浆混花岗岩专题填图方法初探——以东昆仑加鲁河地区为例

东昆仑造山带花岗岩中广泛发育暗色微粒包体,含有丰富的壳幔岩浆混合作用的证据,被认为是研究岩浆混合作用的天然场所。适逢近阶段同源花岗岩谱系填图方案在造山带岩浆混合(浆混)花岗岩图区实践时深受质疑,本研究以东昆仑加鲁河地区浆混花岗岩为例,开展浆混花岗岩区专题填图试点工作,旨在探索一套适合浆混花岗岩填图的岩石单位划分方案。从野外地质、岩相学、岩石和矿物化学等不同角度论证了加鲁河花岗闪长岩及其内部包体形成于开放体系下的壳幔岩浆混合作用。在填图工作中,将图区内的岩浆岩划分为浆混花岗岩和非浆混花岗岩2个超单元。以岩浆混合作用为理论依据,将浆混花岗岩超单元划分为基性端元、酸性端元和浆混产物3个二级单位,对于2个端元岩石单位按照其矿物组成、结构构造等方面的差异(岩浆演化导致)再次划分最基本岩石单位——侵入体,对于浆混产物单位,建议可按照岩浆混合程度差异或者内部包体变化规律灵活划分基本岩石单位——浆混体。由此建立了一套可与同源花岗岩谱系单位相兼容的浆混花岗岩谱系单位划分方案,为岩浆混合花岗岩区开展填图工作提供了初步探索方案。     

基性-超基性侵入岩中-大比例尺专题地质填图实践——以塔里木板块东北部坡北岩体为例

目前,1∶5万地质填图规范中缺少对基性-超基性侵入岩填图方法的系统总结。以塔里木东北部坡北基性-超基性岩体为例,开展专题地质填图实践,在岩体地质、地球物理、遥感和地球化学综合调查的基础上,建立了科学问题、地质填图、矿床预测相结合的填图方法。将坡北基性-超基性岩体作为一个岩浆序列,根据岩浆性质与含矿性特征划分为2个岩浆亚序列,5个岩浆单元,分别对应不同的岩性组合。与岩浆亚序列相对应存在2类岩浆矿床,其中赋存铜镍矿化的岩相主要为橄榄岩相,含磁铁矿、钛铁矿的岩相主要与辉长岩、辉长苏长岩、辉石岩相有关。从野外踏勘、实测剖面等多个角度探讨了基性-超基性侵入岩1∶5万专题地质填图的方法,为此类工作提供了有益探索。     

浙东沿海燕山期花岗岩类岩石谱系单位特征及成因机制

在浙东沿海火山-侵入岩地区系统地研究了花岗岩的岩石成分、结构构造、接触关系、年龄特征及其变化规律和成因机制,确定存在成分演化和结构演化两种同源岩浆演化序列。详细划分了侵入体,归并和建立单元、超单元及超单元组合三级等级体制。     

琼南九所—高峰地区花岗岩谱系单位及演化特征

根据同源岩浆演化的理论，运用单元一超单元的填图方法，将琼南九所－高峰地区的花岗岩分成９０个侵入体，建立１８个单元，归并为４个超单元，建立了该地区花岗岩的谱系单位，并对其岩石类型，岩石化学的演化特征进行了探讨。     

同源花岗岩谱系填图——内蒙古二连宝德尔石林花岗岩填图试点

单元-超单元花岗岩谱系填图方法是以同源岩浆演化理论为指导思想建立发展的。该方法从20世纪80年代开始在中国推广和应用,然而,随着岩浆岩理论的不断发展及填图实践过程中遇到的问题,填图方法回归到早期的"岩性+时代"方法。在新的形势下,如何开展好新一轮的花岗岩填图工作,谱系填图是否仍具有适用性值得分析探讨。以中蒙边境地区出露的宝德尔石林花岗岩体填图试点成果为例,阐述岩浆岩填图试点方法的可行性。填图结果显示,该岩体为复式杂岩体,发育约160Ma和140~124Ma两期二长花岗岩,这两期二长花岗岩时代和岩石结构存在差别,野外的主要区别在于粒度。它们处于同一个区域性伸展背景,属于同源岩浆演化的产物。依据谱系划分方案,可以划分为晚侏罗世和早白垩世2个序列及5个单元,且可以进行区域对比。因此,基于岩浆演化规律,以解体岩体和进行岩石类型归并为精髓的谱系填图对于同源花岗岩仍是适用和必须的,但不可扩大化。     

