西藏青草山斑岩铜金矿含矿斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学、微量元素地球化学及地质意义

西藏青草山斑岩铜金矿是班公湖-怒江缝合带北侧、羌塘地块南缘新发现的具有超大型远景的斑岩型铜金矿床。本文首次对青草山含矿花岗岩闪长斑岩的锆石进行了 LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学和微量元素地球化学研究,通过对含矿斑岩中锆石的13个点的U-Pb定年,得出锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄为114.60±1.20Ma (MSWD=1.07),此年龄与同样分布于该带上的多不杂斑岩铜矿含矿斑岩成岩年龄、波龙斑岩铜矿成矿年龄基本一致。应用锆石Ti温度计,计算出含矿斑岩中绝大部分锆石的结晶温度小于700℃,如此低的结晶温度指示含矿斑岩岩浆来源于水近饱和条件下发生的部分熔融。通过对锆石微量元素的详细研究,得出青草山含矿斑岩形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧环境,这与前人研究得出的多不杂斑岩铜矿的形成构造背景一致。相近的成岩成矿年龄和一致的形成构造背景揭示以多不杂、青草山、波龙斑岩铜(金)矿床为主要组成的班公湖-怒江斑岩铜矿带的客观存在。依据青草山斑岩铜金矿和多不杂斑岩铜矿的含矿斑岩和同期火山岩的地球化学特征,并结合已有弧环境斑岩铜矿的经典成矿模型,本文提出班公湖-怒江斑岩铜矿带形成的动力学机制,即在早白垩世,班公湖-怒江洋壳向北俯冲,大洋板片向下俯冲到一定深度时,发生大规模脱水作用,释放的流体交代上覆地幔楔,诱发其部分熔融,产生的富含成矿物质的岩浆向上运移,在浅部地壳发育成与成矿相关的岩浆房,部分岩浆上升直接喷出地表,形成下白垩统美日切错组火山岩,部分浅成-超浅成侵位成斑岩体及斑岩型矿床,随着岩浆的多点多期次侵位,最终形成班公湖-怒江斑岩铜矿带。     

藏东玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿系统时间跨度分析

藏东玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床是目前西藏发现的最大斑岩铜矿床,含铜岩体主要由早期石英二长斑岩及晚期正长花岗斑岩组成。本文用LA-ICP-MS法测定早期石英二长斑岩及晚期正长花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄及Ar-Ar法测定钾质蚀变带黑云母的Ar-Ar年龄,发现玉龙含矿斑岩体早期石英二长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(41.3±0.3Ma, MSWD=0.92)与晚期正长花岗斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(41.3±0.2Ma, MSWD=1.24)基本相同,也和黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄(41.7±0.8Ma)及等时线年龄(41.3±0.8Ma)在误差范围内一致。玉龙斑岩铜矿早期及晚期岩体锆石U-Pb年龄一致表明含矿岩体在地质上的早期及晚期主要是岩浆在较短时间内脉动侵入所致。玉龙含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄(封闭温度约800℃)、³⁹Ar-⁴⁰Ar 年龄(封闭温度约300℃)及前人获得的Re-Os年龄40.1±1.8Ma(封闭温度约500℃)在误差范围内基本一致,表明含矿岩体岩体快速冷却,玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿系统时间跨度小于1Ma。     

云南九顶山斑岩-矽卡岩型铜钼矿床成矿机制研究

九顶山斑岩-矽卡岩型铜钼矿位于"三江"-特提斯成矿域，与印度和欧亚板块晚碰撞环境下的金沙江-哀牢山左行走滑断层相关。矿区呈现岩体斑岩系统Mo-Cu矿化，接触带矽卡岩系统Cu-Mo矿化及远端围岩弱Pb-Zn矿化的分带特征。含矿二长花岗斑岩和似斑状花岗岩锆石Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺值分别为218.0和218.6，显示了高氧逸度的含矿岩浆条件。矽卡岩中石榴石为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列，核部贫Al富Fe，边部Al含量逐渐升高，局部可见富Fe环带。石榴石核部富集Mo、W、LREE，边部贫LREE，富Cu、Eu、U。矿石成矿元素分析表明Cu-Ag-W的富集范围高度一致、Mo与Cu无显著相关性。高氧逸度条件有利于硫不饱和岩浆富集携带Cu、Mo；矽卡岩成矿系统早期继承了高温高氧逸度岩浆流体，后期氧逸度降低，经历了流体沸腾作用，Mo溶解程度降低。上述演化过程导致九顶山斑岩系统富集Mo、矽卡岩系统富集Cu。     

