Geological Controls on High Production of Tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block,Eastern Ordos Basin,China

Tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic-rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon(TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts;the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.     

A Volumetric Model for Evaluating Tight Sandstone Gas Reserves in the Permian Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin,Central China

To accurately measure and evaluate reserves is critical for ensuring successful production of unconventional oil and gas. This work proposes a volumetric model to evaluate the tight sandstone gas reserves of the Permian Sulige gas field in the Ordos Basin. The reserves can be determined by four major parameters of reservoir cutoffs, net pay, gas-bearing area and compression factor Z, which are controlled by reservoir characteristics and sedimentation. Well logging, seismic analysis, core analysis and gas testing, as well as thin section identification and SEM analysis were used to analyze the pore evolution and pore-throat structure. The porosity and permeability cutoffs are determined by distribution function curve,empirical statistics and intersection plot. Net pay and gas-bearing area are determined based on the cutoffs, gas testing and sand body distribution, and the compression factor Z is obtained by gas component. The results demonstrate that the reservoir in the Sulige gas field is characterized by ultralow porosity and permeability, and the cutoffs of porosity and permeability are 5% and 0.15×10~(–3) μm~2, respectively. The net pay and gas-bearing area are mainly affected by the sedimentary facies, sand body types and distribution. The gas component is dominated by methane which accounts for more than 90%, and the compression factor Z of H_8(P_2h_8) and S_1(P_1s_1) are 0.98 and 0.985, respectively. The distributary channels stacked and overlapped, forming a wide and thick sand body with good developed intergranular pores and intercrystalline pores. The upper part of channel sand with good porosity and permeability can be sweet spot for gas exploration. The complete set of calculation systems proposed for tight gas reserve calculation has proved to be effective based on application and feedback. This model provides a new concept and consideration for reserve prediction and calculation in other areas.     

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Exploration Prospect of Coal‐Derived Tight Sandstone Gas in China: Case Study of the Ordos,Sichuan, and Tarim Basins

This work extensively investigated global tight sandstone gas, and geologically and geochemically analyzed the tight sandstone gas in China's Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins. We compared typical tight sandstone gas in China with that in North America. We proposed six conditions for the formation of China's tight sandstone gas, and illustrated the geological characteristics of tight sandstone gas. In China, gas-bearing tight sandstones were mainly deposited in continental lake deltas and marine-terrigenous facies basin environments, associated with coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried deeper than 2000 m under a formation pressure of 20–30 MPa, with pressure coefficients varying from overpressure to negative pressure. In other countries, tight gas bearing sandstones were dominantly deposited in marine to marine-terrigenous facies environments, occurred in coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried shallower than 2000 m in low-pressure systems. We systematically analyzed tight sandstone gas in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins in terms of chemical compositions, geochemical characteristics of carbon isotopes, origins, and sources. Tight sandstone gas in China usually has a hydrocarbon content of 95%, with CH4 content 90%, and a generally higher dry coefficient. In the three above-mentioned large tight sandstone gas regions, δ13 C1 and δ13 C2 mainly ranges from-42‰ to-28‰ and from-28‰ to-21‰, respectively. Type III coal-measure source rocks that closely coexist with tight reservoirs are developed extensively in these gas regions. The organic petrology of source rocks and the carbon isotope compositions of gas indicate that tight sandstone gas in China is dominantly coal-derived gas generated by coal-measure strata. Our analysis of carbon isotope series shows that local isotope reversals are mainly caused by the mixing of gases of different maturities and that were generated at different stages. With increasing maturity, the reversal tendency becomes more apparent. Moreover, natural gas with medium-low maturity(e.g., Xujiahe Formation natural gas in the Sichuan Basin) presents an apparent reversal at a low-maturity stage, a normal series at a medium-maturity stage, and a reversal tendency again at a high-maturity stage. Finally, we proposed four conditions for preferred tight sandstone gas "sweep spots," and illustrated the recoverable reserves, proven reserves, production, and exploration prospects of tight sandstone gas. The geological and geochemical characteristics, origins, sources, and exploration potential of tight sandstone gas in China from our research will be instructive for the future evaluation, prediction, and exploration of tight sandstone gas in China and abroad.     