浙东沿海燕山期花岗岩类岩石谱系单位特征及成因机制

在浙东沿海火山－侵入岩地区系统地研究了花岗岩的岩石成分、结构构造、接触关系、年龄特征及其变化规律和成因机制，确定存在成分演化和结构演化两种同源岩浆演化序列。详细划分了侵入体，归并和建立单元、超单元及超单元组合三级等级体制。     

中基性侵入岩中-大比例尺专题地质填图实践——以河北武安铁矿集区填图试点为例

侵入岩类的填图方法伴随侵入岩成因分类、填图实践及研究技术手段发展而不断更新和完善。近20年来,由于新技术及新方法的应用,侵入岩的研究取得了长足的进步。研究表明,一个岩浆系统可能具有多个岩浆源区,单一岩浆房和全岩浆同时结晶模式在自然界几乎不能存在。因此,基于同源岩浆演化理论的"单元-超单元"填图方法似乎应该得到修正和完善。以河北武安铁矿集区填图试点为依托,总结出一套针对中性-基性侵入岩的填图方法——"岩浆系统-子系统"填图方法。运用该填图方法,在武安地区识别出6个岩浆成矿系统,在详细研究的基础上,对每个系统进行了若干子系统的进一步划分。在此基础上,厘清了每个系统的侵入岩组装过程及成岩成矿过程。     

福建省侵入岩谱系单位

福建省广泛发育的侵入岩,应用岩石谱系单位划分、归并的新理论、新方法,划分有１１０个单元,归并成２７个超单元（序列）,２１个独立岩石单元,初步建立起全省岩石谱系单位等级体制。Ｍ、Ｉ、Ｓ、Ａ型花岗岩均较发育,Ｓ型花岗岩一般缺少大规模的火山喷发,Ｉ型、Ａ型和Ｉ型与Ｓ型过渡型花岗岩,具有滞后或与火山活动同时、同源、规模相当、地域相应的规律。不同时期、不同岩石谱系单位,成矿类型及规模不同。     

宜溧地区花岗岩类岩石谱系单位的划分

宜溧地区中生代侵入体经地面调查和对比分析,依据花岗岩类岩石谱系单位划分原则,可划分为2个超单元(序列)、7个单元以及1个独立侵入体和2类脉岩.戴埠序列岩石化学特征为钙碱质,平桥序列为弱碱质,反映两个序列岩浆有着明显的差异,组合变异图进一步表明两序列的岩浆演化机理不同,是不连续和彼此独立存在.戴埠序列为轻稀土富集型,平桥序列属于重稀土富集型,应归属A型花岗岩系列.     

山东省侵入岩岩石单位及其代号的厘定

根据《1：25万区域地质调查技术要求（暂行）和我省正在进行的1：25万区调修测取得的阶段性成果，对山东省侵入岩岩石单位及其代号进行了厘定：不同类型的花岗岩类均作为正式填图单位按“年代＋岩性和典型产地方法”确定填图单位代号，而独立侵入体、脉岩和包体，以及基性一超基性岩则作为非正式填图单位按“年代＋岩性方法”确定填图单位代号。     

西昆仑地区元古宙岩浆侵入作用及构造-岩浆演化过程

通过对西昆仑地区元古代侵入岩的岩石类型、形成时代和岩石地球化学资料的综合分析,探讨各个构造单元侵入岩形成期次、岩石成因及构造-岩浆演化过程。铁克里克断隆带元古宙中酸性侵入岩以A型花岗岩为主,是塔里木板块古老基底在高温低压条件下发生部分熔融的产物。西昆仑造山带古元古代和中元古代早期中酸性侵入岩为钙碱性I型花岗岩,是变玄武岩在低温条件下部分熔融条件下形成的,而古元古代晚期和新元古代中酸性侵入岩则是高温条件下老基底岩系部分熔融而形成的A型花岗岩。甜水海地块仅发育新元古代侵入岩,为S型花岗岩,是高温高压环境下甜水海地块古老基底部分熔融而形成。根据侵入岩岩浆演化规律,将西昆仑地区元古宙划为4个演化阶段:12 426~1 567Ma:以铁克里克断隆带A型花岗岩为代表的塔里木板块陆内演化,以西昆仑造山带钙碱性-拉斑质I型花岗岩为代表的陆缘弧。21 301~1 000Ma:铁克里克断隆带和西昆仑造山带均以陆内演化性质的A型花岗岩为主。31 000~851 Ma:甜水海地块S型花岗岩可能是陆-陆碰撞导致地壳加厚的产物,指示甜水海地块可能作为Rodinia超大陆的一员发生聚合拼接作用。4815~644 Ma:铁克里克断隆带和西昆仑造山带均存在碱性基性岩浆岩和A型花岗岩的双峰式侵入岩组合,指示塔里木地块和西昆仑地块可能作为Rodinia超大陆组成部分,在该阶段发生了裂解作用。通过对元古宙侵入岩的系统分析,西昆仑地区不同构造单元地壳演化有一定差异,经历了不同演化过程。     

