强震作用下机场高耸塔台结构抗震性能分析

为提升强震作用下机场高耸塔台结构的抗震性能及安全,采用非线性时程分析方法研究高耸塔台结构的强震损伤分布规律;基于性能化抗震设计方法确定塔台关键构件抗震性能水准,对高耸塔台结构进行性能化抗震设计和损伤控制;最后分析了竖向地震对高耸塔台结构强震损伤的影响.分析得到,采用多遇地震设计的塔台结构,在罕遇地震作用下塔台结构层间位...     

基于耐震时程法的进水塔结构抗震性能分析

进水塔结构作为水电站的进水建筑物,其抗震性能对水电站的安全运行有重要意义。以沙牌水电站的高耸独立进水塔结构为研究对象,应用3条耐震时程曲线对其进行抗震性能分析与评估,并将计算结果与天然地震动下的增量动力分析结果进行比较,对比分析进水塔塔顶位移、基底剪力及地震损伤历程。实例研究表明：耐震时程法可以较好地分析结构的抗震响应,与增量动力分析结果的均值相匹配。耐震时程法可以利用较少的时程分析得到不同动力强度作用下的结构响应,且计算结果精度好、效率高,为进水塔结构的抗震性能分析提供一种新的手段。     

厦门市某商住大厦场地地震时程分析

根据地勘测和地震危险性分析资料，采用波传播方法，提供了厦门市某商住大厦结构动力时程分析所需要的场地地震动输入，并根据我国建筑抗震设计规范关于地震区高层建筑抗震设计的要求，做了场地分析的初步尝试。     

钢管混凝土结构的弹塑性时程分析

利用杆系模型理论，对高层钢管混凝土结构简化模型进行非线性弹塑性时程分析，计算结果表明，本文计算模型合理，在8度罕遇地震作用下，该结构没有产生不可逆性破坏，说明该结构具有良好的抗震性能。     

底商住宅在罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析

采用弹塑性时程分析程序CANNY对采用框架-非连续抗震墙结构的板式底商住宅进行了罕遇地震作用下的抗震性能分析。计算结果表明,在房屋的底层和端部布置适当数量的抗震墙,可有效提高结构的底层侧向刚度和房屋的整体抗扭刚度,改变了框架结构的抗震不规则形态。在7度罕遇地震作用下,结构弹塑性变形沿竖向分布均匀,无明显薄弱层,结构塑性铰分布合理,可满足规范的抗震设防要求。     

基于性能的框架结构抗震安全评估方法研究

阐述了基于性能的地震反应静力非线性分析方法(Pushover法)的原理及实施步骤;利用结构有限元分析软件ETABS分别采用地震反应谱法、底部剪力法、Pushover法和动力时程分析法对一10层钢筋砼框架结构进行了抗震评估分析。结果表明Pushover法在整体层面和构件层面都能对结构的抗震性能做出很好的评估,对与算例类似的中底层结构是一种可靠实用的建筑结构抗震安全评估方法。     

巨型框架-次框桁架结构抗震性能分析

提出了巨型框架—次框桁架结构体系。采用ANSYS有限元程序对巨型框架—次框桁架结构体系进行了抗震动力时程分析,讨论了该结构体系在多条地震波作用下的动力位移及内力等地震响应。计算结果表明,巨型框架—次框桁架结构体系具有良好的抗震性能,能够提高巨型框架结构的抗震性能,不但可以有效地降低结构构件的地震内力,同时也不会给主框架结构体系的布置带来较大的影响,巨型框架—次框桁架结构是一种抗震性能良好的结构体系。计算结果对巨型结构的抗震设计有较大的参考价值。     

一种新型抗震耗能剪力墙结构—结构的抗震性能研究

本文根据两个十层新型抗震耗能剪力墙结构模型的振动台试验结果，研究了这种结构的地震反应、变形特性和耗能机理、提出了进行非线性地震反应分析的计算模型，并与试验结果进行了对比，在此基础上进行了参数研究，分析了结构主要参数的变化对抗震性能的影响。     

场地卓越周期与结构基本周期关系研究

本文从抗震概念设计的背景出发,认为抗震设计应充分考虑结构与地基耦合作用的影响,其中结构和场地的频率关系是十分重要的。根据地震作用是瞬态冲击的特性,在理论上和数值上分析了结构自振周期与场地卓越周期在不同比值情况下对结构抗震性能的影响,提出两个周期之间存在最优比值T=3Tg×β。当结构与场地频率满足最优比值时,结构的抗震性能最佳,它可以作为抗震概念设计中的参考准则。此外,进行了各种框架结构在地震作用下的时程分析,验证了此最优比值的合理性。     

抗震耗能机构的优化算法及其应用

本文建立了用于结构弹塑性时程分析的耗能机构参数优化方法，通过约束条件限制结构体系在整个地震时程中的最大层间位移角和层间侧移延性比，用多层复形法对摩擦耗能机构参数进行优化。本文方法可靠、实用，用于耗能机构的抗震结构参数设计非常有效。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.