东海盆地西湖凹陷中西部低渗近致密—致密砂岩气成因、来源及运聚成藏

以东海盆地西湖凹陷中西部西斜坡平湖组中下段及宝石组和西次凹花港组下段两个靶区为例,基于钻测资料结合激光共聚焦扫描显微镜和扫描电镜等技术对目前低渗近致密—致密砂岩气层的宏观分布和储层微观特征进行了描述。利用气样稳定碳同位素组成、组分及轻烃分析成果,使用盆地模拟和流体包裹体技术,结合构造-沉积地质背景,对西斜坡和西次凹低渗近致密—致密砂岩气成因、气源和运聚成藏机制进行了综合研究。研究结果表明:两个区带已钻遇的近致密—致密砂岩气主要为煤型气。西次凹致密气主要来源于本地平湖组煤系源岩,因暗色泥岩有少量的腐泥母质,可能有少量油型气存在;此外部分天然气还有本地花港组下段煤系源岩微量影响;西次凹生成的成熟后期—高成熟天然气于3.9~0Ma借助断裂大规模垂向运聚成藏,具有近源、晚期、一次成藏机制;西斜坡近致密气充注时期为2.8~0Ma,近致密气可分为两类,一类来自本地平湖组煤系烃源岩的成熟中期天然气,于晚期充注成藏,另一类来源于异地西次凹平湖组煤系烃源岩的成熟后期—高成熟气,也于相近时期,通过断裂与三角洲前缘砂坝构成的阶梯状运移通道大规模充注西斜坡储层,具有"远近双源"、晚期、一次成藏机制。     

断裂对川西坳陷致密砂岩气藏天然气运聚的控制作用

川西坳陷致密砂岩气藏的形成和分布受断裂控制作用明显。在对断裂的分布特征、断裂性质、断层几何特征、断裂形成时间等研究的基础上,结合研究区断裂与砂体的沟通关系、已发现气藏的开发情况和失利井的综合分析,揭示了断裂对陆相领域致密气藏天然气运聚的控制作用。研究结果表明,断裂影响和控制川西坳陷致密天然气藏有5种情况:断裂发育促使深层须家河组天然气富集成藏、断裂输导使深部须家河组天然气部分破坏、断裂输导深部须家河组天然气使中浅层侏罗系成藏、断裂破坏严重使中浅层侏罗系成藏效率低和断裂不发育的部位中浅层侏罗系含气性较差。单井与断裂距离的远近对单井产能具有一定的影响,且不同级别断裂影响规律存在较大差异:I级断裂(延伸长度L≥100 km)和II级断裂((10km2 000 m,单井产能低。     

Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin,China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio 30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio 15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio 10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘C-P煤系致密砂岩储层敏感性分析

鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区上古生界致密砂岩储集层中矿物组成多样、孔隙结构复杂且黏土矿物含量高,直接影响储层改造和开发效果。文章基于X 衍射、铸体薄片、气测孔渗、压汞和敏感性实验,系统研究了储层敏感性及其影响因素。结果表明研究区砂岩中石英和岩屑含量高,长石含量较低,以岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩为主。黏土矿物主要为伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石以及伊/蒙混层;储层普遍低孔低渗,孔隙结构较差。速敏以太原组最强,山西组最弱,与伊利石+绿泥石含量正相关,高岭石含量负相关。水敏下石盒子组最强,太原组最弱,与伊/蒙混层含量正相关。盐敏与水敏有类似特点,与伊/蒙混层含量表现出正相关。酸敏山西组最强,下石盒子组最弱,与绿泥石和铁白云石矿物含量正相关。碱敏性山西组最强,太原组最弱,受长石、石英和高岭石含量影响。相关认识有助于指导研究区钻井、压裂等施工工艺选择和排采控制。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区延长组致密砂岩储层敏感性评价

以鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区延长组致密砂岩储层为研究对象,在岩石学、孔隙结构、储层物性特征研究的基础上,开展储层敏感性流动实验,以此评价该地区致密储层的敏感性及敏感机制。研究结果表明：陕北地区延长组致密砂岩储层敏感性主要表现为中等偏强速敏、中等偏弱水敏、无酸敏到弱酸敏、弱碱敏、强压敏;临界流速、临界矿化度、临界pH值3个特征临界值分别为1.0 mL/min、8 500 mg/L、8.5。敏感程度主要受矿物成分和孔隙结构的影响。研究区储层速敏的形成源于其孔隙填隙物——高岭石的存在;绿／蒙混层及伊/蒙混层矿物是引起水敏及盐敏的主要因素;铁白云石及含铁绿泥石等酸敏矿物的存在使部分岩样显弱酸敏;极其复杂的孔喉结构、极易受压变形的片状喉道以及岩样中云母、黏土等塑性矿物导致储层具强压敏性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤层气与致密气联合优选区评价

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界具有煤层气和致密砂岩气成藏的有利条件。上古生界煤层气与致密砂岩气具有相同的烃源岩,且煤层与致密储层垂向上相互叠置,为二者联合勘探开发奠定了地质基础。在综合考虑煤层气与致密砂岩气成藏地质条件的基础上,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地煤层气与致密砂岩气共同勘探选区的评价指标体系,包括煤层厚度、烃源岩热演化程度、生气强度以及致密储层厚度4个指标。依据建立的评价指标体系,对鄂尔多斯盆地内5个区块进行煤层气与致密砂岩气共同选区评价,评价结果为区块Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ为勘探目标区,主要分布在盆地的东西缘,煤层厚度大、烃源岩生气强度大,勘探前景好;区块Ⅰ和Ⅳ为勘探有利区,呈条带状分布在盆地的东北部和西北部,煤层气与致密砂岩气协同勘探潜力较大。     

致密砂岩气藏成藏过程的物理模拟实验

致密砂岩气藏具有广阔的资源前景，可以有效地弥补常规天然气资源的不足。但其成藏过程和气水分布关系的研究是一个相对不足而又非常重要的领域，它的完善直接关系到勘探的成败。本文正是针对这一研究领域，采用物理模拟实验方法，通过实际资料的调研，建立了二维的实验模型，对致密砂岩气藏的成藏过程和气水分布关系进行了模拟。实验结果表明，致密砂岩气藏的成藏过程可以分为三个阶段，分别为：充注前期(能量积累阶段)、充注期（幕式充注成藏阶段）、充注后期（气藏保存阶段）。其中，幕式充注成藏阶段是致密气藏成藏的关键时期。而导致气水分布关系复杂的原因在于储层的非均质性。     

临兴上古生界致密储层裂缝发育特征及对致密气富集影响

临兴区块上古生界储集层为致密砂岩，裂缝发育特征及对致密气富集影响尚不清楚，一定程度上制约了甜点区预测。 根据岩心、露头、薄片及测井资料，分析了研究区裂缝发育特征，探讨了裂缝对致密砂岩气富集的影响。临兴区块上古生界主 要发育高角度缝，其次为中低角度缝及水平缝，微观上根据裂缝与矿物颗粒的相对位置关系，可识别出粒内缝、粒缘缝和穿粒 缝，其中粒缘缝最为发育。受塑性泥岩阻挡，裂缝垂向延伸较差，一般延伸1~2 m后消失于泥岩层中，受燕山期北西—南东向 地应力影响，裂缝走向多为北东—南西向，裂缝密度一般2~5条/ｍ。裂缝可改善储集空间、提高油气充注效率，储层裂缝发育 区渗透率可增大1~2个数量级，含气饱和度高，此外，研究区裂缝是油气垂向运移的有效通道，影响着石盒子组及石千峰组致 密气的富集，在后期的勘探开发过程中应充分寻找裂缝发育区，并通过进一步压裂获得高产。     

Characteristics and Origin of Tight Oil Accumulations in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, North-Central China

The Upper Triassic oil accumulations in the Ordos Basin is the most successful tight oil play in China,with average porosity values of less than 10% and permeability values below 1.0 mD.This study investigated the geological characteristics and origin of the tight oil accumulations in the Chang 6 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Shanbei area based on over 50,000 petrological,source-rock analysis,well logging and production data.The tight oil accumulation of the Chang 6 member is distributed continuously in the basin slope and the centre of the basin.The oilwater relationships are complex.Laumontite dissolution pores are the most important storage spaces,constituting 30%-60% of total porosity and showing a strong positive relationship with oil production.The pore-throat diameter is less than 1 μm,and the calculated critical height of the oil column is much larger than the tight sand thickness,suggesting that the buoyancy was probably of limited importance for oil migration.The pressure difference between the source rocks and sandstone reservoirs is inferred to have provided driving force for hydrocarbon migration.Two factors of source-reservoir configuration and laumontite dissolution contributed to the formation of the Chang 6 tight oil accumulations.Intense hydrocarbon generation and continuous sand bodies close to the hydrocarbon kitchen are the foundation for the large-scale oil distribution.Dissolution of feldspar-laumontite during the process of organic matter evolution generated abundant secondary pores and improved the reservoir quality.     

