匀性具有显著的关系,非均匀流动多重分形谱的基本性状由土壤介质性质决定,而流动的非线性主要影响多重分形谱曲线形状。     

基于信息熵与多重分形理论的非均匀流动分析

根据粘土和壤土中非均匀水流运动的示踪试验, 研究了土壤水非均匀流动模式, 并基于信息熵与多重分形理论探讨了多孔介质中流动的非均匀性质.不同土质试验研究的分析结果表明, 各深度信息熵与特征长度具有相反的变化趋势.非均匀流动多重分形特性分析表明, 非均匀流动分布具有很强的自相似性, 但并不是在所有研究尺度范围内都满足标度不变性, 在显色比例相近的情况下, 壤土和粘土中水流运动标度不变性的范围表现出显著的差异.      

多孔介质中非均匀流动特性的染色示踪试验研究

通过土壤染色剂进行的4组试验,对不同介质结构条件下的水流和溶质非均匀运动规律,非均匀流动变异信息分布特征关系以及全局性非均匀流动示踪方法进行了研究。结果表明,即使在相对比较均匀的介质条件下,流动也表现出明显的非均匀特性;对数正态分布能够较好的反映水流的运动分布模式,相比水流运动,溶质的运动和分布规律明显不同,表现出更多的不确定性和变异性。     

重力条件下粗糙裂隙溶蚀过程的可视化试验研究

岩体裂隙的溶蚀现象广泛存在于自然过程和工程实践,重力对溶蚀过程具有重要作用。可视化观测技术是研究粗糙裂隙溶蚀机理的关键手段,然而传统的可视化技术存在裂隙粗糙壁面难以复制、溶蚀过程难以实时观测等问题。通过自主研发的粗糙裂隙溶蚀过程可视化试验平台,开展了垂直裂隙和水平裂隙在4种流量条件(0.05,0.1,0.3,1 mL/min)下的溶蚀可视化实验,研究了重力效应对溶蚀模式和溶蚀形态的影响,采用分形维数量化了不同溶蚀模式的形态学特征,最终确定了不同佩克莱数(Pe)条件下的突破时注液量。试验结果表明：在Pe≤62.1范围内,重力效应对溶蚀模式具有重要影响,垂直裂隙中的溶蚀发育为浮力主导模式和通道模式,重力效应将诱发单一、集中的溶蚀通道;而水平裂隙则统一发育为开度演变均匀、宽度较大的通道,即经典的虫洞溶蚀模式;在Pe数较大时(Pe=207.0)时,垂直裂隙和水平裂隙中的溶蚀均发育为均匀溶蚀。试验结果还证实了垂直裂隙更易发育为贯通的溶蚀通道,从而加速溶蚀突破;Pe=20.7时为最优注入条件,垂直裂隙的突破时注液量最小。在此条件下,垂直裂隙的突破时注液量仅为水平裂隙的1/4。建议重点关注重力效应对...     

考虑非达西效应的酸蚀裂缝流场数值模拟

酸压改造后的酸蚀裂缝是储层流体的主要流动通道,研究流体在酸蚀裂缝中的流动规律是十分必要的。本文介绍了目前裂隙流动研究中的4种常用控制方程及各自的适用条件,确定了Navier-Stokes方程为酸蚀裂缝流场数值模拟的控制方程。为了分析酸蚀裂缝流场分布规律以及非达西效应对裂缝导流能力的影响,利用逆向工程技术对两种不同刻蚀形态的酸蚀岩样壁面进行了实体重构,并采用有限元数值模拟方法进行了不同流量下的酸蚀裂缝流动试验。结果表明：酸刻蚀形态和裂缝接触关系对流场分布的影响较大。隙宽分布平滑的均匀刻蚀裂缝,其流态稳定、曲折度低,但由于裂缝开度较窄且比表面较高,边界层效应明显,流体流动时产生的黏滞阻力较高;沟槽裂缝曲面粗糙,隙宽分布复杂,流体流动时流态不稳定,曲折度高,在高流量下会产生明显的涡流流动,增大惯性阻力。裂缝通道存在缩颈现象会引起流体绕流和多次加减速,产生额外的压力损耗。随着模拟流量的增大,压降与流量会逐渐偏离线性关系而呈现出非达西流动现象。酸蚀裂缝壁面越粗糙,产生非达西效应时的临界流量和临界雷诺数就越小,在相同流量下非达西效应就越强烈,导流能力下降速率更快。     

