一次副高边缘强对流天气的水汽图像特征

利用惺水汽图像、红外云图和常规天气资料,对１９９８年８月１０日凌晨发生在山东半岛东部的副高边缘强对流天气进行了诊断分析。结果表明：高空弱冷空气侵入、副高西北部边缘减弱东移、副高边缘８５０ｈＰａ风的辐合、山东半岛对流不稳定环境的有利于强对流天气发生、发展,强对流天气发生在水汽图像最白亮区域与红外云图对流云团西端的重合区。     

2009年江苏一次强对流天气过程的遥感监测

以卫星水汽图为主,结合可见光云图、雷达资料和常规天气观测资料,分析2009年6月5日发生在江苏徐州沛县的一次冰雹、龙卷天气,结果表明：卫星水汽图中动力异常区与对流系统的交界处和可见光云图上两个对流云团出流边界处触发的新的雷暴云团区域容易产生龙卷等强对流天气;水汽图上的水汽输送带与可见光云图的对流云系相一致,并且水汽图像特征与导致垂直运动和气流变形场的大尺度天气过程有关系,代表着对流层中上部的动力特征;强对流天气发生在低亮温对流云团中。高时空分辨率的卫星和雷达遥感资料很好地反映了短时强对流天气系统的发展与演变,有效地补充了常规天气资料分析的不足,为短时天气预报提供一种思路。     

河北平原一次春季强对流天气分析

利用NCEP6小时一次1°×1°再分析资料、常规高空地面资料和自动站、FY-2C卫星云图及石家庄CINRAD/SA型多普勒雷达等资料,从天气形势、物理机制、雷达回波和云图演变特征、地形作用等方面入手,分析了河北平原一次春季强对流天气的演变和成因。结果表明:这次强对流天气过程发生在高空槽由垂直结构向前倾结构转变的过程中,中高层干冷平流、低层暖湿平流的大气层结增强了对流不稳定的发展,飑线是此次强对流天气的直接影响系统;太行山地形和平原南部的中尺度辐合线,对飑线系统的触发、组织、移动具有重要作用,强对流区发生在地面中尺度辐合线南侧的偏南气流里。分析还发现,低层θse高能区、水汽通量大值区、强的辐合上升区和CAPE的高值区等物理量场都与强对流天气区有较好的对应关系。     

阿克苏强对流天气雷达回波统计特征

为了发挥雷达监测和预警强对流天气的作用,制作出精细化的临近短时预报,应用2005-2006年63次冰雹云回波资料对雷达回波参数进行了分析,得到5—8月强对流天气的回波特征。阿克苏强对流回波强度强,96．8％集中在40～60dBz,其负温区厚度很厚,正负温度区的厚度比平均为1：2．0。     

铜仁地区强对流天气的成因及临近预报

铜仁地区位于贵州东北部，处于亚热带显著的季风区。每年春夏，由于特殊的地形作用，气流无论从偏东还是偏西方向进入，均会在中部偏西部或偏东产生明显的气流辐合区，辐合区的D、ζ十分有利于上升运动。中小尺度系统移人后，与地形辐合叠加，形成黔东北地区强烈的对流天气。通过对15个强对流天气个例进行分析和探索，归纳出铜仁地区强对流天气的背景，并建立强对流产生和移动路径的临近预报模式，对提高铜仁地区的强对流天气预测预警能力，尤其是冰雹落区的临近预报，具有十分重要的价值。     

“7.17”庐山雷击事件分析

通过对 2 0 0 2年 7月 1 7日雷电过程的天气形势、卫星云图、多普勒雷达资料 ,以及雷电探测定位系统资料的分析 ,指出水汽云图上的强水汽累积区、雷达回波上的回波合并与高层强回波区以及雷达回波速度场上的“零值线”等特征 ,是判断雷电发生和强对流天气的重要依据     

宁夏“5·16”强对流天气跟踪分析及冰雹预报模型

利用逐时自动站资料、WRF模式数值产品、卫星云图、雷达产品等资料对2009年5月16日宁夏冰雹、短时强风等强对流天气进行了跟踪预报分析。结果表明:利用水汽通量散度数值产品中大气低层水汽通量的辐合或辐散可作为对流活动产生的重要依据之一。而卫星云图中的强对流云团的识别和新一代天气雷达基本反射率强度、液态水含量、冰雹指数、中尺度气旋产品是短时冰雹天气及短时雷雨大风天气预报的有利工具。并对2004—2008年出现的冰雹天气进行统计分析,建立了宁夏冰雹天气预报预警模型。     

宁夏“5·16”强对流天气跟踪分析及预报模型建立

利用逐时自动站资料、WRF模式数值产品、卫星云图、雷达产品等资料对2009年5月16日宁夏冰雹、短时强风等强对流天气进行了跟踪预报分析。结果表明：利用水汽通量散度数值产品中大气低层水汽通量的辐合或辐散可作为对流活动产生的重要依据之一。而卫星云图中的强对流云团的识别和新一代天气雷达基本反射率强度、液态水含量、冰雹指数、中尺度气旋产品是短时冰雹天气及短时雷雨大风天气预报的有利工具。并对2004—2008年出现的冰雹天气进行统计分析,建立了宁夏冰雹天气预报预警模型。     

2014年唐山市一次强对流天气过程分析

文章利用常规天气资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,对2014年8月3—4日唐山地区的强对流天气过程进行详细分析。结果表明:此次强降水天气是500h Pa贝加尔湖以南低槽与河套短波槽东移合并引起的,850h Pa切变线是造成此次暴雨天气的主要影响系统,地面辐合线是触发机制;台风外围暖湿气流输送是此次暴雨发生的主要水汽来源,低层充足的水汽输送和水汽辐合提供有利的水汽条件;低层维持暖湿、中高层干冷入侵增加了大气不稳定能量,是强对流天气出现的重要原因;低层辐合上升,高层辐散,高空急流抽吸、通风作用维持强对流发展;卫星红外云图、多普勒雷达基本反射率对对流单体,多普勒雷达径向速度对低层辐合线有很好的识别,对强对流天气预报预警有较好的指示意义。     

2004年初冬时节一次强对流天气过程分析

通过对2004年初冬时节一次强对流天气过程的天气形势、物理量、卫星云图、雷达回波等实况资料和数值预报资料的分析，以及通过自动站临近数据的调用和上下信息通报反馈的临近实况资料分析，总结出初冬时节强对流天气出现的主要原因以及作好其预报和服务的手段、方法和措施建议。     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

The impact of AIRS atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles on hurricane forecasts: Ike (2008) and Irene (2011)

Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS) measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data, especially over the oceans where conventional data are sparse. In this study, two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, the AIRS Science Team product(Sci Sup) and the single field-of-view(SFOV) research product, were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike(2008) and Hurricane Irene(2011). The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis, especially between 200 h Pa and 700 h Pa. The average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 h Pa, where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS Sci Sup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV retrievals. The mean Sci Sup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere. A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational(3DVAR) data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and Irene. The results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane environment. In terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts, the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding assimilation.Meanwhile, improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.