水泥固化锌污染土电阻率与强度特性研究

以标准砂及普通硅酸盐水泥为试验材料,制作水泥固化锌污染土样,进行了一系列电阻率和无侧限抗压强度试验。研究了交流电频率对水泥固化锌污染土电阻率的影响、不同含量锌离子对水泥缓凝作用的影响、锌离子含量和龄期分别对水泥土电阻率和强度的影响、电阻率与无侧限抗压强度的关系。结果表明：电阻率随电流频率的增加而明显降低,尤其当频率低于50 kHz时为甚;不同含量的锌离子对水泥土的缓凝作用影响明显,随着锌离子含量的增大,水泥土强度的充分发挥所需时间逐渐增长,但在锌离子含量为500 mg/kg时,缓凝作用表现异常;电阻率和强度均随龄期的增加而增长,随锌离子的含量的增加上下波动,电阻率在锌离子含量为50 mg/kg和500 mg/kg时出现极值,强度在锌离子含量为100 mg/kg和500 mg/kg时出现极值;在各个龄期下,电阻率与强度均呈现出很好的线性关系。     

水泥固化/稳定锌污染土的强度和变形特性试验研究

在不同水泥掺量不同和龄期条件下对不同Zn2+浓度的水泥固化/稳定重金属污染土(CHMS)进行了无侧限抗压强度试验。分析了CHMS的应力-应变关系和强度发展随Zn2+浓度的变化特性;采用参数（qu/qu,Zn0）对CHMS的无侧限抗压强度随龄期发展规律进行了评价;讨论了Zn2+浓度对破坏应变和变形模量的影响。结果表明,锌离子浓度对CHMS的无侧限抗压强度、破坏应变和变形模量的影响均存在“临界浓度”（0.05%）。低于“临界浓度”时,锌离子对CHMS的强度和变形发展影响不明显;高于“临界浓度”时,CHMS的强度和变形发展规律受锌离子浓度影响显著     

水泥固化重金属污染土的强度特性试验研究

土体受到重金属离子污染后,会引起土的工程性质的改变,重金属离子的渗出也会给周围环境带来严重的危害。在国外,目前常采用水泥固化技术来处治重金属污染土;而在我国,这方面的研究成果还很少。主要通过系统的室内试验和理论分析,研究了在不同污染物掺量、污染物类型、水泥掺量以及养护龄期条件下固化污染土的强度特性。试验结果表明,金属污染物的存在会导致土体无侧限抗压强度较小幅度的降低,但随着水泥掺入量及养护龄期的增加,土体强度会有显著提高。试验结果还发现,不同的污染物类型及掺入量对固化污染土强度存在不同的影响,NaCl能促进水泥固化土早期强度的提高,而CuCl2和AlCl3则会阻碍水泥与土的固化反应。     

水泥固化铅污染土的基本应力-应变特性研究

采用水泥系固化剂,对铅污染土进行了固化处理,对固化后污染土的无侧限压缩变形特性进行了研究。试验所用的铅污染土通过人工制备而成,并考虑了不同的铅离子浓度和水泥掺量。研究结果表明,随着污染土中铅含量的变化,水泥固化铅污染土的应力-应变特性、破坏应变、变形模量值不同。铅浓度为0.01%、0.1%试样的破坏应变大于不含铅试样,且随着强度的增加、龄期的增长呈幂函数减小。韧性指数可用来定量描述铅离子浓度对固化土样韧性特征的影响程度。固化铅污染土的变形模量与其无侧限抗压强度呈线性关系,线性拟合参数与铅离子浓度和水泥掺量有关。     

赤泥复合物固化/稳定化镉污染土特性研究

赤泥是工业生产氧化铝产出的固体废渣,产量庞大且具有较强碱性的特点。尝试将赤泥作为碱性激发剂与粉煤灰、粒化高炉矿渣（GGBS）结合用于固化/稳定镉污染土,对养护7、14、28 d试样的无侧限抗压强度特性、剪切特性、重金属浸出特性和微观结构进行研究。研究结果表明：土中镉离子会降低土体强度,掺入赤泥、GGBS和粉煤灰后土体强度相应增强;镉离子初始浓度会对赤泥基固化土强度造成影响,当初始值高于临界浓度值,土体强度开始逐渐降低;土中镉浓度的增加会降低土体剪切强度和黏聚力,同时增大摩擦角;赤泥-GGBS固化土有较高的强度和较低的重金属浸出率,相较于赤泥-粉煤灰有更好的固化/稳定效果。     

