裂隙网络模拟与REV尺度研究

研究了利用平面四边形模拟节理岩体三维裂隙网络的方法。在生成裂隙网络时,同时考虑结构面几何参数和力学参数的随机性。利用裂隙网络研究了确定岩体REV尺度的指标。在此基础上,编制了岩体裂隙网络模拟程序、裂隙网络图形输出程序和岩体REV尺度指标分析程序。通过算例分析,验证了研究成果及程序的合理性,并得出了岩体REV尺度约为各组裂隙中最大迹长期望值3~4倍的结论。研究成果为后续计算岩体等效力学参数奠定了基础。     

用渗透性随深度变化规律确定大尺度岩体变形模量

采用渗流场-应力场耦合的观点,用表征渗透性的单位吸水量数据,反求了岩体宏观力学参数——岩体变形模量。裂隙岩体的渗透性大小是裂隙宽度的函数,而岩体不同深度的裂隙宽度由应力大小和变形模量决定,因此可以通过裂隙宽度把渗透性参数和岩体力学参数结合起来。以小浪底水库左岸砂泥岩裂隙岩体T41地层为实例研究表明,该方法求得的岩体变形模量符合随着应力增大而增加这一规律,也符合风化岩体变形模量相对较小这一规律,并且数量级与收集到的相近岩体的变形模量一致,因此所求结果是可靠的。     

裂隙岩体等效力学参数结构效应的计算机模拟试验研究

为研究裂隙岩体结构效应对其等效力学参数的影响,引入基于离散元的合成岩体技术,通过可控的改变三维岩体结构网络中的结构参数,制作相应的合成岩体试件,开展计算机模拟试验研究。结果表明：随岩体中裂隙体积密度增大,裂隙的变形参数和强度参数随裂隙密度增加而减少,其中等效弹性模量对结构面密度变化最为敏感;随岩体中裂隙倾角增加,岩体等效弹性模量随之单调增加,且等效弹性模量的离散程度（标准差）随倾角增加而减小,而各强度参数指标则先减少而后增加,形成一个U形变化规律;岩体等效力学参数均随结构面尺寸增加而减小,同时等效力学参数的离散程度（标准差）随结构面直径增加而增加,其中单轴抗压强度指标变化最为敏感;岩体等效力学参数对裂隙尺寸和产状的离散程度不敏感。该研究结论可为其他结构效应研究提供一种新思路。     

充填物的力学响应对裂隙渗流的影响

针对膨胀性充填物对裂隙岩体渗流影响方面研究较少的现状,基于大冶铁矿充填介质的水理性质和蚀变岩体力学参数测试成果,在充填物膨胀压力与蚀变岩体力学参数对比分析的基础上探讨了充填物的力学响应对裂隙渗流的影响。研究表明,充填物的膨胀效应对蚀变岩体力学变形起着重要的控制作用,充填物膨胀产生的拉张效应和剪切效应都导致裂隙渗透性的显著增加,并且充填物的塑化效应和液化效应也明显提高了裂隙的渗透性。     

裂隙参数分析在岩体力学和水力学习性研究中的应用

岩体的力学和水力学习性主要取决于其中裂隙的发育程度。一定成因的裂隙具有一定的发育规律,这一规律既具确定性又具随机性。本文详细讨论了表示岩体裂隙发育程度特征参数的量测和分析方法,重点论述了裂隙参数分析在研究岩体渗透习性、岩体中裂隙网络计算机模拟及岩体弹性参数分析等方面的应用。     

裂隙岩体表征单元体及尺寸效应研究进展

裂隙岩体的表征单元体（REV）是岩体力学中的一个基础性概念,一直是学者们关注的焦点。结合近年来的研究成果,对裂隙岩体表征单元体最新研究进展进行全面、详细地介绍,从表征单元体研究角度与参数、研究方法以及量化方法 3个主要方面进行阐述。将探讨裂隙岩体表征单元体的角度归纳为结构面及块体几何参数、岩体力学参数和水力学参数3个方面;研究方法主要包括统计学方法、解析法和数值分析法,对这些方法的研究现状进行介绍;最后对量化岩体REV尺度的常用方法进行概括总结,包括直观判断、误差及变异系数判别法、假设检验、曲线拟合法和灰关联分析。为相关研究提供一定的参考和指导。     