Late Paleozoic granitoids in western Transbaikalia: sequence of formation,sources of magmas,and geodynamics

The evolution of Late Paleozoic granitoid magmatism in Transbaikalia shows a general tendency for an increase in the alkalinity of successively forming intrusive complexes: from high-K calc-alkaline granites of the Barguzin complex (Angara–Vitim batholith) at the early stage through transitional from calc-alkaline to alkaline granites and quartz syenites (Zaza complex) at the intermediate stage to peralkaline granitoids (Early Kunalei complex) at the last stage. This evolution trend is complicated by the synchronous development of granitoid complexes with different sets and geochemical compositions of rocks. The compositional changes were accompanied by the decrease in the scales of granitoid magmatism occurrence with time. Crustal metaterrigenous protoliths, possibly of different compositions and ages, were the source of granitoids of the Angara–Vitim batholith. The isotopic composition of all following granitoid complexes points to their mixed mantle–crustal genesis. The mechanisms of granitoid formation are different. Some granitoids formed through the mixing of mantle and crustal magmas; others resulted from the fractional crystallization of hybrid melts; and the rest originated from the fractional crystallization of mantle products or the melting of metabasic sources with the varying but subordinate contribution of crustal protoliths. Synplutonic basic intrusions, combined dikes, and mafic inclusions, specific for the post-Barguzin granitoids, are direct geologic evidence for the synchronous occurrence of crustal and mantle magmatism. The geodynamic setting of the Late Paleozoic magmatism in the Baikal folded area is still debatable. Three possible models are proposed: (1) mantle plume impact, (2) active continental margin, and (3) postcollisional rifting. The latter model agrees with the absence of mafic rocks from the Angara–Vitim batholith structure and with the post-Barguzin age of peralkaline rocks of the Vitim province.     

结构可控的地质解释——侵入岩专题地质填图构想

火成岩及其组合的性质不仅受岩浆系统本身性质的约束,也受到成岩环境的控制。因此,火成岩分布区的地质填图应当立足于结构可控的地质解释。基于这种认识,建议侵入岩专题填图按照岩浆系统的几何尺度及其与动力系统的关系划分填图单位。一级岩浆系统受控于全球动力学系统,具有最大的几何尺度;二级岩浆系统与区域地质历史有关,是全球动力系统与岩石圈系统相互作用的产物;三级岩浆系统受控于局部动力系统,与全球动力系统没有直接联系;四级岩浆系统受控于岩浆动力系统与围岩动力系统的相互作用,通常与岩浆产量和通道条件紧密联系在一起;五级岩浆系统受控于具体的岩浆过程,通常是侵入岩区的最小填图单位。但是,岩浆系统具有可无限细分的特点,填图过程中可根据具体情况进一步划分更次级的岩浆系统。对于几何尺度小于地质图表述能力的岩浆系统,建议制作局部放大的专题地质图件,以展示特定岩浆系统的地质特征。     

