Supernova explosion mechanism taking into account large-scale convection and neutrino transport

Two types of supernovae are considered: thermonuclear supernovae, whose explosions are due to thermonuclear energy, and core-collapse supernovae, whose explosions are due to the gravitational energy of collapsing stars released in the form of neutrinos. Numerical models of supernovae are discussed. Themain problem in devising supernova explosion mechanisms is producing the energy required to disperse the envelope. In theoretical models, it is necessary to solve multi-dimensional problems involving complex physics (3D gas dynamics, neutrino transport, large-scale convective instability, and other important physical processes). In recent years, the development of large-scale convection during supernova explosions has been reconsidered. Self-consistent problems problems in three-dimensional, gas-dynamical instability have been considered. Two-dimensional gas-dynamical calculations taking into account neutrino absorption in the envelope have been performed. The spherically symmetric collapse and neutrino transport were calculated including all reactions, leading to a new understanding of possible paths for the development of supernova theory. The main emphasis is placed on the neutrino transport and the basis for promising multidimensional models taking into account large-scale convective instability.     

A Morphological Visualization Method for Removability Analysis of Blocks in Discontinuous Rock Masses

Block theory has been successfully applied to solve practical problems in rock engineering associated with the stability of discontinuous rock masses. Traditional methods of block theory, which have not proposed detailed schemes for characterizing geometric features of arbitrary blocks with complex geometries, are difficult to simultaneously visualize the locations of blocks. To overcome the shortcomings of these traditional methods, this paper introduces the concept of block morphology to systematically represent the morphological characteristics of blocks. Morphological visualization analysis involves the classification, characterization and visualization of various blocks and the determination of their removability using the stereo-analytical method. The proposed morphological visualization method provides a basis for computer modeling and mechanical calculations of large-scale rock mass systems. Furthermore, examples are presented in this paper to verify the validity and demonstrate the exceptional performance of this method.     

The Precambrian geotectonic evolution of Africa: plate accretion versus plate destruction

The classical model of continental accretion and progressive cratonization, starting with an ancient nucleus onto which younger orogenic belts are welded (onion skin tectonics), has dominated geotectonic research for many years and has received new impetus with the general acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics. It has also been applied to the geotectonic evolution of large Precambrian crustal segments such as Africa.It is demonstrated, however, that new structural, geochronological and paleomagnetic data from Africa provide strong evidence for the existence of large cratonic continental plates since at least the Early Proterozoic which were later transected by linear mobile belts and thus partly destroyed. Crustal reworking and rejuvenation in these belts now gives the impression of younger orogens surrounding ancient “nuclei”.The geotectonic evolution of Africa is therefore characterized by plate destruction rather than by plate accretion with progressive cratonization, and only the “nuclei” have escaped this process.Many phenomena in the African mobile belts seem to indicate processes involving little or no relative motion of crustal plates or crustal shortening between them, and there is as yet no evidence of former oceanic plates to have been generated or consumed. It is therefore suggested that large-scale dispersive movements of major continental fragments were uncommon or absent in the Early and Middle Precambrian.Widespread drift may only have begun during the Late Precambrian/Early Paleozoic Pan African Tectogenesis, eventually leading to a crustal evolution as envisaged by the modern theory of global tectonics.     

A numerical study of flexural buckling of foliated rock slopes

The occurrence of foliated rock masses is common in mining environment. Methods employing continuum approximation in describing the deformation of such rock masses possess a clear advantage over methods where each rock layer and each inter‐layer interface (joint) is explicitly modelled. In devising such a continuum model it is imperative that moment (couple) stresses and internal rotations associated with the bending of the rock layers be properly incorporated in the model formulation. Such an approach will lead to a Cosserat‐type theory. In the present model, the behaviour of the intact rock layer is assumed to be linearly elastic and the joints are assumed to be elastic–perfectly plastic. Condition of slip at the interfaces are determined by a Mohr–Coulomb criterion with tension cut off at zero normal stress. The theory is valid for large deformations. The model is incorporated into the finite element program AFENA and validated against an analytical solution of elementary buckling problems of a layered medium under gravity loading. A design chart suitable for assessing the stability of slopes in foliated rock masses against flexural buckling failure has been developed. The design chart is easy to use and provides a quick estimate of critical loading factors for slopes in foliated rock masses. It is shown that the model based on Euler's buckling theory as proposed by Cavers (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1981; 14 :87–104) substantially overestimates the critical heights for a vertical slope and underestimates the same for sub‐vertical slopes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GPU加速技术的非结构流域雨洪数值模型

