Disturbed state model for sand–geosynthetic interfaces and application to pull-out tests

Successful numerical simulation of geosynthetic-reinforced earth structures depends on selecting proper constitutive models for soils, geosynthetics and soil–geosynthetic interfaces. Many constitutive models are available for modelling soils and geosynthetics. However, constitutive models for soil–geosynthetic interfaces which can capture most of the important characteristics of interface response are not readily available. In this paper, an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on the disturbed state concept (DSC) for geosynthetic–soil interfaces has been presented. The proposed model is capable of capturing most of the important characteristics of interface response, such as dilation, hardening and softening. The behaviour of interfaces under the direct shear test has been predicted by the model. The present model has been implemented in the finite element procedure in association with the thin-layer element. Five pull-out tests with two different geogrids have been simulated numerically using FEM. For the calibration of the constitutive models used in FEM, the standard laboratory tests used are: (1) triaxial tests for the sand, (2) direct shear tests for the interfaces and (3) axial tension tests for the geogrids. The results of the finite element simulations of pull-out tests agree well with the test data. The proposed model can be used for the stress-deformation study of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments through numerical simulation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computational simulation of time-dependent behavior of soil–structure interaction by using a novel creep model: Application to a geosynthetic-reinforced soil physical model

In this paper, a model geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls (GRS-RW) is tested by vertically loading it through a rough footing on the top near the retaining wall and the results are simulated by a sophisticated nonlinear Finite Element Method (FEM) having a novel rate dependent constitutive model for both the backfill material and the geosynthetic reinforcement. Usually, polymer geosynthetic reinforcement is known to exhibit more-or-less rate-dependent stress–strain or load–strain behavior due to their viscous properties. The geomaterials (i.e., clay, sand, gravel and soft rock) also exhibit viscous properties. The viscous behavior of geometrials are quite different from that of the polymer based geosynthetic-reinforcements. It has been revealed recently that viscous behavior of sand is a kind of temporary effect, which vanishes with time. So the rate-dependent deformation of backfill reinforced with polymer geosynthetic reinforcement becomes highly complicated due to interactions between the elasto-viscoplastic properties of backfill and reinforcement. In the present study, a scaled model geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall is tested with a vertically loaded rough rigid footing. The results of the model test are simulated by using an appropriate elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model of both sand and geogrid embedded in a nonlinear plane strain FEM.     

冻土中锥形桩-土大变形有限元数值分析

应用冻土的粘弹塑本构力学模型,采用温度场与冻土大变形耦合作用的方法,编制了能够模拟寒区冻土大变形的本构有限元程序;并通过用户子程序嵌入到大型商业有限元软件ADINA中,对冻土中锥形桩室内模型试验进行了变形场和温度场耦合的有限元数值模拟.有限元计算结果和模型试验结果非常接近,并且两者的规律性也相同,验证了耦合温度自由度的粘弹塑本构力学模型的正确性和可靠性,表明应用有限元分析方法可为寒区冻土中锥形桩基工程设计提供参考.     

冻融循环后筋土复合体加载破坏试验研究

模拟野外实测降温过程,对筋土复合体进行开敞条件下的冻融循环,然后对筋土复合体进行加载破坏试验,得到加载过程中墙体的竖向变形与墙面的水平位移结果．对试验结果进行有限元数值计算,其中土的本构模型采用Drucker-Prager（D-P）理想弹塑性模型,单元类型选用四节点平面等参单元,把筋材的作用等效成附加应力沿筋的方向加在...     

考虑损伤效应的冻粘土蠕变本构理论研究

用简单的屈服函数作为冻土塑性损伤变量,对西源模型中的粘塑性蠕变量进行损伤修进。通过相关推导得到了冻土粘弹塑性损伤本构方程。通过用户子程序将此本构模型嵌入到大型商业有限元软件ADINA中。有限元计算结果表明:考虑损伤的冻土本构模型能较好的模拟加速蠕变阶段,可用于深井工程实践。      

劈裂注浆复合土体三维等效弹性模型理论研究

劈裂注浆可以有效改善土体的变形参数,大大降低土体在受力状态改变时的变形量,对劈裂注浆后复合土体的等效变形参数进行研究十分重要。在综合分析劈裂注浆扩散机制和工程应用实际的基础上,基于均质化理论提出了劈裂注浆后复合土体的三维单元体几何模型,按等效原则给出了浆-土体积及受力分配关系模型图;接着基于横向各向同性本构关系推导了模型的等效弹性模量和等效泊松比的解析解。然后采用有限元方法取得了模型特定条件下的等效弹性模量和等效泊松比,并与解析结果进行对比分析。最后把模型和相应的解析结果引入Flac3D岩土工程专业分析软件,结合一个热力隧道工程实例对隧道劈裂注浆后关键位置的沉降进行预测分析,并与实测值进行了对比。研究表明：对所提出的计算模型,解析计算与有限元方法计算结果吻合度较高,说明了解析结果的正确性;基于该模型及其解析结果得到的隧道开挖后的沉降预测值与实测值具有良好的一致性,说明所提出的模型和相应的解析计算方法具有一定的可靠性和实用性。     