临兴上古生界致密储层裂缝发育特征及对 致密气富集影响

临兴区块上古生界储集层为致密砂岩,裂缝发育特征及对致密气富集影响尚不清楚,一定程度上制约了甜点区预测。 根据岩心、露头、薄片及测井资料,分析了研究区裂缝发育特征,探讨了裂缝对致密砂岩气富集的影响。临兴区块上古生界主 要发育高角度缝,其次为中低角度缝及水平缝,微观上根据裂缝与矿物颗粒的相对位置关系,可识别出粒内缝、粒缘缝和穿粒 缝,其中粒缘缝最为发育。受塑性泥岩阻挡,裂缝垂向延伸较差,一般延伸1~2 m后消失于泥岩层中,受燕山期北西-南东向 地应力影响,裂缝走向多为北东-南西向,裂缝密度一般2~5条/ｍ。裂缝可改善储集空间、提高油气充注效率,储层裂缝发育 区渗透率可增大1~2个数量级,含气饱和度高,此外,研究区裂缝是油气垂向运移的有效通道,影响着石盒子组及石千峰组致 密气的富集,在后期的勘探开发过程中应充分寻找裂缝发育区,并通过进一步压裂获得高产。     

Geological Conditions of Tight Sandstone Gas Accumulation by Diffusion in Sulige Gasfield, Ordos Basin, China

<正>1 Introduction Tight sandstone gas reservoirs have become the focused field in the global unconventional natural gas exploration and tight sandstone gas output accounts for 75%of the unconventional gas output(Zou et al.,2013).In China,tight sandstone gas reserves and output account for a third of the whole country natural gas reserves and output(Zou     

川东北地区须家河组致密砂岩气藏异常高压成因

对川东北地区各种超压潜在成因的系统分析结果表明,欠压实作用不是异常高压成因,现今异常高压主要由天然气的充注增压(充气作用)和中燕山—喜山期的强烈构造挤压形成。利用SRK实际气体状态方程对元坝、通南巴气田充气增压贡献进行了计算:元坝气田天然气的充注增压平均为25.21MPa,平均增压幅度60.86%;通南巴气田天然气的充注增压平均为45.81 MPa,平均增压幅度72.04%。其余主要为构造挤压增压,增压幅度在元坝、通南巴气田分别为39.14%和27.96%。中燕山—喜山期构造挤压活动强度的差异控制了应力释放区的分布和储层抬升降温降压的幅度,从而控制了现今压力场平面分布特征。通南巴地区由于晚期强烈的构造挤压活动,使其现今正处于应力充分释放的泄压区,充气增压、构造挤压之后降压过程的发生是其现今超压强度较低的主要原因。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部镇泾油田延长组致密砂岩储层裂缝测井识别

低孔低渗致密砂岩储层的测井评价和开发难度较大,裂缝发育情况对这类储层的产能影响十分重要。为了利用常规测井资料实现致密砂岩储层裂缝发育情况的评价,基于井径、电阻率、密度、声波等常规测井曲线计算出8个裂缝指示参数,然后利用这8个参数构建了一个裂缝综合识别参数。该裂缝综合识别参数对裂缝的识别正确率更高。将这一套方法应用于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部镇泾油田延长组致密砂岩储层裂缝识别,对于所有样本,裂缝综合指标法识别正确率为81.4%以上。本研究给出的方法对于利用常规测井资料评价致密砂岩储层的裂缝发育情况和有效性提供了一种途径,对致密砂岩储层的勘探开发有一定的帮助。     

超深层裂缝性致密砂岩储层砂体、裂缝发育特征及对产能的影响:以塔里木盆地库车坳陷KS2气田为例

库车坳陷KS2气田目的 层构造裂缝普遍发育,而位于不同构造位置的裂缝发育特征有所差异,其与储层砂体的发育特征共同控制了该区单井产能的高低.综合利用岩心、薄片、扫面电镜、测井以及电成像测井解释资料,对库车坳陷KS2气田目的 层巴什基奇克组的储层岩石学特征、砂体组合特征以及裂缝的性质、开度、填充性等特征进行了分析,并对砂体...     