为高效高精度地模拟流域雨洪过程,应用动力波法求解二维圣维南方程,并耦合水文过程,建立了包含流域降雨产流、汇流、下渗以及洪水演进等过程的高性能流域雨洪数值模型。该模型的优势在于使用非结构网格,可较好地处理不规则边界,准确贴合复杂地形表面,使得模型能精确计算模拟流域雨洪过程,同时引入GPU技术加速计算,使得大尺度流域雨洪计算成为可能。最后,将模型应用于V型经典算例及2个实际流域雨洪算例,所得结果与实测吻合较好,计算所用时间较短,表明该模型可以快速且精确模拟流域雨洪过程。研究结果有助于实现对实际流域雨洪灾害进行合理高效的预测,为应急抢险工作提供有力支撑。     

Numerical analysis of an experimental pipe buried in swelling soil

This paper investigates the pipe–soil interaction for pipes buried in expansive soil when subjected to swelling soil movement due to increase in moisture content. A laboratory experiment has been undertaken on a plastic pipe in a large-scale pipe box. A three dimensional numerical model is developed to analyse the pipe response, using FLAC^3D computer program. The pipe is assumed to behave as a linearly elastic material, while the soil is modelled as a nonlinear material with Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. The water flow and soil/pipe deformations are decoupled, where water flow is calculated using simplified capillary rise theory on the basis of measurements made. A reasonably good agreement between the experimental results and model predictions is reported.     

Probabilistic foundation stability analysis

A probabilistic model for stability analysis of a deepwater gravity-based platform foundation is defined, based on theory for wave loading in conjunction with conventional slip surface considerations. The model accounts for uncertainties in loading as well as in soil properties, and model uncertainties are also considered. The model is updated through in-service measurements of some of the governing variables, and measurement uncertainties are included. The practical application of the model is illustrated by presentation of calculations for a typical foundation. Probability calculations are performed by first-order reliability methods.     

星地碰撞的板块构造效应

板块构造是一种全球大地构造理论.它以洋底扩张、洋壳边缘俯冲及转换断层为主要构造活动形式,配以地幔对流为原动力,建立一套颇具魅力的板块构造机制理论,被受到广泛认同.但也存在一些重要问题,主要是其地幔对流理念难以令人信服和对海陆格局变迁问题没提出明确的动力机制.在阐明造成板块构造理论这两方面困难问题的主要理由之后,介绍了星地碰撞事件的存在状况及其动力作用,着重论述了大规模星地碰撞的动力作用强大,对全球地质构造活动都有重要影响,板块构造也难以避免;星地碰撞的强烈冲击作用,有能力造成洋底开裂或使大陆裂解.据此设想,可用"星地撞击成缝,减压诱发岩浆上侵"的模式,取代与地球内部层圈结构相抵触的"地幔对流"模式来解释洋底扩张;并以星地碰撞发生地点的随机变化性作为大规模海陆格局变迁的主控原因.如此,则可有助于上述板块构造理论中存在的两大难题的解决.     

