广西合山晚二叠世碳酸盐岩型煤系层序地层分析

广西合山煤田晚二叠世合山组是在浅水碳酸盐台地背景下形成的典型的碳酸盐岩型含煤岩系 ,其沉积环境有滨外陆棚、生物礁、开阔台地、潮坪和泥炭沼泽等。在包括合山组和大隆组在内的整个晚二叠世地层中 ,可以识别出5个层序界面 ,并可根据这些层序界面将区内上二叠统划分为 4个层序。层序 从合山组底面到合山组下段顶部的四 下 煤层底板硅质岩层之底面 ;层序 包括从四 下 煤底板到四 上 煤底板的一套地层 ;层序 为从四 上 煤层底板到二煤层之下铝土质泥岩底板的序列 ;层序 包括从合山组二煤层之下铝土质泥岩底板到大隆组之顶。其中层序 、层序 和层序 厚度在合山煤田范围内变化较大 ,说明受盆地基底沉降作用控制强烈 ,层序 则表现为多次的煤层-石灰岩旋回性 ,并且在合山煤田甚至桂中地区稳定分布 ,说明可能主要受全球海平面变化控制。与滨海平原靠陆一侧的冲积体系的陆源碎屑岩含煤岩系不同 ,陆表海碳酸盐岩型煤系三级层序中的最大海泛带底部以该层序中向上变薄至最薄的一层煤的底面为代表 ,如研究区三 中 煤层底面即为层序 中的最大海泛带底部 ,其下为三级层序中的海侵体系域 ,其上为高位体系域。三级层序中有包含四 上 、三 下 、三 中 、三 上 等煤层为界的 4个四级层序 ,每个四级层序中发育     

广西晚二叠世合山组中沉积间断的发现及其地质意义

首次提出在晚二叠世合山组碳酸盐岩含煤岩系发育过程中存在沉积间断，并在其中鉴别出众多的沉积断标志：①灰岩的角砾化现象；②淡水作用下的重结粗大方解石颗粒；③古裂隙；④古溶洞；⑤氧化壳；⑥砾石层；⑦层状晶洞。这些沉积间断标志通常分布在煤层的间接底板楔部或上部。在合山组形成过程中，至少发生了３次沉积间断：４煤形成前，４煤形成期间及２煤形成前。     

广西合山地区合山组沉积相带和沉积模式

陆表海碳酸盐岩型含煤岩系是我国含煤岩系的一个重要类型,以广西晚二叠世合山组为代表。文中对该煤系中的碳酸盐岩进行了详细的微相分析,认为合山组沉积时期合山地区为温暖潮湿气候下的浅水环境,提出了包括浅海盆地、生物礁、开阔台地、潮坪和泥炭坪在内的陆表海碳酸盐台地沉积模式,并指出合山组碳酸盐台地边缘是以生物礁为代表的缓坡,最后对合山组的旋回层序进行分析,认为合山组沉积过程中,地壳沉降作用和海平面变化起了主导作用。     

广西合山地区合山组沉积相带和沉积模式

陆表海碳酸盐岩型含煤岩系是我国含煤岩系的一个重要类型,以广西晚二叠世合山组为代表。文中对该煤系中的碳酸盐岩进行了详细的微相分析,认为合山组沉积时期合山地区为温暖潮湿气候下的浅水环境,提出了包括浅海盆地、生物礁、开阔台地、潮坪和泥炭坪在内的陆表海碳酸盐台地沉积模式,并指出合山组碳酸盐台地边缘是以生物礁为代表的缓坡,最后对合山组的旋回层序进行分析,认为合山组沉积过程中,地壳沉降作用和海平面变化起了主导作用。     

辽西石炭纪地层及沉积特征新认识

通过对辽西石炭纪含煤地层的详细研究，发现辽西石炭系不仅有太原组而且有较厚的本溪组，在地层及沉积特征方面与内蒙古大青山煤田的石炭系十分相似。两煤田均形成于近山滨海平原的古地理环境而非前人认为的山前冲积平原。作者在杨家仗子煤田７＃煤顶板发现的沉凝灰岩层可以与华北地台东部太原组中部遍布全区的火山事件层对比     