磷酸镁水泥固化铅污染土的应力-应变特性研究

采用磷酸镁水泥（MPC）对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理。基于无侧限抗压强度试验,系统地研究了MPC添加量、养护龄期、水土比和污染土铅含量对固化污染土应力-应变特性的影响规律。结果表明,固化污染土的应力-应变曲线呈现出3个阶段,即压密阶段、弹性阶段和破坏阶段;随着MPC添加量和养护龄期的增加,固化污染土的抗压强度qu增大,变形模量E50增大,破坏应变εf减小;水土比和铅含量对固化土的抗压强度qu和E50均存在临界值,分别为0.45和500 mg/kg,低于临界值时,固化土的qu和E50随着铅含量和水土比的增加而增加,εf随着qu增加呈幂函数规律减小,E50随着qu的增加呈线性增加,E50随着εf的增加呈幂函数规律减小。     

污染对水泥土电阻率特性影响的试验研究

环境污染导致地下水含有大量腐蚀性污染物,严重影响水泥土地基的强度和耐久性。将水泥土试块浸泡在不同浓度硫酸溶液中不同龄期模拟硫酸污染,通过测试水泥土电阻率、孔隙水电阻率以及无侧限抗压强度,来研究硫酸污染对水泥土电阻率特性的影响。研究表明,水泥土和孔隙水电阻率均随着浓度的增加而减小,均随着龄期的增加而增大;结构因子随着龄期和浓度的增加而增大;无侧限抗压强度随着水泥土电阻率的增加而增大。建立了预测任意溶液浓度和龄期的水泥土电阻率公式。     

NaCl侵蚀环境下水泥固化铬污染土的强度及淋滤特性

日益严重的环境污染问题导致土壤中的重金属离子越来越多,这不仅使得土的工程性质受到影响,而且有害重金属离子的渗出也会威胁人类的健康。目前常采用水泥固化技术（S/S法）来处理重金属污染土。但当地下水中富含侵蚀性盐离子时,固化后的重金属污染土会受到影响,进而改变其强度及重金属离子的滤出特性。通过系统的室内试验,对水泥固化铬污染土在NaCl溶液浸泡后的强度特性及重金属离子的滤出特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,水泥固化铬污染土的无侧限抗压强度随NaCl溶液浓度的增加而减小,而随浸泡时间的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,浸泡7 d时最小。毒性特征沥滤试验（TCLP）结果显示,浸出液中Cr3+浓度随NaCl浓度增加而增大,随浸泡时间增加而减小;而浸出液的pH值随NaCl浓度增加而减小,随着浸泡时间的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,浸泡7 d时最小;浸出液的pH值在4.0～5.5范围内时,Cr3+滤出量随pH值增大而减小。     

高钙粉煤灰固化重金属污染土的工程性质试验研究

高钙粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排出的固体废物,其堆放不仅需占用大量土地,而且对周围环境存在严重威胁。通过系统的室内试验,着重研究了高钙粉煤灰固化铅与锌污染土的工程性质,揭示了其作用机制,探讨了利用高钙粉煤灰固化重金属污染土的可行性。试验结果表明,土体受到重金属离子污染后其无侧限抗压强度降低,掺入高钙粉煤灰可提高土体强度,并能抑制重金属离子的滤出;污染物浓度较低时,固化污染土中的Pb2+和Zn2+均能得到有效固化,污染物浓度较高时,Zn2+的固化效果优于Pb2+。干湿循环试验结果表明,高钙粉煤灰固化污染土的强度随干湿循环次数的增加,先增大后减小;固化土体中重金属离子浓度较低时,滤出液中金属离子浓度随干湿循环次数增加而增大;重金属离子浓度较高时,滤出液中金属离子浓度基本保持不变。     

纳米SiO2和石灰固化滨海石油污染土试验研究

利用纳米SiO₂(nano-SiO₂,简称NS)和石灰固化滨海石油污染土,通过一系列界限含水率试验、无侧限抗压强度试验和pH试验研究了NS和石灰对滨海石油污染土固化效果的影响;通过扫描电镜试验和X射线衍射试验进行了典型改良石油污染土的微观结构和矿物学分析。结果表明：对于5%含油率的滨海石油污染土,NS-石灰联合能够显著提高石油污染土的强度,在3%石灰改良石油污染土中分别掺入1%和2%NS,石灰改良石油污染土的7d饱和无侧限抗压强度分别达到421、727 kPa,为不掺NS的3倍和5倍多。同时,NS的加入降低了单独采用石灰改良石油污染土的p H值,减小了石灰对环境的危害。扫描电镜试验和X射线衍射试验也证明,与单独掺入石灰相比,NS-石灰联合时,NS加速了石灰的水化反应,促进了水化硅酸钙的生成,使得滨海石油污染土的强度大幅提高。     

Utilization of fly ash for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal contaminated soils