改进Koppejan蠕变模型及其应用

将基于固结试验建立的Koppejan蠕变模型应力-应变-时间关系改进为增量形式,并泛化到三维应力空间,建立了改进的Koppejan蠕变模型。基于ABAQUS软件对改进模型进行二次开发,采用上海软黏土的长期固结试验结果对模型进行验证,结果表明,Koppejan模型能较好地描述上海软黏土的蠕变特性,且改进Koppejan模型的计算精度比经典Koppejan模型高,两种模型应用于淤泥质粉质黏土的计算效果均比粉质黏土好。将改进Koppejan蠕变本构模型应用于某高速铁路桥梁桩基长期变形的三维有限元分析,与现场实测沉降的对比表明,改进Koppejan模型能较好地应用于实际工程的长期变形计算,且计算效果较好。     

An Analytical Investigation of a Variable-Compliance-type Constitutive Equation

Summary. A constitutive equation is proposed in which the compliance is assumed to monotonically increase as a load is applied. The primary feature of the constitutive equation is that the equation can be applied to various loading conditions such as constant stress rate, constant strain rate, creep, or relaxation. The second feature is that the equation has exact solutions under many loading conditions. The present paper shows the exact solutions for the constitutive equation and investigates the mutual relationships between the exact solutions for the different loading conditions. The third feature is that it is comparatively easy to find the constants in the constitutive equation. The present paper shows how to solve the constitutive equation for the constants, and the constants for some native Japanese rocks. The constitutive equation used in the present paper is extremely simple. Therefore, the equation can be easily implemented in almost any FEM code. It is likely that additional terms of the constitutive equation will prove necessary for practical usage. However, additional terms can be found very easily by finding higher-order approximations of experimental data.     

Efficient solution for matrix-fracture flow with multiple interacting continua

An efficient numerical procedure for implementing the multiple interacting continua (MINC) method for fractured porous media in a general-purpose multiphase simulator is presented. This procedure is substantially faster, requires less memory, is amenable to any n-component, multiphase non-isothermal package, and is readily adaptable for parallel processing computers. The present procedure results in a reduction of the computing time by a factor of the order of NMINC³ as compared to the band algorithm, where NMINC is the number of nested continua into which each matrix block is further discretized. The memory requirement approaches a reduction factor of the order of NMINC² for larger problems compared to the band algorithm. The code for the algorithm was structured so as to set up the time consuming, but independent, computations for each matrix block in a subroutine that was parallelized and tested using a Sequent machine accessed under a UNIX environment. For NMINC=10, total computing time was reduced by 33 per cent for the use of two versus one processor, with the savings increasing for increasing NMINC. The proposed procedure can be implemented with the same ease and efficiency in conjunction with any iterative or direct method, and the grid-blocks can be ordered in any non-standard manner such as in D-4, D-2, and others. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Data assimilation using the particle filter for identifying the elasto‐plastic material properties of geomaterials

A computational method, incorporating the finite element model (FEM) into data assimilation using the particle filter, is presented for identifying elasto‐plastic material properties based on sequential measurements under the known changing traction boundary conditions to overcome some difficulties in identifying the parameters for elasto‐plastic problems from which the existing inverse analysis strategies have suffered. A soil–water coupled problem, which uses the elasto‐plastic constitutive model, is dealt with as the geotechnical application. Measured data on the settlement and the pore pressure are obtained from a synthetic FEM computation as the forward problem under the known parameters to be identified for both the element tests and the ground behavior during the embankment construction sequence. Parameter identification for elasto‐plastic problems, such as soil behavior, should be made by considering the measurements of deformation and/or pore pressure step by step from the initial stage of construction and throughout the deformation history under the changing traction boundary conditions because of the embankment or the excavation because the ground behavior is highly dependent on the loading history. Thus, it appears that sequential data assimilation techniques, such as the particle filter, are the preferable tools that can provide estimates of the state variables, that is, deformation, pore pressure, and unknown parameters, for the constitutive model in geotechnical practice. The present paper discusses the priority of the particle filter in its application to initial/boundary value problems for elasto‐plastic materials and demonstrates a couple of numerical examples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于量子遗传算法与多输出混合核相关向量机的堆石坝材料参数自适应反演研究