悬臂-拉裂式崩塌破坏机制研究

悬臂-拉裂式崩塌是崩塌类型中较为常见的一种,常发育于近水平层状的陡峻岩质边坡,在我国的西南和西北山区以及三峡库区,该类危岩体的数量多且崩塌发生频率高。调查研究表明,差异风化剥蚀、河流侧蚀、海水浪蚀、碳酸盐溶蚀等作用是岩质边坡产生凹进岩腔和凸出悬臂的外动力地质作用。在调查基础上,概化出厚层硬岩夹薄层软岩和薄层硬岩夹软岩两种悬臂梁崩塌破坏模式。根据悬臂梁最大弯曲应力计算理论,推导出岩腔极限深度计算公式,并结合岩石风化剥蚀速率,对悬臂梁危岩体产生破坏的时间进行了预测。通过岩腔极限深度计算公式的分析和悬臂梁崩塌野外调查结果,均表明岩腔极限深度与悬臂岩体厚度成正相关,而与顶部裂缝深度比成负相关。根据最大拉应力-抗拉强度比值分析法,推导出悬臂梁危岩体稳定系数计算公式,并给出其稳定性评价标准。通过典型算例,对文中方法的正确性进行检验,结果表明该方法具有公式简单和计算可靠等优点。     

A computer method for stability analysis of caverns in jointed rock

A simple rigid block model has been developed for analysing the stability of caverns and tunnels in jointed rock. Rigid block interactions are idealized as linear edge-to-edge contacts with a zero joint tension constraint and a Mohr-Coulomb friction law. In the method, the minimum friction angle for stability is determined by sequentially eliminating tension and then minimizing the shear. It is demonstrated through examples that the minimum joint friction angle which results in a stable configuration is independent of the stiffness of the joint, and depends only upon the loading and geometry of the jointing and cavern. This insensitivity of stability to the normal and tangential joint stiffnesses, which can be difficult to obtain, is very useful for design purposes.     

Origin of large-scale crossbeds in the late permian coal measures of the Sydney and Bowen basins,eastern Australia

Theories proposed for the origin of large-scale crossbeds may be generalised into two main categories. The first suggests the large sigmoidal shape of the sediment layers results from variable differential compaction during and after deposition, whereas the second infers that the high angle of the crossbeds is the result of primary depositional processes.Britten (1983) has proposed that large-scale inclined strata may be produced according to his cide model whilst Mallett (1983) has suggested that such structures are produced by channel automigration. Parbury (1976) and Conaghan (1981), both proponents of the primary depositional model, interpret the large-scale inclined strata as foreset beds of a Gilbert-type delta prograding into deep (50 m water depth) lakes within which floating islands produce allochthonous deposits from hydroponic vegetation. Marchioni (1976, 1982), however, envisages that the large-scale inclined strata are epsilon crossbeds which have tilted during differential subsidence of peat swamps over which active channel systems have encroached.Nine kilometers of almost continuous high wall exposures have been studied in the Moura-Kianga Coal Mine of the southeastern Bowen Basin and it is concluded that none of the above-mentioned processes can explain the present configuration of sedimentary layering observed in these high walls at the Moura-Kianga Coal Mine. It is proposed that there the high-angle large-scale inclined strata have originated as primary features associated with a crevasse sub-delta. Subsidence in excess of vegetation accumulation within the peat swamp provides the mechanism whereby a shallow lake developed and into which a crevasse sub-delta was deposited. Similar processes have been described by Coleman and Prior (1980) from the Mississippi delta.     

A generalized model for geosynthetic reinforced railway tracks resting on soft clays

The present study pertains to the development of a foundation model for predicting the behavior of geosynthetic reinforcement railway track system rested on soft clay subgrade. The ballast and sub‐ballast layers have been idealized by Pasternak shear layer. The geosynthetic layer is represented by a stretched rough elastic membrane. Burger model has been used to characterize the soft clay subgrade. Numerical solutions have been obtained by adopting the finite difference scheme combined with non‐dimensioning the governing equations of the proposed model. The results confirm that the present model is quite capable of predicting the time‐dependent settlement response of geosynthetic reinforcement railway track system placed on soft clay subgrade. The surface settlement profile and mobilized tensile load of geosynthetics has been evaluated by considering variation in the wheel load, sleeper width, thickness of ballast and sub‐ballast layers and shear modulus of ballast and sub‐ballast layers. It has been observed that an increase in the sleeper width by 24% results in the reduction in central settlement and mobilized tensile load by 6.5% and 20.1%, respectively. It was found that with a 50% increase in the thickness of the ballast layer, the central settlement has decreased by 7.3% and the mobilized tension at the zone of maximum curvature has increased by 24.6%. However, with an increase in the thickness of the sub‐ballast layer, a considerable reduction in both central settlement and the mobilization of tension on geosynthetic has been noticed. The pattern of variation of settlement and mobilized tension for an increase in the shear modulus of ballast and sub‐ballast material was found to be almost similar. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling of the physical behaviour of clay barriers close to water saturation