玉龙斑岩铜矿带南段含矿斑岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及南北段成矿规模差异分析

藏东缘玉龙斑岩铜矿带是中国重要的产于碰撞造山环境下的斑岩铜矿带,其全长约300千米,主要由1个超大型、2个大型、2个中型斑岩铜矿床及一系列斑岩型矿床(点)组成。玉龙斑岩铜矿带大规模矿化主要位于矿带北段,南段矿化规模相对较小,目前发现的多为小型矿床(点)。为了深入了解玉龙斑岩铜矿带时空演化及南北段矿化规模差异的控制因素,本文分析了玉龙斑岩铜矿带南段色礼、马牧普和总郭这3个矿化点矿化斑岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、地球化学组成及色礼矿化斑岩体锆石Hf同位素。色礼、马牧普和总郭含矿斑岩分别为二长花岗斑岩、正长斑岩及石英二长斑岩,三者锆石LAICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为39.4±0.2Ma(MSWD=1.10)、38.5±0.3Ma(MSWD=1.79)和39.4±0.2Ma(MSWD=1.05)。矿化斑岩体为偏铝质,具有富碱、高钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.2~2.4)、富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,弱Eu负异常特征。3个矿化斑岩具有较高的Sr/Y比值,且都发育角闪石斑晶,呈现富水岩浆特征。色礼二长花岗斑岩的锆石εHf(t)为-2.7~2.8,平均值为-0.4,显示壳幔混合源区特征,并且其明显小于玉龙斑岩铜矿带北段玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床含矿斑岩体锆石εHf(t)值(4.2)。玉龙斑岩铜矿带南北段含矿斑岩体形成时代相近,都形成于碰撞造山走滑构造背景。玉龙超大型矿床矿化斑岩锆石εHf(t)值明显大于色礼矿化点斑岩体锆石εHf(t)的值,表明矿床规模和岩浆源区物质含幔源物质多少有关,更多亏损地幔物质或新生地壳物质的加入更有利于形成大型斑岩矿床。玉龙斑岩铜矿带南北段成矿规模差异可能为北段斑岩体含更多地幔或新生地壳物质所致。     

藏东玉龙斑岩铜矿带扎拉尕含矿斑岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

玉龙斑岩铜矿带扎拉尕斑岩铜钼矿床位于玉龙斑岩铜矿带中北部,赋矿岩体侵入下二叠统火山岩及三叠系砂泥岩中,主要由早阶段为二长花岗斑岩及晚阶段正长花岗斑岩组成。分析了早阶段二长花岗斑岩及晚阶段正长花岗斑岩锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年龄。早阶段二长花岗斑岩该年龄为（38.5±0.2） Ma, MSWD=1.12,晚阶段正长花岗斑岩该年龄为（38.5±0.2） Ma, MSWD=1.08,早阶段和晚阶段含矿斑岩体锆石U-Pb 年龄完全一致。这表明早晚两阶段成矿岩体是在很短的时间间隔内形成的。扎拉尕赋矿斑岩体形成年龄为（38.5±0.2） Ma。据扎拉尕斑岩矿床形成时代及藏东地区在始新世至渐新世地质构造背景,提出扎拉尕斑岩矿床和玉龙斑岩铜矿带的形成与印度板块-欧亚板块碰撞在藏东地区形成的走滑构造活动诱发的岩浆活动有关,为陆陆碰撞走滑构造环境的斑岩矿床。     

青海纳日贡玛斑岩钼(铜)矿床:岩石成因及构造控制

初步矿产普查评价成果表明,三江北段已初步显示出巨大的成矿潜力.在该区东部,以纳日贡玛-陆日格含矿斑岩体为中心的斑岩-矽卡岩大型成矿系统已初露端倪.纳日贡玛,作为该区的最具代表性的斑岩型矿床,了解其含矿斑岩的性质,查明斑岩的可能源区,厘定其与玉龙铜矿带的关系,具有重要的理论与现实意义.为此,本文对纳日贡玛矿区出露的主要斑岩体开展了详细的年代学、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究,结果表明:纳日贡玛主含矿斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为43.3±0.5Ma,明显为玉龙斑岩铜矿带的北延;其主含矿斑岩为高钾钙碱性系列,高度演化的斑岩为钾玄岩系列,岩浆源区可能为50～80km处壳幔过渡带,经历了明显的流体交代;与玉龙铜矿带含矿斑岩相比,纳日贡玛斑岩钾含量偏低,Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成更向亏损地幔靠拢,反映岩浆源区自NW至SE地壳组分逐渐增多和/或流体交代逐渐增强.自纳日贡玛至玉龙带.成矿斑岩的结晶年龄逐渐变新,说明斑岩的形成不仅具有统一的源区,可能受控于统一的动力学机制,因印度-亚洲大陆碰撞产生的始新世右行断裂系统,可能是控制区域岩浆上侵及时空分布的动力学机制.纳日贡玛带矿床矿化以Mo为主,显著不同于玉龙带的Cu-Mo(-Au)矿化组合,造成区域上矿化组合的差异即可因深部过程,也可因岩浆就位后的结晶分异过程,更多的证据显示可能受后者控制明显;因此,纳日贡玛矿床可能遭受了较强的剥蚀,区内应加强斑岩侵位较深时形成的斑岩钼矿及夕卡岩型矿床的寻找.     