桂北宝坛锡多金属成矿区平英岩体晚期侵入岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

桂北宝坛锡多金属成矿区内岩浆活动频繁,其中与锡多金属成矿作用有关的平英岩体由早晚两期侵入岩组成,且晚期侵入岩中常含有较多的电英岩包体。岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究表明：平英岩体晚期侵入岩主要岩性是（中）细粒斑状黑云母（二长-）碱长花岗岩;晚期侵入岩的形成年龄为（769.2±2.5）Ma,而电英岩包体的形成年龄为（795.1±3.1）Ma;平英岩体总体以富含大离子亲石元素（LILE,包括Rb、Th和U等）、贫高场强元素（HFSE,包括Nb和Ti等）为特征,其早期侵入岩属于高钾钙碱性强过铝质S型花岗岩,具有明显的Th-U元素"U"型峰值以及Ti元素"V"型谷值,晚期侵入岩属于钾玄岩系列岩石,具有U元素"V"型尖峰值以及La-Nd和Eu-Ti元素"U"型谷值,二者在地球化学特征上存在较大的差异。结合岩浆源区性质的研究结果,早期侵入岩属于造山后花岗岩类,可能是源自泥质岩类部分熔融形成的岩浆,再经历高程度分离结晶作用形成的产物;而晚期侵入岩属于非造山花岗岩类,可能是源自泥质岩和砂屑岩类部分熔融形成的岩浆与幔源岩浆发生了不同程度的混合形成的产物。结合电英岩包体和寨滚锡多金属矿床中岩浆热液成矿阶段形成的电英岩脉在成因上存在亲缘关系,且其形成年龄与田棚岩体的形成年龄基本一致的特征,推测电英岩包体应为晚期侵入岩侵位过程中捕获早期侵入岩（田棚岩体）侵位过程中形成的岩浆热液型电英岩脉而形成的包体,其形成年龄可能代表了本区电英岩成矿阶段的成矿年龄。     

MAGMATISM OF THE EASTERN SAYAN

New geological and petrological data on the range of magmatic complexes and formations of the Eastern Sayan show two primary magmas: basic and granitoid. These magmas were formed through melting hard deep-seated layers of the earth crust: basaltic and sialic. During the geosynclinal stage the development of magmas belonging to the Archean, Proterozoic, and Salair [Cambrian] volcanic cycles proceeded consecutively from ultrabasic and basic formations formed in a pre-orogenic or earlier-orogenic geosynclinal development stage to granitoids set up in a synorogenic or later-synorogenic development stage. During the platform stage middle Paleozoic (Lower Devonian) and Mesozoic-Cenozoic cycles of magmatism proceeded directly, without the geosynclinal preparatory stage. Their development, accompanied by faulting, proceeded in reverse order from acidic and alkalic intrusions to predominantly basic eruptives. A further development of deep-seated basic and granitoid magmas was determined first by magmatic differentiation and later by assimilation phenomena which took place during the magma's passage into upper structural layers. The granitoids of geosynclinal magmatic complexes correspond petrochemically to the intermediate types of calc-alkalic rocks of the Pacific Ocean belt. The granitoids and alkalic rocks of the Lower Devonian platform magmatic complex resemble those of the Cenozoic East-Asia alkalic province. The composition of the granitoid magma belonging to the volcanic cycle is conditioned initially chiefly by the sial environment and geosynclinal strata. Magmatic complexes and formations are characterized by definite endogenic mineralizations. Chromium, nickel, cobalt, platinum, diamond, asbestos and other deposits are genetically connected with Proterozoic basic and ultrabasic rocks; gold, muscovite and tin-rare metal pegmatite with upper Proterozoic granitoids. Copper, galenaite and gold-ore occurrences are related to the postmagmatic manifestations of Salair granitoids. Deposits of pyrochlore carbonatites, molybdenite, graphite and others belong to Lower Devonian acidic and alkalic granitoids. — Auth. English summ.     

Trace element ratios as indicators of source mixing and magma differentiation of alkali granitoids and basites of the Haldzan-Buregtey massif and the Haldzan-Buregtey rare-metal deposit, western Mongolia

The Haldzan-Buregtey group of alkali granitoid massifs with an age of 391–395 Ma is located among the Early Caledonides of the Ozernaya zone of western Mongolia and consists of seven intrusive phases, including two rare-metal phases with Zr, Mn, Y, and REE mineralization. In order to identify the magma sources of the massifs, the abundances and canonical ratios of incompatible trace elements in the rocks of various intrusive phases are analyzed and compared with those in the volcanic rocks of Pantelleria island. The latter rocks were taken as the reference association of rocks linked through crystallization differentiation. The rocks of the Haldzan-Buregtey Complex were formed by mixing an OIB source (with participation of MORB) and host ophiolites, while alkali granitoids of phase 2 originated via mixting these sources with the host non-alkaline granitoids. Practically all rocks have mixed sources, with all transitional varieties from OIB, MORB to ophiolites. OIB was the main source for the rocks, while the host ophiolites could serve as sources for anatectic magmas or contaminants of the magmas of other considered rocks. The rare-metal granitoids were produced from the same sources as the barren magmatic rocks of the Haldzan-Buregtey Complex. The rocks of the Haldzan-Buregtey Complex show a bimodal distribution, with the practically complete absence of intermediate varieties between basite dikes and syenite-granite rocks. This seems to be related to the formation of the least differentiated sialic rocks (nordmarkites, pantellerites, some alkali granites) by anatexis of their own parental basite rocks (dolerites and basites), their cumulates, or ophiolites. Most of the phase-2 alkali granites likely resulted from the differentiation of the phase-1 nordmarkites coupled with assimilation of the host ophiolites. Ekerites are geochemically similar to the nordmarkites and can be interpreted as their residual in situ melts or their anatectic melts.     