基于微地震数据的增强型地热储层参数及采热的数值模拟研究

发展清洁、稳定、可再生的干热岩型地热资源对于缓解能源危机、减轻环境污染、改善人类健康具有重要意义。增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System,EGS)是一项改造干热岩天然储层,高效开发地热能资源的先进技术。以澳大利亚库珀盆地地热储层为研究对象,基于水力压裂实测微震数据,建立了三维分区均质渗透率模型和非均质渗透率模型,分别进行储层温度场、流场及采热性能变化的研究,并对比其差异。结果表明：在同样的注采流量下,由于非均质模型中微震事件集中于井口附近,进而形成明显的优势流动通道,流体从注入井更快流向生产井,温度下降速度相对更快,分区均质模型中优势流动通道没有非均质模型明显,温度下降速度较慢;地热模型运行期间分区均质模型的采热量变化相对稳定,降幅为3.74%,非均质模型采热量降幅较大,为12.72%。分区均质模型的模拟结果相比于非均质模型,温度下降幅度小、采热量高;但实际储层中的渗透率分布不均,分区均质模型的模拟采热量相比实际采热量偏高,因此在实际应用中,非均质模型的模拟结果对实际工程更具参考意义。     

非均质介质中重非水相污染物运移受泄漏速率影响数值分析

重非水相污染物(DNAPL)在地下介质中运移和分布受多种因素控制,包括DNAPL本身的物理化学性质,土的性质,泄漏条件等等。由于介质的非均质性,使得多相流运移行为更为复杂。基于地下水随机理论构建渗透率随机场,采用蒙特卡罗方法探讨泄漏速率对非均质饱和介质中DNAPL运移的影响。数值结果表明,在泄漏总量一定的情况下,泄漏速率越低,介质非均质性对DNAPL运移的影响程度越高。反之,DNAPL的渗漏速率越高,小尺度地层的非均质性影响越低。由于DNAPL运移过程中在垂直方向受重力的影响,污染羽在空间上的质心位置(一阶矩)以及展布范围(二阶矩)在垂直方向上的变异程度要高于水平方向。     

青藏高原东北缘深部地质构造与地热资源分布关系研究

青藏高原内部及边缘分布大量地热田,主要有青海共和—贵德地热田、甘肃张掖盆地地热田、甘肃天水地热田、云南腾冲地热田等,所有地热田系统整体围绕青藏高原边缘呈带状展布,主要受控于青藏高原构造活动。对该区域多个地热田进行分析,均具有深部热源垂直传导供热、深大断裂和其发育的次级断裂为有利通道等特性。青藏高原深部分布多个通道流,在地震层析成像观测结果、远震P波走时层析成像等地球物理资料上均有显著反映,青藏高原中北部地壳低速-高导层是部分熔融层的岩石学证据亦被证实。主要地热田均分布在通道流沿线,根据地热田的研究成果,认为下地壳的通道流不仅为地热田提供热源,形成明显的大地热流异常区带,通道流区域的地壳厚度减薄、构造活动增强,热流易于向上传导运移。文章综合分析后初步建立了地热分布与通道流关系模型、与通道流相关的地热田地热模型,认为青藏高原东北缘地区分布的多个地热田均受控于其深部的通道流;通过对该区域地热资源前景进行分析,认为甘肃天水地区位于通道流的交汇部位,地热资源前景巨大。     

降水时空分布不均匀性的信息熵分析——(Ⅱ)模型评价与应用

在数值模拟的基础上提出了信息传输函数模型,使信息传输研究从离散状态过渡到连续状态.引进了信息距离与信息场的概念,将站点的信息传输从单一方向推广到周围区域,最后利用聚类分析法进一步刻划了降雨的空间分布不均匀性.     