广西上二叠统含煤建造和藻坪沼泽成煤模式

广西上二叠统包括合山组和长兴组,岩性以石灰岩为主,夹有少量泥岩、硅质岩,含海相化石,极少见高等植物化石,煤层的顶底板和夹矸多是石灰岩或硅质岩。煤层结构复杂,厚度变化大。煤质呈现高灰份、高硫份的特征。因此对这种海相煤系和煤层的生成条件,引起了人们的兴趣。早在六十年代刘焕杰等就提出过滨海红树成煤的看法[1],近年来,由于碳酸盐理论的广泛应用,以及对现代沉积的考察,对它的研究又有了新的进展，黄酒和等(2) 深入地进行了合山剖面的岩石学研究，详细描述岩石类型，系统分析了该区碳酸盐的浅水成因标志。李有亮等(3) 进而提出潮坪沼泽成煤的论点。卓越提出与海南岛红树林和红树泥炭类比，认为它们是合山组煤层形成条件的自然模拟(4. 5) .作者最近大量观察合山组岩石薄片，发现煤层顶板和底板的裸松t:极勺发一育从而提出藻坪沼于子成煤模式。     

黄陇侏罗纪煤田煤中元素特征分析

根据黄陇侏罗纪煤田主采煤层煤质资料和研究成果,对煤中常量元素和微量元素的含量进行了统计分析,探讨了煤中各元素形成的地质因素,并对铀含量富集特征及有利成矿区进行了分析。研究显示,黄陇侏罗纪煤田形成于陆源物质供给较丰富的干旱弱还原泥炭沼泽环境中,煤中微量元素Ga、Ge、V、As等属正常含量水平,Cl、F、P属低含量水平,U含量明显高于全国值。由于盆地边缘造山运动提供了丰富的铀源、有机流体及输导体系,使得U含量由盆地边缘向中心逐渐减小,其中处于氧化还原环境的永陇矿区、旬耀矿区有利于铀矿的形成。     

桂西地区二叠系合山组铝土岩的沉积环境*

桂西地区二叠系合山组铝土岩的沉积环境存在海相、陆相之争。通过对桂西二叠系铝土岩的区域调查及钻孔样品微量元素地球化学数据的分析,认为桂西二叠系铝土岩产出于陆相环境。从铝土岩分布情况看,桂西二叠纪各孤立碳酸盐岩台地上均广泛分布铝土岩沉积,该区域产出特征证明矿层是在碳酸盐岩台地全部暴露地表的环境下形成的。从铝土岩层与下伏茅口组灰岩的接触关系来看,铝土岩层底部存在茅口组灰岩砾石,在部分剖面尚见下伏茅口组灰岩中充填铝土岩等现象,说明铝土岩矿化过程直接于茅口组灰岩的古喀斯特面上完成。此外,在矿层中发现古植物根茎化石也是铝土岩形成于陆相环境的有力证据。从微量元素地球化学结果来看,来自铝土岩层样品的硼含量均小于10×10^-6,Sr/Ba值范围为0.29~1.61,平均值为0.92,Rb/K值范围为0.0011~0.0025,平均值为0.0017,以上指标结合V/Zr-Zr/Cu图解的判别,结果均指示铝土岩形成于陆相淡水环境。     

珠江口盆地新生代碳酸盐岩形成地质条件

珠江口盆地新生代碳酸盐岩分布面积大,已发现我国海上最大生物礁油田,具有重要研究价值。本文根据南海新生代构造演化及珠江口盆地新生代构造沉积演化,研究碳酸盐岩形成地质条件。发现南海新生代碳酸盐岩分布与新生代古南海消亡及新南海扩张密切相关,适宜碳酸盐岩发育的窗口期正是新南海扩张期,明显受新南海扩张的控制。新南海在渐新世—中新世的两期扩张,与新特提斯弧后扩张有关。珠江口盆地发育两种类型的碳酸盐台地,即古隆起镶边碳酸盐台地和火山建隆孤立碳酸盐台地。古隆起或火山建隆分布、构造沉降及全球海平面升降是珠江口盆地碳酸盐岩及生物礁发育的主控因素。     

淮北矿区芦岭煤矿微量元素地球化学特征

为研究淮北矿区芦岭煤矿微量元素地球化学特征,系统采集了芦岭煤矿主采煤层8、9、10煤层各5个原煤样品,采用ICP-MS和ICP-AES测定样品中39种微量元素的含量,分析了不同煤层的元素分布特征,并与华北和中国煤以及地壳中元素含量进行了对比。结果表明:芦岭煤矿山西组煤层煤中微量元素含量要高于下石盒子组煤层;与华北和中国煤中微量元素含量进行比较,芦岭煤矿主采煤层煤中主量元素Fe和微量元素U明显亏损,而微量元素Ga、Li和Pb显著富集;与地壳中元素含量相比,芦岭煤矿煤中亏损型元素较多。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.