沉积有机质中甾烷,4—甲基甾烷植物花粉来原的直接证据

松粉热模拟饱和烃ＧＣ－ＭＳ分析检出大量的甾族系列化合物,其中常规甾烷在２００～３５０℃的中低温阶段的相对丰度较高,占总馏分的３％左右,表现出Ｃ２９远大于Ｃ２８、Ｃ２７的高等植物输入特征。与常规甾烷相伴生,出现少量但特征明显的以Ｃ３０为主的４－甲基甾烷,它与ααα（２０Ｒ）Ｃ２９甾烷的比什在０．１左右。研究表明,植物花粉是烃源岩、原油中甾烷和４－甲基甾烷的输入物源之一,花粉中所含的甾族和脂类化合物结     

泌阳凹陷第三系湖相泥质白云岩中特殊甾烷化合物分布特征及地球化…

在研究羊毛甾烷的基础上，又从泌阳凹陷第三系湖相泥质白云岩地层中检测出了其他系列的特殊甾烷化合物，如３β－乙基甾烷（Ｃ２９－Ｃ３１），３β－正丙基甾烷（Ｃ３０－Ｃ３２）和３β－丁基甾烷（Ｃ３１－Ｃ３３）和甲藻甾烷等。这些特殊甾烷集中出现的情况曾未报道过。除母源输入具有特殊组合外，水体较高盐度和强还原环境可能是这些化合物得以保存的重要原因。     

泌阳凹陷第三系湖相泥质白云岩中特殊甾烷化合物分布特征及地球化学意义

在研究羊毛甾烷的基础上，又从泌阳凹陷第三系湖相泥质白云岩地层中检测出了其他系列的特殊甾烷化合物，如３β－乙基甾烷（Ｃ（２９）－Ｃ（３１）），３β－正丙基甾烷（Ｃ（３０）－Ｃ（３２））和３β－丁基甾烷（Ｃ（３１）－Ｃ（３３））和甲藻甾烷等。这些特殊甾烷集中出现的情况曾未报道过。除母源输入具有特殊组合外，水体较高盐度和强还原环境可能是这些化合物得以保存的重要原因。     

青海湖沉积物中的甾醇及其演化

Ｃ_２７，Ｃ_２８和Ｃ_２９甾醇（△５.２２，△２２，△５和△５.２４（２８）和５α－甾烷醇）在青海湖三孔近代沉积物（ＱＨ，ＱＥ和ＱＯ）中被检出。其中以Ｃ_２９甾醇占优势。在ＱＥ和ＱＧ孔沉积物中还检出了低浓度的三个Ｃ_３０甾醇（４α，２３，２４－三甲基－５α－胆甾－２２Ｅ－烯醇（甲藻甾醇），４α－甲基－２４－乙基－５α－胆甾－２２Ｅ－烯醇和４α－甲基－２４－乙基－５α－胆甾烷醇］。在ＱＨ和ＱＧ孔上部层段沉积物中，Ｃ_２７，Ｃ_２９.饱和的和不饱和的甾醇的碳数分布的平行性，甾烷醇/△５－甾醇及△２２－/△５.２２－甾醇的比值随沉积物埋深而增加提供了甾酸氢化作用的间接证据。青海湖沉积物中的甾醇主要来自湖区丰富的高等植物和湖中的藻类等。在ＱＧ孔８０～１００ｃｍ和１２０～１４０ｃｍ层段沉积物中，５ａ－胆甾烷醇浓度迅速增加可能反映特殊的生物（介形类）对该二层段沉积物中高浓度的胆甾烷醇的贡献。     

铁岭灰岩晶包有机质的甾萜烷在高温高压条件下演化特征

铁岭灰岩模拟产物的残留烃中,甾萜烷的含量很高,伽马蜡烷含量较高,三环萜烷和四环萜烷含量较低,几乎不含脱甲基藿残余晶包有机质仍保持着模拟实验前晶包有机质的甾萜烷分布特征,即三环萜烷和四环萜烷含量较高,脱甲基藿高于正常藿我国七个油田未熟生甾烷仍保持着降解原貌。残留烃,残余晶馁机质和原岩晶包有机质的甾萜烷至比表明,实验过程中残留烃的甾萜烷是由干酪根和民有机质共同产生的,但以干酪根为主。同时也说明,干酪根     

八面河地区原油、烃源岩中甾类化合物的分布特征及其应用

对渤海湾盆地八面河地区31个分别形成于还原性咸化水体和淡水环境的页岩和泥岩样、20个油样中甾类化合物进行了剖析。结果表明该区烃源岩、原油中的甾类化合物异常丰富，主要包括C27－29规则甾烷、C28－304－甲基甾烷、甲藻甾烷以及芳香甾类；不同层段烃源岩中甾类化合物的分布各具特色，发育于牛庄洼陷南斜坡咸化水体的富藻类沙四段页岩富含4－甲基甾烷及甲藻甾烷，形成于淡水环境的沙三段泥岩中甲藻甾烷不太发育。烃源岩、原油中规则甾烷的分布型式明显有别于甲基甾烷，指示两类化合物可能来源于不同的藻类属种。甾类化合物的分布特征受控于古环境、生物先质种类及热成熟度等多种因素。不同层段甾类化合物的特征性分布使其成为该区油源岩确认的关键指标。结果还表明，甲基甾烷在油源岩识别中比规则甾烷具有更好的应用效果。依据甾类化合物，可判断埋深超过2700m的Es4烃源岩与原油具有较好的相关性，发育于牛洼洼陷南斜坡的未熟－低熟特殊烃源岩－富藻类页岩与原油没有可比性，该结论是对近期油源调查结果的进一步确认。     