The physical properties of bentonite-based buffer materials for nuclear waste repositories have been investigated by a number of different laboratory tests. These tests have yielded a material model that is valid for conditions close to water saturation and is useful for describing: (a) the stress, strain and volume change behaviour; (b) the pore pressure and flow of water; and (c) the thermal and thermomechanical response.

The material model is based on the Drucker-Prager Plasticity model and a Porous Elastic Model. The effective stress concept and Darcy's law are applied and the swelling/consolidation and thermomechanical processes are coupled according to the separate mechanical properties of the pore water, the solids and the clay skeleton. The model can be used by the finite-element program ABAQUS.

The model has been tested in several laboratory and field verification tests. Comparison between measured and calculated behaviour shows that the general behaviour is described properly and several calculations of different scenarios have been made for the Swedish KBS 3 concept. However, certain processes, like the hysteresis effect at consolidation/swelling, the curved stress-strain relation at shearing, and the curved failure envelope, are not modelled in a perfectly accurate way and an improved material model is proposed here. It combines the behaviour of the Cam-clay model on the wet side with the more relevant plastic behaviour of a modified Drucker-Prager model with a curved failure envelope and the possibility to introduce strain softening after failure.

The paper presents some laboratory results that are the basis of the first model. It also shows the application of the model to finite-element calculations of some laboratory tests. Comparisons between the calculations and measured results expose some disadvantages of the model and a concept for an improved model is suggested.     

微乳状液自乳化动力学——球状液珠的不稳定性与分形流展

运用动力系统稳定性的理论和方法讨论了乳状液中球状液珠的不稳定性问题,结果表明:表面张力与负的表面张力梯度分别起稳定和不稳定作用,阐明了自动乳化所必须满足的热力学非平衡条件和动力学反馈机制。本文还建立了液珠失稳后在不断流动展开过程中形态改变的具有拉普拉斯分形结构的动力学模型,从而解释了自动乳化过程中液珠流展出的具有蕨叶状“花样”的分形流展机理。     

Research on Effect of SMA Damper in Passive Control

In this article, mechanics model of SMA center tension from damper is developed. According to the theory of Brinson constitutive model and thermodynamics first law, damper thermodynamics non-linear equation has been developed. Dynamics non-linear equation of frame structure under operation of SMA damper and its solution have been worked out; the software of seismic response analysis for frame structure and of damper characteristic analysis have been compiled with MATLAB software, andthe examples have been computed with it. The result indicates that SMA damper has obvious damp characteristics and it can provide with obvious restraint effect for seismic response of frame structure. Decreasing rate of displacement and velocity on top of frame structure reaches 50％-60％. The result is in accordance with other pundits experimentation results, which indicates that the above methods are correct and useful.     