松辽盆地南部深层致密砂岩气储层形成机制及成藏主控因素

为了加快松辽盆地南部(简称松南)深层致密砂岩气勘探开发进程,开展致密砂岩储层形成机制及成藏主控因素研究。通过对松南深层致密砂岩的分析,根据致密砂岩岩性组合特征将已发现的深层致密气类型划分为稳定厚层砂型、砂泥互层型、泥包砂型3种类型,储层物性普遍差,孔隙度多小于6%,渗透率主体<0.10×10^-3μm²,属于特低孔、特低渗储层。通过对松南典型致密储层矿物成分与微观特征的分析发现,致密砂岩有效储层形成主要受3个方面因素控制：一是早成岩期发育绿泥石包壳,有效抑制成岩中后期粒间钙质胶结、硅质胶结的发生,保护原生残余粒间孔隙;二是富火山岩岩屑溶蚀形成次生孔隙;三是生烃增压产生大量微裂缝,改善储层渗流特征。在此基础上总结出松南致密砂岩气成藏控制因素,即充足气源提供物质基础、斜坡古沟谷与断裂控砂、次生溶蚀与微裂缝控储、断裂活动与稳定盖层控富。     

川西前陆盆地流体的跨层流动和天然气爆发式成藏

川西前陆盆地是我国西部典型的前陆盆地,也是我国重要的致密砂岩含气区。盆地上三叠统须家河组二段和四段等渗透层中的流体跨过须家河组三段、五段等不渗透层流入侏罗系自流井组、千佛岩组、沙溪庙组、遂宁组和蓬莱镇组等渗透层,即发生了流体的跨层流动。流体的跨层流动一方面使侏罗系砂岩发生了受酸性水控制的次生溶蚀作用,从而改善了侏罗系的储集条件;另一方面为侏罗系形成天然气藏提供了气源条件。盆地天然气成藏具有烟囱效应、早聚晚藏和异常高压等特征。深盆气是天然气早期聚集在川西前陆盆地上三叠统(主要是须二段和须四段)的基本形式,是后期天然气成藏的基础,本文称之为气库区。天然气藏形成是由地壳隆升作用致使早期聚集的气库区决口,引起流体跨层流动,天然气以速度快、规模大和范围窄的形式运移和聚集,本文称之为爆发式成藏。爆发式成藏形成了上三叠统晚期裂缝重组气藏和侏罗系气藏(并非都是次生气藏)两类气藏。早期天然气聚集和定位地区的确定和评价是今后川西前陆盆地天然气勘探的重点和难点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部泊尔江海子断裂对上古生界天然气成藏的控制

为了揭示泊尔江海子断裂对鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区上古生界天然气成藏的控制作用,应用地震和钻井资料,在断裂活动性分析的基础上,根据断层泥比率和断层连通概率法对泊尔江海子断裂的侧向和垂向封闭性进行半定量评价,探讨断裂和天然气富集区的关系。结果表明：泊尔江海子断裂呈现3次明显的活动高峰期,分别为加里东期-早海西期的断裂形成期、印支期-早燕山期的挤压逆断裂活动期、中晚燕山期的走滑撕裂活动期,而中晚燕山期的走滑撕裂控制了上古生界天然气主要成藏期。断裂的封闭性具有“横向分段、纵向分层”的特点;横向上,以断层泥比率(SGR)等于0.3为界将泊尔江海子断裂分为侧向优势输导区和侧向封闭区;纵向上,在石千峰组和上石盒子组断裂启闭系数基本都小于1.0,断裂垂向封闭,在下石盒子组和山西组断裂启闭系数主要集中在4.0~10.0,断裂垂向开启。在断裂侧向优势输导区,断裂南部主力烃源区生成的天然气,经断裂发生垂向和侧向运移,易在断裂北部地区富集成藏;在侧向封闭区,则易在断裂南部地区富集成藏。