烃源岩中C30～32羊毛甾烷系列及其地球化学意义

已有研究结果表明C30~32羊毛甾烷系列存在于下古生界到新生界的沉积地层、原油及沥青样品中,但目前还少有文献从有机地球化学的角度对地质样品中此类标志物的分布及其地球化学意义进行探讨。本文通过对苏北盆地海安凹陷古新统阜二段烃源岩和柴达木盆地西部古近系烃源岩中C30~32 羊毛甾烷系列与其他生物标志物组成特征的系统对比,探讨了此类标志物的生物来源、成因、热稳定性及其地球化学意义。分析结果表明所研究烃源岩中的羊毛甾烷系列基本都与异常偏低的姥植比、正构烷烃系列的偶碳优势、高含量的伽马蜡烷和明显的C35升藿烷优势相伴生,表明咸水、强还原的环境和高盐度的分层水体有利于该类化合物的形成或保存。该系列标志物的浓度与代表真核生物贡献的伽马蜡烷和C27~29甾烷系列的浓度呈正相关关系,而与代表原核生物输入的C14~16补身烷系列和C27~35藿烷系列的浓度呈负相关关系,这一现象说明烃源岩中C30~32 羊毛甾烷系列的生物来源可能是真核生物而非原核生物。此外,不同时代、不同性质地质样品中C30~32羊毛甾烷系列分布特征的相似性,及同一样品中C30~32羊毛甾烷系列的碳数组成与C28~30 4-甲基甾烷系列和C29~31 4, 4-二甲基甾烷系列碳数组成间的离散关系,暗示着它们具有各自独立的生物来源。换言之, 4-甲基甾类不可能是C30~32羊毛甾烷的前身物。在柴达木盆地西部镜质体反射率(Ro)介于0.6%~1.0%之间的咸水湖相烃源岩中均可检测到完整的C30~32羊毛甾烷系列,只有在Ro值达到1.4%的高成熟烃源岩中才消失,这一事实表明此类标志物具有较高的热稳定性,预料它在咸水-盐湖盆地的油源研究中具有较好的应用前景。     

煤与泥岩排烃过程中甾、萜烷色层效应差异

利用未混油或混油源岩样品（指在源岩样品中加入一定量石油）进行低温排烃模拟实验，系统研究了煤与泥岩排烃过程中甾、萜烷的色层效应。结果表明，在排烃过程中煤与泥岩甾、萜烷的色层效应存在显著差别。煤排出烃与残留烃之间的甾、萜烷分布产生了明显的变化，许多常用的甾、萜烷参数的变化已难以解释其排出烃与残留烃之间的关系，但泥岩排出烃与残留烃之间的甾、萜烷分布特征仍具有可比性。煤与泥岩表现出的明显不同的甾、萜烷色层效应提示，应用甾、萜烷等生物标志物解决煤成烃问题时必须充分考虑排烃作用的影响，并需进一步探索适用于煤成烃的方法和指标。     

松花粉热降解甾族分子生物标志化合物及其热演化特征

松花粉热模拟实验饱和烃馏分中检出大量的甾族系列生物标志化合物,包括甾烯酮、甾烯、规则甾烷、异构化甾烷、重排甾烷、4-甲基甾烷及孕甾烷,芳烃馏分中还检出芳构化甾烷,从而提供了该类生物标志物植物花粉来源的直接证据.甾族化合物模拟温度150℃时开始断裂出来,250～350℃时达到排出高峰,400℃时含量急剧下降,500℃以后因强烈地热降解而无法检出. 250℃模拟样品中的甾族化合物以甾烯丰度最高,还检出了大量的甾烯酮和规则甾烷.它们都是以C29和C28两个碳数为主,且表现出C29>>C28的特点,每个碳数均以ααα20(R S)两种构型成对出现和相对丰度20R>20S为主要特征.300℃样品中检出C29重排甾烯,350℃时甾烯被大量还原,达到规则甾烷形成的高峰.400℃以后的样品除检出ααα(20R 20S)构型的生物甾烷外,αββ构型异构化甾烷可明显检出,而且也可检出相对丰度较高的C29和C28αβ重排甾烷.规则甾烷的ααα20R构型向20S构型的转化,也随热模拟温度的升高逐渐增强.450℃和500℃的高温模拟样品中检出了较明显的孕甾烷和甲基孕甾烷C21和C22.此外,松粉低温热模拟样品的芳烃馏份中检出单、三芳甾烷.     

沉积环境的氧化还原性对重排甾烷形成的作用

陆东凹陷上侏罗统生油岩样品饱和烃色质分析表明，重排甾烷随井深出现含量下降的逆转现象，表明热演化不完全是这类化合物形成的主要控制因素。重排甾烷的分布与岩石中的粘土矿物组成关系也不密切，意味着各种粘土矿物的酸性催化作用无明显差别。经研究发现，重排甾烷的形成与沉积环境的氧化还原性有关。在Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ小于０.５的缺氧强还原地层中由于甾烯碳骨架的酸性重排作用受到抑制，因而所形成的重排甾烷很少；随Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ增加，沉积环境变为弱氧化-氧化时，重排甾烷含量显著增高，表明在成岩作用过程中沉积物中的含氧性是这类化合物形成的主要因素.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861