Determining the active region model parameter from dye staining experiments for characterizing the preferential flow heterogeneity in unsaturated soils

The active region model (ARM) has been developed as a practical and effective approach for characterizing and representing preferential flow patterns in unsaturated soils. However, studies on methods to determine the ARM parameter (γ) are very limited. The major objective of this work was to refine the methods for determining the ARM parameter (γ) using the data from field-scale dye staining experiments. For this purpose, 13 field-scale dye staining experiments were conducted in silty clay, loam and sand with various initial and boundary conditions. The distributions of soil water content and fraction of stained region were measured to determine the ARM parameter (γ). Three determination methods of ARM parameter (γ) were presented according to the different distribution patterns of the soil water content of stained region. The efficiency of these approaches was demonstrated with the results from 13 field-scale dye staining tests that were directly related to preferential flow patterns. Impacts of soil texture on soil water redistribution, and effects of initial soil water content and infiltration amount on the preferential flow heterogeneity were also discussed in this research.     

Numerical simulation of groundwater flowing to horizontal seepage wells under a river

A horizontal seepage well, consisting of an interconnected vertical well, galleries, chambers and small-diameter radiating bores, is used to acquire relatively clean water that has been filtered through natural alluvial deposits in a riverbed. It has wide application, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The lack of calculation formulae or models for horizontal seepage wells, up until now, has resulted in several false applications. Based on the analysis of groundwater flow characteristics, it has been concluded that several flow regimes coexist and hydraulic head loss exists in the horizontal seepage well. To avoid the difficulty of confirming the flux or head distribution in such a complex system, the model boundary of the whole horizontal seepage well has been moved to that of just the vertical well, and the well-aquifer system was treated as a heterogeneous medium, where the horizontal seepage well itself is a highly permeability medium. A mathematical model has been developed, based on the coupled seepage-pipe flow, by the introduction of equivalent hydraulic conductivity according to different flow regimes. Then a three-dimensional finite difference numerical model, based on the mathematical model, was developed and applied to a horizontal seepage well in China. The numerical model verified the groundwater flow characteristics of the horizontal seepage well. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Identifying variably saturated water-flow patterns in a steep hillslope under intermittent heavy rainfall

The objective of this paper is to identify water-flow patterns in part of an active landslide, through the use of numerical simulations and data obtained during a field study. The approaches adopted include measuring rainfall events and pore-pressure responses in both saturated and unsaturated soils at the site. To account for soil variability, the Richards equation is solved within deterministic and stochastic frameworks. The deterministic simulations considered average water-retention data, adjusted retention data to account for stones or cobbles, retention functions for a heterogeneous pore structure, and continuous retention functions for preferential flow. The stochastic simulations applied the Monte Carlo approach which considers statistical distribution and autocorrelation of the saturated conductivity and its cross correlation with the retention function. Although none of the models is capable of accurately predicting field measurements, appreciable improvement in accuracy was attained using stochastic, preferential flow, and heterogeneous pore-structure models. For the current study, continuum-flow models provide reasonable accuracy for practical purposes, although they are expected to be less accurate than multi-domain preferential flow models. Electronic Publication     

On Preferential Flow, Channeling and Connectivity in Heterogeneous Porous Formations

This paper analyzes the emergence of channeling and preferential flow in heterogeneous porous media. Connectivity is studied through the statistical characterization of the length L of connected, high velocity patterns in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional media. A simple, physically based, fully analytic expression for the probability of L has been derived. It is found that the length L of connected, high velocity channels is flow-related and can be much larger than the conductivity integral scale I. Heterogeneity has a considerable impact on emergence of channeling patterns; connectivity is considerably enhanced in three-dimensional structures as compared to two-dimensional ones. The strong dependence on space dimensionality is a warning against the use of two-dimensional numerical models for assessing connectivity and preferential flow in heterogeneous media. The probability p(L) is employed in order to determine the early arrivals of the breakthrough curve at a given control plane; the simple model can be used for a preliminary assessment of preferential flow. Comparison with numerical simulations confirms that the main connectivity features were adequately captured by the model.     

