辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物群落次级生产力初探

为了解辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物次级生产力的情况,于2009年5、8、10和12月分4个航次在辽东湾西部海域15个站位采集大型底栖动物样品,并用2种Brey的经验公式对大型底栖动物次级生产力进行了研究计算。该调查海域共发现大型底栖动物188种,其中多毛类81种,甲壳类70种,软体动物29种,棘皮动物4种,其他动物4种。研究海域大型底栖动物年平均丰度为1 943.28ind/m2,年平均生物量(去灰分干重,AFDW)为2.95g/m2。Brey模型估算研究海域年平均次级生产力(AFDW)为3.82g/(m2·a),P/B值为1.30;Brey模型估算研究海域年平均次级生产力(AFDW)为4.17g/(m2·a),P/B值为1.41。结果表明,辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物年平均次级生产力呈由西部近岸区域向东部远岸区域逐级递增的趋势,通过与其他海域次级生产力比较,发现辽东湾西部次级生产力高于东海和长江口而低于渤海和厦门海域。     

渤海小型底栖动物生物量的初步研究

主要以线虫、桡足类、双壳类、多毛类和动吻5个类群对渤海小型底栖动物的生物量进行了估算,并对其水平分布进行了研究.结果表明,3个航次平均,渤海小型底栖动物年生物量为(干重)0.404g/(m2·a);1998年9～10月和1999年4～5月2个航次中小型底栖动物生物量的水平分布主要表现为渤海中东部和海峡口站位的生物量明显高于其他站位,但在1999年航次,海峡口靠近海岸的站位生物量下降,位于莱洲湾B1站位生物量明显上升.依据小型底栖动物的年生产力P=9B,估算渤海小型底栖动物的年平均生产力为(干重)3.636g/(m2·a).还对渤海小型底栖动物生物量与世界其他海域的进行了比较,认为渤海小型底栖动物生物量的数值与其他海域生物量的数值接近,但略偏低.就不同学者研究所得的线虫平均个体干重进行了比较研究.     

长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的初步研究

为了解长江口及邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的分布情况于2004年2月、5月、8月和11月共4个航次分别在长江口40个观测站采集大型底栖动物定量样品并利用Brey的经验公式对大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值进行了研究计算.该调查海域共采到大型底栖动物202种,其中多毛类102种,软体动物51种,甲壳类27种,棘皮动物7种,其它动物15种.大型底栖动物年平均丰度为394.7 ind/m2;年平均生物量以去灰分干重计,为2.58 g(AFDW)/m2;年平均次级生产力以去灰分干重计,为3.52 g(AFDW)/(m2*a);P/B值平均为1.53.结果表明,长江口大型底栖动物次级生产力自长江入海口向东呈递增趋势.本文分析了长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物优势种的组成,主要生态类群的分布特征和次级生产力分布格局与生态环境的关系.通过比较,发现长江口大型底栖动物优势种发生了较大的变化;次级生产力高于东海而低于渤海和胶州湾;P/B值高于南黄海、胶州湾和渤海,也说明了长江口大型底栖动物群落中个体小、生活史短,代谢快的种类所占的比例高于以上海域.     

乳山湾内外大型底栖动物群落次级生产力初步研究

为了解乳山湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力,合理利用乳山湾生物资源,于2011年5和10月分别对乳山湾内外21个站进行了大型底栖动物的调查取样,用2种Brey模型估算了该海域大型底栖动物的年平均次级生产力、P/B值和各类群次级生产力所占百分比,并分析了该海域大型底栖动物生产力的空间分布。结果显示:该海域共发现大型底栖动物161种,大型底栖动物的年平均丰度为2 607.14ind/m~2,年平均生物量为266.37g AFDW·m~(-2);运用Brey(1990)经验模型估算的该海域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值为26.43g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),P/B值为1.81;运用Brey(1990)改进模型估算的大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值为11.06g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),其中湾内东流区最高为42.34g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1);湾内西流区较低,为3.17g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),湾外区域最低,为1.33g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),该海域大型底栖动物年平均P/B值为1.55;通过对2个模型的对比,建议对大型底栖动物进行次级生产力估算时选用Brey(1990)改进模型;通过与其他海域次级生产力比较,发现乳山湾内外大型底栖动物次级生产力低于胶州湾西部海域,高于桑沟湾和深沪湾。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量和生产量研究

为了研究胶州湾大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量和生产量,于2002年3月、6月、8月和12月,在胶州湾北部软底区、大沽河口、黄岛养殖区及养殖区邻域选取4个站位进行采样,对大型底栖动物进行了定量研究。共采到大型底栖动物138种,总平均丰度、平均生物量(湿质量)和年生产量(有机碳)分别为1 719个/m2,27 g/m2,2.2 g/(m2.a),初步估算,胶州湾大型底栖动物的总次级生产量为2.8万t/a。与渤海和南黄海大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量比较,丰度和生物量均低于这两个海域,但是胶州湾大型底栖动物的总次级生产量高于渤海。本研究对于了解胶州湾大型底栖动物现状及湾内养殖对大型底栖动物的影响具有重要的意义。     

深圳湾北岸泥滩大型底栖动物次级生产力研究

根据2005年3、6、9月和12月在深圳湾北岸泥滩9个取样站采集的大型底栖动物4个季度的定量样品,运用Brey(1990)的经验公式进行了大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.整个研究区域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值(去灰干重)为54.55g/(m2.a),其中观鸟屋附近泥滩(A断面)较高,为68.85g/(m2.a),凤塘河口附近泥滩(H断面)为50.62g/(m2.a)次之,沙嘴码头附近泥滩(F断面)较低,为44.18g/(m2.a),深圳湾北岸泥滩大型底栖动物年平均P/B为2.95.可见,大型底栖动物次级生产力越靠近深圳河河口越低,这与越靠近深圳河河口,大型底栖动物个体越小、生活史更短的结果是一致的.     

胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力初探

根据1998—1999和2000—2004年在胶州湾10个大面观测站考察采集的大型底栖动物定量样品,利用Brey(1990)的经验公式进行了大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算,其中,平均栖息丰度在1998—1999年为381.7ind/m2,2000—2004年为304.6ind/m2;平均生物量以去灰干重计,1998—1999年为22.22g/m2,2000—2004年为16.30g/m2;平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,1998—1999年为18.65 g/(m2.a),2000—2004年为3.41g/(m2.a);P/B值在两个时间段均为1.05a-1。结果表明,胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力由湾口—湾北部的湾顶呈梯度升高,2000—2004年次级生产力较1998—1999年有所下降,湾顶的高分布区下降更为明显,且高分布中心向西偏移,而大型底栖动物群落的物种组成基本保持稳定。文中分析了次级生产力下降和偏移的原因。通过比较,发现胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力高于渤海,远高于南黄海和东海,验证了次级生产力受水深的影响,随水深加大而降低;P/B值较渤海高,较东海低,与南黄海大部分海域平均值接近,验证了P/B值随水温升高而升高,也说明了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落中个体小、生活史短、代谢快的种类所占的比例高于渤海,低于东海,与南黄海其它水域近似。     

福建闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力时空特征

为研究福建省闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力的时空变化,于2014年11月—2015年8月对闽江口大型底栖动物进行了4个季度的调查研究。在获得3条断面大型底栖动物物种数、密度和生物量的基础上,利用Brey经验公式计算年平均次级生产力(P)。研究结果显示:闽江口4个季度共获得大型底栖动物63种,其中优势类群为多毛类。闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物年均次级生产力为6.13 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1(AFDW,去灰分干重,ash-free dry weight)。在季节分布上,次级生产力最高值出现在夏季,为11.04 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1,最低值出现在冬季,为2.25 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1;在空间分布上,次级生产力最高值出现在P03断面,为10.23 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1,最低值出现在P01断面,为2.54 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1。大型底栖动物年均P/B值(B=Biomass,生物量)为2.31 a-1,最高值出现在春季,为3.17 a-1,最低值出现在夏季,为1.74 a-1;且P02断面的P/B值高于其他2条断面。Pearson相关分析结果表明,次级生产力与温度呈显著正相关,P/B值与盐度呈显著正相关但与p H呈显著负相关。因此,环境因子在一定程度上影响着该区域大型底栖动物的次级生产力。闽江口大型底栖动物群落组成中以个体小、生活史短、繁殖快的小型甲壳类蜾蠃蜚(Corophium sp.)为主,使该潮间带区域的P/B值高于其他临近潮间带区域的调查结果。     

北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物数量分布和季节变化

根据2009年8月至2010年6月4个季度月(夏、秋、冬、春季),对位于北黄海獐子岛附近海域所设的13个站进行的大型底栖动物生态调查所获得的资料,对该海域大型底栖动物的种数、密度和生物量的组成及季节变化进行分析研究,采用Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)、物种丰富度指数(D)和物种均匀度指数(J)分析该该海域大型底栖动物的物种多样性;并研究了该海域的次级生产力和P/B值的空间分布和季节变化。结果表明,北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物全年总种数、年平均栖息密度和年平均生物量分别为211种、699.415个/m2和98.927 g/m2。各季度的种数(S)、平均密度D (个/m2)和平均生物量B (g/m2)的季节变化分别为: S春季(121)＞S秋季(118)＞S冬季(89)＞S夏季(87),D春季(794.58)＞D秋季(766.92)＞D夏季(674.62)＞D冬季(561.54),B春季(180.271)＞B夏季(107.121)＞B秋季(70.824)＞B冬季(37.493)。全年物种多样性指数H’值、物种丰富度指数D值和物种均匀度指数J值分别为2.976、4.135和0.707,该海域大型底栖动物的夏季、秋季和春节平均密度季节变化不明显,但冬季明显较少。而平均生物量和种数的季节变化比较明显,春季较高,冬季较低。该海域的平均次级生产力为15.335g(AFDW)/(m2.a),相对较高。P/B值的平均值为1.239。     

春季辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物生态学研究

于2009年5月对辽东湾西部海域进行了4条断面12个站位的大型底栖动物调查。调查海域共出现大型底栖动物78种,其中多毛类37种、甲壳类24种、软体动物13种、棘皮动物2种和其他类2种(分别是腔肠动物、纽形动物)。调查海域大型底栖动物总平均丰度为1675.8ind./m2,总平均生物量为21.366g/m2。该海域大型底栖动物群落按40%相似性程度可划分为4个。调查海域大型底栖动物群落整体正常,个别站位群落受到轻度扰动。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.