锁固段边坡模型破坏前兆特征

为探究花岗岩锁固段边坡模型损伤破坏过程中的微震信号能量、频率分布特征及临界慢化现象,开展了花岗岩锁固段边坡模型的破坏试验研究,利用单轴加载系统对不同岩桥角度的花岗岩锁固段边坡模型进行加载,采用应变片、微震（microseismic,MS）监测系统对其加载全过程进行同步观测.试验结果表明:（1）岩桥角对边坡模型的破坏形式产生影响,当岩桥角为70°和90°时破坏形式以拉张破坏为主;当岩桥角为110°时为拉压混合破坏;当岩桥角为130°时为压剪破坏,前缘蠕滑段为锁固型边坡变形最大的部位.（2）在加载过程中,当存在微小损伤破裂时,主要以高频、低能的微震信号为主,当产生大尺度损伤破裂时会伴随着低频、高能的微震信号.（3）在锁固段边坡模型处于临界破坏状态时会出现明显的临界慢化现象,表现为微震信号的方差、自相关系数产生突增现象,且突增点所对应的时间均达到失稳时间的80%,具有较好的时效性,可将微震信号的方差、自相关系数的突增作为边坡模型的失稳破坏前兆信息.（4）能量比方法与临界慢化理论形成联合预测判据,可克服单一判据的缺点,提高预测的准确性.该研究可为突发型的岩质边坡监测预警提供可用的参考价值.      

洞庭湖平原水网区地表产水量计算

洞庭湖区河湖水网密布，纵横交错，各水量之间交换关系复杂，为准确评价该区水资源量，根据水量平衡的原理，依据相关的水文气象资料。将湖区下垫面分为水面、水田、不透水面和陆面等4部分，根据其不同的特点分别提出不同的产水量计算方法。建立了具有一定物理概念的产水计算模型，并在湖南省洞庭湖纯湖区的3个四级区套县的各部分天然年产水量计算中得到应用，对于水网地区的地表水资源量的计算具有一定的参考价值。     

Drainage beneath ice sheets: groundwater–channel coupling,and the origin of esker systems from former ice sheets

The nature of the drainage system beneath ice sheets is crucial to their dynamic behaviour but remains problematic. An experimentally based theory of coupling between groundwater and major channel systems is applied to the esker systems in the area occupied the last ice sheet in Europe, which we regard as a fossil imprint of major longitudinal drainage channels. We conclude that the large-scale distribution and spacing of major eskers is consistent with the theory of groundwater control, in which esker spacing is partly controlled by the transmissivity of the bed.It is concluded that esker patterns reflect the large-scale organisation of the subglacial drainage pattern in which channel development is coupled to groundwater flow and to the ice sheet's dynamic regime. The theory is then used to deduce: basal meltwater recharge rates and their spatial variability from esker spacing in an area in which the ice sheet was actively streaming during its final retreat; patterns of palaeo-groundwater flow and head distribution; and the seasonally varying magnitude of discharge from stream tunnels at the retreating ice sheet margin. Major channel/esker systems appear to have been stable at least over several hundred of years during the retreat of the ice sheet, although major dynamic events are demonstrably associated with major shifts in the hydraulic regime.Modelling suggests: that glaciation can stimulate deep groundwater circulation cells that are spatially linked to channel locations, with groundwater flow predominantly transverse to ice flow; that the circulation pattern has the potential to create large-scale anomalies in groundwater chemistry; and that the spacing of channels will change through the glacial cycle, influencing water pressures in stream tunnels, subglacial hydraulic gradients and effective pressure. If the latter is reduced sufficiently, it could trigger enhanced bed deformation, thus coupling drainage to ice sheet movement. It suggests the possibility of distinctive phases of sediment deformation and drumlin mobilisation during a glacial cycle.     

土质滑坡格构锚杆抗滑机制及受力试验研究

通过滑坡防治格构锚固大型物理模型试验,分析了土质滑坡格构锚杆体系在坡顶荷载下的变形和位移,揭示了格构锚杆的抗滑机制,探讨了锚固力与坡体位移及锚杆变形的关系,提出了极限锚固力的计算方法。结果表明：滑坡滑动时,格构梁与坡体整体发生旋转滑移,锚杆在滑面处发生了弯曲变形,处于弯曲和轴向拉伸组合变形状态;格构锚杆的抗滑作用表现为锚杆在滑面处的抗剪抗滑和锚杆格构梁的挡土阻滑;格构锚杆的极限锚固力由初始预应力、锚杆弯曲变形引起锚拉力、坡体位移引起锚拉力三部分组成,可通过公式 计算。该研究结果可为格构锚固体系的优化设计提供一定的参考。