为进一步提高堆石坝材料参数反演模型的计算精度与适用性,建立了基于量子遗传算法（QGA）与多输出混合核相关向量机（MMRVM）的自适应反演模型。通过引入混合核函数,使所构建的MMRVM能够高精度地模拟材料参数与大坝沉降间的复杂非线性关系,从而代替耗时较长的有限元（FEM）计算。通过利用参数较固化的QGA优化确定MMRVM核参数,使反演模型具有自适应性。以实测沉降数据为依据,充分发挥QGA的全局搜索能力反演筑坝材料本构模型参数。在分析模型所需测点个数与信噪比对计算结果影响的基础上,通过公伯峡堆石坝应用实例证明：QGA-MMRVM可快速、精确地反演堆石坝筑坝材料本构模型参数,模型凭借其自适应性在实际工程中具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。     

Effects of transport of pore water and material heterogeneity on strain localization of fluid‐saturated gradient‐dependent viscoplastic geomaterial

The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the effects of permeability and initial heterogeneity on the strain localization of fluid‐saturated cohesive soil modelled by a strain gradient‐dependent poro‐viscoplastic constitutive model. The effects of permeability and gradient parameters on the growth rate of the fluctuation were obtained by a linear instability analysis. Deformation behaviour of clay specimens modelled as a viscoplastic model with a second order strain gradient during shear was numerically analysed by a soil–water coupled FEM under both globally undrained and partially drained conditions. It was found that the deformation pattern and the stress–strain curve greatly depend on the permeability, the drainage conditions and the initial non‐homogeneous properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of an implicit material point method for geotechnical applications

An implicit material point method (MPM), a variant of the finite element method (FEM), is presented in this paper. The key feature of MPM is that the spatial discretisation uses a set of material points, which are allowed to move freely through the background mesh. All history-dependent variables are tracked on the material points and these material points are used as integration points similar to the Gaussian points. A mapping and re-mapping algorithm is employed, to allow the state variables and other information to be mapped back and forth between the material points and background mesh nodes during an analysis. In contrast to an explicit time integration scheme utilised by most researchers, an implicit time integration scheme has been utilised here. The advantages of such an approach are twofold: firstly, it addresses the limitation of the time step size inherent in explicit integration schemes, thereby potentially saving significant computational costs for certain types of problems; secondly, it enables an improved algorithm accuracy, which is important for some constitutive behaviours, such as elasto-plasticity. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a unified MPM framework, in which both quasi-static and dynamic analyses can be solved, and to demonstrate the model behaviour. The implementation closely follows standard FEM approaches, where possible, to allow easy conversion of other FEM codes. Newton’s method is used to solve the equation of motion for both cases, while the formation of the mass matrix and the required updating of the kinematic variables are unique to the dynamic analysis. Comparisons with an Updated Lagrangian FEM and an explicit MPM code are made with respect to the algorithmic accuracy and time step size in a couple of representative examples, which helps to illustrate the relative performance and advantages of the implicit MPM. A geotechnical application is then considered, illustrating the capabilities of the proposed method when applied in the geotechnical field.     

ABAQUS软件中部分土模型简介及其工程应用

介绍了ABAQUS软件中部分土本构模型,包括扩展Drucker-Prager模型和Mohr-Coulomb模型,探讨了二者的关系及扩展Drucker-Prager模型的适用性.通过分析得出了当内摩擦角>22°时,不能采用Drucker-Prager 模型逼近Mohr-Coulomb模型,当内摩擦角≤22°时则可以代替.并介绍了服从弹性库仑摩擦本构模型的三结点接触单元.以筒桩工程实例为算例,分析了筒桩内外侧摩阻力发挥性状,给出了荷载沉降计算曲线,并与实测曲线进行了对比,二者吻合较好,说明了有限单元法的有效性.     

Strain localization analysis by elasto-viscoplastic softening model for frozen sand

The aim of the present paper is to numerically analyse the behaviour of frozen sand by using a viscoplastic constitutive model with strain softening. A constitutive model has been developed introducing the stress history tensor which is a functional of the stress history, with respect to a generalized time measure. It is shown that Adachi and Oka's model is applicable to the results of triaxial tests on a frozen Toyoura sand at different strain rates. First, the instability of the model is discussed within the framework of bifurcation theory. The model is then implemented into a FEM code to numerically simulate the behaviour under plane strain conditions. From the numerical results, it is revealed that the formation of shear bands is possible and the characteristics of strain localization, such as shear banding, depend on the strain rates.     

Nickel content of basaltic magmas: identification of primary magmas and a measure of the degree of olivine fractionation

Available NiO analyses of olivine in peridotites of probable mantle origin are consistent in giving values around 0.40 weight per cent. Assuming that basaltic magma forming from the mantle was in equilibrium with such peridotitic olivine, the NiO content of primary basaltic magmas is estimated to be about 0.030–0.050 weight per cent. The fractionation behaviour of nickel in basaltic magma due to the crystallization of olivine has been calculated using constant NiMg and FeMg exchange partition coefficients between olivine and magma. It is shown that the NiO content of both magma and olivine decreases by 50 per cent after fractional crystallization of 6–12 per cent of olivine. The nickel distribution in some basaltic rocks and olivines is examined in the light of these results, and it is suggested that basaltic magmas, such as some of the ocean-floor basalt and the Hawaiian tholeiite and alkali basalts, represent primary magmas from mantle peridotites.     