SHRIMP锆石年代学对西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿成矿年龄的制约

锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,玉龙岩体侵入时限至少为2．6Ma,其中成矿前石英二长斑岩的年龄为43．6±0．8Ma,成矿期黑云母二长花岗斑岩的年龄为41．0Ma±1．0Ma,代表了两幕较大的岩浆活动。玉龙斑岩铜矿主体成矿年龄约为40Ma,长时限多期幕式岩浆侵入和成矿期物理化学条件的剧变,是形成玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿的主要原因。玉龙斑岩铜矿与金沙江-红河成矿带众多新生代斑岩铜矿一样,属于印度-亚欧大陆45Ma陆陆主体碰撞之后第一次大规模应力释放的产物。     

斑岩型铜矿床成矿斑岩岩浆氧化状态研究方法综述

近年来,成矿斑岩岩浆的氧化状态对斑岩铜矿床成矿潜力和成矿规模的控制作用受到了矿床学家的广泛关注。文章总结了斑岩型铜矿床成矿斑岩岩浆氧化状态的主要研究方法及各自的适用条件:(1)钛铁氧化物(钛铁矿-磁铁矿)固熔体的组成,适用于含共生岩浆成因钛铁矿-磁铁矿的斑岩体;(2)岩石中的Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)含量比值,适用于新鲜的熔融包裹体或未发生热液蚀变和地表风化作用的新鲜岩石;(3)黑云母中的Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)和Mg含量,适用于黑云母与磁铁矿和钾长石共生的岩体;(4)角闪石主量元素含量,适用于温度为550～1120℃、压力1200 MPa、氧逸度(f(O2))为-1≤ΔNNO≤+5的钙碱性喷出岩或浅成侵入岩;(5)锆石Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)比值;(6)锆石EuN/EuN*比值,斑岩铜矿成矿斑岩为中酸性岩体,其中锆石普遍发育,因此被广泛用于确定岩浆氧化状态。文章还通过收集中国冈底斯成矿带、金沙江-红河成矿带、中甸岛弧成矿带、环太平洋成矿域和中亚成矿域主要斑岩铜矿床成矿斑岩岩浆氧逸度资料,讨论岩浆演化状态对斑岩型铜矿床成矿作用和成矿规模的控制作用,发现同一成矿带内含矿斑岩的氧化状态明显高于不含矿斑岩,且含矿斑岩的氧化状态与斑岩铜矿床的成矿规模具有正相关性。     

纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿与玉龙斑岩铜矿成矿特征对比研究

纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿床是西南三江地区继玉龙特大型斑岩铜矿之后发现的又一大型矿床。在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,对两处矿床的含矿斑岩体——花岗斑岩的岩石学、地球化学和成矿时代等特征进行了全面的对比分析,认为纳日贡玛和玉龙斑岩铜矿的成矿特征、成矿时代和成矿环境相似。     

新疆西天山阔库确科铁铜矿区成矿岩体锆石微量元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

新疆西天山北缘的博罗科努晚古生代岛弧带出露大量中酸性侵入体，并发育一系列斑岩-矽卡岩型铁铜多金属矿床。文章对该岛弧带中部阔库确科矽卡岩型铁铜矿床成矿岩体中的锆石开展了微量元素地球化学研究，查明了锆石成因、形成物理化学条件及其对成矿的启示意义等。数据显示，与成矿密切相关的正长花岗岩和闪长岩中锆石均表现为重稀土元素富集、轻稀土元素亏损，正长花岗岩中锆石的∑REE介于（627~1625）×10^-6，闪长岩中锆石的∑REE介于（345~1439）×10^-6。锆石Ti温度计显示正长花岗岩锆石的结晶温度集中在598~810℃；闪长岩锆石结晶温度为651~932℃，正长花岗岩的氧逸度（ΔFMQ+4.25）高于闪长岩（ΔFMQ-1.01）。成矿岩体锆石均形成于封闭的岩浆体系中，主要为岩浆锆石，少量闪长岩中的锆石可能在岩浆晚期遭受了富集轻稀土元素的热液改造。锆石形成构造背景属于大陆岛弧环境。成矿岩体锆石的Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺值明显高于区域内不成矿岩体的Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺值，其中正长花岗岩锆石中更高的Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺值表明，阔库确科矿区内志留系与正长花岗岩发生接触交代形成的矽卡岩中可能有更大的Cu成矿潜力。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.