统计岩体力学(SMRM)——岩体工程地质力学的传承与发展

本文是中国地质学会工程地质专业委员会和中国科学院页岩气与地质工程重点实验室第五届谷德振讲座主讲报告。本文简要回顾了谷德振先生岩体工程地质力学的核心价值和历史贡献,系统介绍了30年来统计岩体力学理论和应用技术探索对岩体工程地质力学的传承和发展。统计岩体力学借鉴经典统计物理学的思想方法,提出了岩体结构几何概率模型、断续介质连续等效的断裂力学能量原理、岩体结构-应力协同控制原理、岩体强度的弱环控制原理、断续裂隙网络渗流力学原理;建立了裂隙岩体本构模型、岩体全过程变形分析方法、高储能岩体特性与岩爆机理模型、圆形硐室围岩弹性变形解析解;发展了岩体数据现场采集技术与装备、全空间方向岩体结构参数、力学参数、渗透系数计算方法,以及各向异性岩体质量分级、工程岩体主动加固方法;开发了岩体工程参数计算系统和数值分析工具JointModel。统计岩体力学的建立对岩体工程地质力学和岩体力学理论与技术进步起到了重要的推进作用。     

考虑裂隙变形参数的岩体单轴压缩损伤模型

为了更准确地预测裂隙对岩体压缩力学特性(如强度和刚度)的影响,需要建立更为合理的裂隙岩体压缩损伤模型。为此,基于相关试验数据和裂隙岩体单轴压缩力学行为,采用损伤及断裂理论对目前断续裂隙岩体压缩损伤模型中存在的不足进行了深入分析,并对其进行了3方面的改进,即：不再将裂隙变形参数视为定值、考虑了裂隙面上法向正应力产生的负第一应力强度因子(K_I)、考虑了裂隙面上有效剪应力产生的K_I,由此最终提出了考虑裂隙变形参数的岩体单轴压缩损伤本构模型。最后采用试验数据对该模型的合理性进行了验证,发现与现有模型相比,该模型明显提高了岩体单轴压缩弹性模量和损伤值的预测精度,尤其是当裂隙倾角为0°时,该模型计算得到的弹性模量为4.306 MPa,与实测弹性模量4.310 MPa几乎相同。因此,该模型能够很好地刻画岩体单轴压缩力学行为,这也说明考虑裂隙变形参数对岩体单轴压缩力学特性的影响是十分必要的。该研究可为准确预测裂隙岩体的单轴压缩力学行为提供参考。     

裂隙岩体宏观力学参数的二维数值模拟

岩体通常含许多不同尺度的裂隙,因而力学性质非常复杂。由于现场测试及常规实验室试验常受各种条件的限制,因而其不能准确反映岩体的宏观物理力学性质。本文基于有限元分析软件对二维情况下的完整岩体和含不同倾角的软弱夹层的岩体在单轴和双轴压缩下进行了数值模拟,得到岩体变形的应力-应变曲线。该类曲线能反映裂隙对岩体力学参数的影响,对于指导工程实践有一定的意义,并且为获取岩体力学参数提供了新的途径。     

基于3D打印的裂隙岩体力学特性尺寸效应及各向异性初探

裂隙岩体力学参数的尺寸效应和各向异性是岩石力学与工程领域亟待解决的难点问题。充分利用3D砂型打印技术快速成型、可批量制备复杂内部结构岩体模型的优势,以石英砂和呋喃树脂为打印基材,制备不同尺寸和旋转角的裂隙网络类岩石试件。通过单轴压缩试验研究裂隙网络岩体力学特性的尺寸效应,揭示裂隙密度与强度之间的相关性,分析表征单元体尺度岩体力学特性的各向异性。结果表明：3D砂型打印试件的力学性能与真实岩体相似,应力-应变曲线可划分为初始压密、弹性变形、裂纹萌生与扩展和峰后破坏4个阶段。试件抗压强度与试件边长之间呈指数衰减关系,存在显著尺寸效应性质。裂隙密度与抗压强度之间呈显著的负指数关系,基于裂隙密度与抗压强度确定的岩体表征单元体尺度具有良好的一致性。裂隙岩体的破坏模式和抗压强度具有显著的各向异性特征。研究方法从3D打印角度为复杂裂隙岩体尺寸效应及各向异性的室内试验研究提供了可靠途径。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861