岩土非线性流变本构模型的辨识算法研究

从岩土非线性流变本构模型通式——P.Perzyna方程出发,研制了岩土工程围岩流变本构模型辨识用有限元计算程序EVP2D,并将其和均匀设计(UD)法结合,获得了用于ANN辨识模型训练用的具有丰富本构信息的全局性输入输出有效数据。尔后,设计了基于实际监测位移数据辨识围岩流变本构模型参数的ANN模型,并在matlab软件平台中研制了辨识用相关程序CYJBS3.M。有关实例验证,从待辨识参数向量UD设计、训练数据的有限元计算获取、ANN模型的训练和辨识这一整体计算过程的实现,表明了UD-FEM-ANN本构模型辨识方法的可行性。      

Model identification and parameter estimation of elastoplastic constitutive model by data assimilation using the particle filter

Data assimilation, using the particle filter and incorporating the soil‐water coupled finite element method, is applied to identify the yield function of the elastoplastic constitutive model and corresponding parameters based on the sequential measurements of hypothetical soil tests and an actual construction sequence. In the proposed framework of the inverse analysis, the unknowns are both the particular parameter within the exponential contractancy model, n_E, which parameterizes various shapes for the yield function of the competing constitutive models, including the original/the modified Cam‐Clay models and in‐between models and the parameters of the corresponding constitutive model. An appropriate set, consisting of the yield function of the constitutive model and the parameters of the constitutive model, can be simultaneously identified by the particle filter to describe the most suitable soil behavior. To examine the validity of the proposed procedure, hypothetical and actual measurements for the displacements of a soil specimen were obtained for consolidated and undrained tests through a synthetic FEM computation and for consolidated and drained tests, respectively. After examining the applicability of the proposed procedure to these test results, the present paper then focuses on the actual measured data, ie, the settlement behavior including the lateral deformation of the Kobe Airport Island constructed on reclaimed land.     

岩质高边坡稳定性有限元分析

在评价边坡稳定性方面，采用弹性本构模型的有限元法是一种值得信赖的方法，它在诸多方法中能简便的处理复杂情况下岩土体边界和地质条件。本文介绍了有限元法边坡稳定性分析基本原理，并结合具体针对玉环高边坡区域构造特征和边坡的工程地质特征，应用有限元法建立了有限元模型及选取参数，进行了稳定性分析，得出了位移圉、应力图、安全系数图，定量的揭示和模拟边坡破坏、变形的过程和机制，并对边坡加固进行了可行的论证和建议。     

Petrography and mineral chemistry of Ca-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite

There are two types of white, coarse-grained, Ca-Al-rich inclusions in Allende. Type A inclusions contain 80–85 per cent melilite, 15–20 per cent spinel, 1–2 per cent perovskite and rare plagioclase, hibonite, wollastonite and grossularite. Clinopyroxene, if present, is restricted to thin rims around inclusions or cavities in their interiors. Type B inclusions contain 35–60 per cent pyroxene, 15–30 per cent spinel, 5–25 per cent plagioclase and 5–20 per cent melilite. The coarse pyroxene crystals in Type B's contain >15 per cent Al₂O₃ and >1.8 per cent Ti, some of which is trivalent. Type A pyroxenes contain <9 per cent Al₂O₃ and <0.7 per cent Ti.Electron microprobe analyses of 600 melilite, 39 pyroxene, 35 plagioelase, 33 spinel and 20 perovskite grains were performed in 16 Type A, 1 intermediate and 9 Type B inclusions in Allende and 1 Type A in Grosnaja. Melilite composition histograms from individual Type A inclusions are usually peaked between Ak10 and Ak30 and are 15–20 mole % wide while those from Type B inclusions are broader, unpeaked and displaced to higher åkermanite contents. Most pyroxenes contain < 1 per cent FeO. All plagioclase is An 98 to An 100. Spinel is almost pure MgAl₂O₄. Perovskite contains small (< 1 per cent) but significant amounts of Mg, Al, Fe, Y, Zr and Nb.Inferred bulk chemical compositions of Type A inclusions are rather close to those expected for high-temperature condensates. Those of Type B inclusions suggest slightly lower temperatures but their Ca/Al ratio seems less than the Type A's, indicating that the Type B's may not be their direct descendants. Some textural features suggest that the inclusions are primordial solid condensetes while others indicate that they may have been melted after condensation. Fragmentation and metamorphism may have also occurred after condensation.