Laboratory and numerical modeling of water balance in a layered sloped soil cover with channel flow pathway over mine waste rock

Macropores developed in barrier layers in soil covers overlying acid-generating waste rock may produce preferential flow through the barrier layers and compromise cover performance. However, little has been published on the effects of preferential flow on water balance in soil covers. In the current study, an inclined, layered soil cover with a 10-cm-wide sand-filled channel pathway in a silty clay barrier layer was built over reactive waste rock in the laboratory. The channel or preferential flow pathway represented the aggregate of cracks or fissures that may occur in the barrier during compaction and/or climate-induced deterioration. Precipitation, runoff, interflow, percolation, and water content were recorded during the test. A commercial software VADOSE/W was used to simulate the measured water balance and to conduct further sensitivity analysis on the effects of the location of the channel and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material on water balance. The maximum percolation, 80.1% of the total precipitation, was obtained when the distance between the mid-point of the channel pathway and the highest point on the slope accounted for 71% of the total horizontal length of the soil cover. The modeled percolation increased steadily with an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the channel material. Percolation was found to be sensitive to the location of the channel and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material, confirming that proper cover design and construction should aim at minimizing the development of vertical preferential flow in barrier layers. The sum of percolation and interflow was relatively constant when the location of the channel changed along the slope, which may be helpful in locating preferential flow pathways and repairing the barrier.     

Horizontal simulation grids as alternative to structure-based grids for thin oil-zone problems: a comparison study on a Troll segment

The layering in reservoir simulation grids is often based on the geology, e.g., structure tops. In this paper we investigate the alternative of using horizontal layers, where the link to the geology model is by the representation of the petrophysics alone. The obvious drawback is the failure to honor the structure in the grid geometry. On the other hand, a horizontal grid will honor the initial fluid contacts perfectly, and horizontal wells can also be accurately represented. Both these issues are vital in thin oil-zone problems, where horizontal grids may hence be a viable alternative. To investigate this question, a number of equivalent simulation models were built for a segment of the Troll Field, both geology-based and horizontal, and various combinations of these. In the paper, it is demonstrated that the horizontal grid was able to capture the essentials of fluid flow with the same degree of accuracy as the geology-based grid, and near-well flow was considerably more accurate. For grids of comparable resolution, more reliable results were obtained by a horizontal grid than a geo-grid. A geo-grid with local grid refinement and a horizontal grid produced almost identical results, but the ratio of computing times was almost 20 in favor of the horizontal grid. In the one-phase regions of the reservoir, relatively coarse cells can be used without significant loss of accuracy.     

含水层层状非均质对地下水流系统的影响

区域尺度上含水层非均质具有复杂的结构性和随机性,难以准确刻画,造成非均质对区域地下水流系统的影响机制研究不够深入。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系地下水流系统为研究实例,选择典型剖面,采用剖面二维随机数值模拟方法,通过对比不同非均质刻画方法下地下水流场的变化,探讨含水层层状非均质对地下水流系统的影响机制。结果显示,均质条件下模型各向异性（含水层水平和垂向渗透系数比值Kh/Kv）取值为1000时,地下水流场与实际条件较为接近;非均质条件下,渗透系数方差取值0.91,水平相关长度取值5000 m,Kh/Kv取值150时,接近实际条件。研究表明,在大尺度地下水流模拟研究中,采用水平相关长度、渗透系数方差和各向异性值三个变量生成的随机场能很好地刻画含水层的层状非均质特征及其对水流系统的影响控制作用。由于含水层不同尺度层状非均质的叠加效应,采用均质各向异性介质等效概化含水层层状非均质性会造成等效各向异性值偏大失真的效应。     

崇陵流域土石山区坡面优先流发育路径研究

大孔隙优先流对山坡产汇流过程有重要影响。为摸清太行山土石山坡不同坡位点(坡顶、坡中上、坡中、坡中下、坡脚)的大孔隙优先流发育路径规律,以崇陵流域的典型山坡为研究对象,采用亮蓝染色剂开展了野外双环入渗染色剂示踪试验,并从水平方向与垂直方向对比分析大孔隙优先流发育路径。结果表明:(1)从坡顶到坡脚,垂直方向优先流发育减弱,水平方向优先流增强。(2)坡中以下,大孔隙优先流水平发育明显;而坡中以上,垂直方向优先流发育明显,水平方向大孔隙优先流鲜有发育。(3)崇陵流域土山区坡面表层深度20 cm以上很少出现水平方向的优先流侧向补给,为垂直向下的活塞式下渗方式。20 cm以下开始出现水平方向的大孔隙优先流,30～70 cm为优先流发育显著区。以上结论可以为基于优先流的山坡产汇流模拟提供参考。