Paleozoic collisional and intraplate granitoids of the Baikal area: comparative geochemistry and petrogenesis

Early Paleozoic granitoids of autochthonous and allochthonous facies in the Baikal area (Ol’khon Island, Khamar-Daban Ridge) are in close spatial association with gneisses, migmatites, and plagiogranites and are usually confined to granite–gneiss domes. They are virtually not subjected to magmatic differentiation. Formation of granitoids of the Solzan massif and Sharanur complex lasted 26–28 Myr, which might be considered an indicator of collisional granitoid magmatism. Collisional granitoids of different provinces have a series of indicative features: They are peraluminous and highly potassic and are enriched in crustal elements (Rb, Pb, and Th) but sometimes have low contents of volatiles. In contrast to collisional magmatism, petrogenesis of intraplate granitoids does not depend on the composition and age of the enclosing rocks. The geochemical evolution of intraplate granitoid magmatism in the Baikal area is expressed as an increase in contents of F, Li, Rb, Cs, Sn, Be, Ta, Zr, and Pb and a decrease in contents of Ba, Sr, Zn, Th, and U during the differentiation of multiphase intrusions. The geochemical diversity of these granitoids formed both from crustal and from mantle sources and as a result of the mantle–crust interaction, might be due to the effect of plume on the geologic evolution of intraplate magmatism. The wide range of compositions and geochemical types of igneous rocks (from alkali and subalkalic to rare-metal granitoids) within the Late Paleozoic Baikal magmatism area suggests its high ore potential.     

Geochemical studies of granitoids from Shyok tectonic zone of Khardung-Panamik section,Ladakh, India

The Shyok tectonic zone lies to the north of Ladakh magmatic arc or the Ladakh batholith in the Trans-Himalaya of Ladakh district, J & K. Investigations were carried out on the granitoids exposed along Leh-Siachan highway between Khardung and Panamik villages. The granitoid bodies under study are: Khardung granite (KG), Tirit granite (TG) and Panamik granite (PG) belonging to Ladakh batholith, Shyok ophiolitic mélange and Karakoram batholith respectively. Though the granitoids belong to different litho-tectonic units, yet they have subduction related geochemical characters typical of Andean-type granitoids. Re-melting of crustal rocks of volcanic arc affinity has played an important role for the origin of KG rocks which are more evolved, while the TG and PG rocks represent transitional tectonic environment from primitive to mature arc.     

Timing of Magma Mixing in the Gangdisě Magmatic Belt during the India-Asia Collision： Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating

Abstract  Abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) extensively distribute in granitoids in the Gangdisê giant magmatic belt, within which the Qüxü batholith is the most typical MME‐bearing pluton. Systematic sampling for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro nearby at two locations in the Qüxü batholith, and subsequent zircon SHRIMP II U‐Pb dating have been conducted. Two sets of isotopic ages for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro are 50.4±1.3 Ma, 51.2±1.1 Ma, 47.0±1 Ma and 49.3±1.7 Ma, 48.9±1.1 Ma, 49.9±1.7 Ma, respectively. It thus rules out the possibilities of mafic microgranular enclaves being refractory residues after partial melting of magma source region, or being xenoliths of country rocks or later intrusions. Therefore, it is believed that the three types of rocks mentioned above likely formed in the same magmatic event, i.e., they formed by magma mixing in the Eocene (c. 50 Ma). Compositionally, granitoid host rocks incline towards acidic end member involved in magma mixing, gabbros are akin to basic end member and mafic microgranular enclaves are the incompletely mixed basic magma clots trapped in acidic magma. The isotopic dating also suggested that huge‐scale magma mixing in the Gangdisê belt took place 15–20 million years after the initiation of the India‐Asia continental collision, genetically related to the underplating of subduction‐collision‐induced basic magma at the base of the continental crust. Underplating and magma mixing were likely the main process of mass‐energy exchange between the mantle and the crust during the continental collision, and greatly contributed to the accretion of the continental crust, the evolution of the lithosphere and related mineralization beneath the portion of the Tibetan Plateau to the north of the collision zone.