Pozzolanic-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) is an effective, yet economic remediation technology to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils and sludges. In the present study, fly ash waste materials were used along with quicklime (CaO) to immobilize lead, trivalent and hexavalent chromium present in artificially contaminated clayey sand soils. The degree of heavy metal immobilization was evaluated using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) as well as controlled extraction experiments. These leaching test results along with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) analyses were also implemented to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for immobilization of the heavy metals under study. Finally, the reusability of the stabilized waste forms in construction applications was also investigated by performing unconfined compressive strength and swell tests. The experimental results suggest that the controlling mechanism for both lead and hexavalent chromium immobilization is surface adsorption, whereas for trivalent chromium it is hydroxide precipitation. Addition of quicklime and fly ash to the contaminated soils effectively reduced heavy metal leachability well below the nonhazardous regulatory limits. Overall, fly ash addition increases the immobilization pH region for all heavy metals tested, and significantly improves the stress-strain properties of the treated solids, thus allowing their reuse as readily available construction materials. The only potential problem associated with this quicklime–fly ash treatment is the excessive formation of the pozzolanic product ettringite in the presence of sulfates. Ettringite, when brought in contact with water, may cause significant swelling and subsequent deterioration of the stabilized matrix. Addition of minimum amounts of barium hydroxide was shown to effectively eliminate ettringite formation. Overall, due to the presence of very high levels of heavy metal contamination along with sulfates in the solid matrices under study, the results presented herein can be applied to the management of incinerator and coal fly ash, boiler slag and flue gas desulfurization wastes.     

Characterization of heavy metal contaminated soils in Northern Cyprus

The Lefke region of Northern Cyprus was a site of intense copper mining and smelting activities until the 1970s, which produced large tailings. This study was initiated to characterize the heavy metal contamination of soils of the area and to assess the influence of this site on the surface seawater quality along the coastline. Soil and seawater samples were collected and analysed. Copper and arsenic concentrations exceeded the limits for 'extremely polluted' soils for some samples, which can be classified as 'polluted' by zinc, cadmium and lead. The results showed that seawater was seriously polluted by chromium, nickel and copper in the vicinity of the smelting facility. Copper and iron concentrations increased tenfold after rainfall (wet period), indicating the contribution of tailings to marine pollution. There is an urgent need for remediation treatment for the site.     

Behavior of expansive soils stabilized with fly ash

Expansive soils cause serious problem in the civil engineering practice due to swell and shrinkage upon wetting and drying. Disposal of fly ash, which is an industrial waste in both cost-effective and environment-friendly way receives high attention in China. In this study, the potential use and the effectiveness of expansive soils stabilization using fly ash and fly ash-lime as admixtures are evaluated. The test results show that the plasticity index, activity, free swell, swell potential, swelling pressure, and axial shrinkage percent decreased with an increase in fly ash or fly ash-lime content. With the increase of the curing time for the treated soil, the swell potential and swelling pressure decreased. Soils immediately treated with fly ash show no significant change in the unconfined compressive strength. However, after 7 days curing of the fly ash treated soils, the unconfined compressive strength increased significantly. The relationship between the plasticity index and swell-shrinkage properties for pre-treated and post-treated soils is discussed.     

碳化作用对水泥固化/稳定化铅污染土溶出特性影响

采用室内加速碳化试验方法,分析了碳化作用对水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染土淋滤特性的影响规律。对人工配制的不同浓度铅污染土进行水泥固化/稳定化处理,标准养护28 d后对部分土样进行加速碳化试验,剩余试样继续标准养护。通过半动态淋滤试验方法测试了碳化后试样和标准养护试样的铅溶出量,并计算铅扩散系数、固化/稳定化土淋滤指数,分析碳化作用对水泥固化/稳定化铅污染土环境安全性以及铅溶出机制的影响。结果表明,单位面积上铅的溶出速率随淋滤时间的增加而降低;浸出液中铅累计溶出量与淋滤时间的平方根呈近似线性关系;碳化养护试样的铅累计溶出量是标准养护试样的0.68~0.91倍,碳化有利于铅的固化/稳定化。固化稳定化处理后铅的扩散系数在2.12×10-12~1.39×10-9 cm~2/s之间,淋滤指标在8.86~11.7之间,且碳化作用下铅的扩散系数进一步降低,淋滤指标略有升高。低铅含量土样中铅溶出机制为表面侵蚀,而高铅含量试样中铅溶出机制为表面侵蚀和扩散共同作用,并以扩散为主。     

Probabilistic identification of contaminated soils using resistivity piezocone penetration tests

Acta Geotechnica - The identification of contaminated soils has gained increasing interest over the decades in the geoenvironmental issues. In this study, a probabilistic method based on the...     

三氯乙烯污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数研究

复电阻率法(complex resistivity, CR)由于其对孔隙水化学性质、固-液界面和流体含量的敏感性已成为具有良好前景的污染物识别工具。本研究选取三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene, TCE)作为典型有机污染物,利用频谱激电仪对TCE污染土壤进行了复电阻率测量,讨论孔隙水盐度、水饱和度和土壤类型对污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数影响。试验结果表明:污染土样的复电阻率均随水饱和度的降低和孔隙水盐度的减小而增大;土壤黏土含量影响孔隙水连续性,当孔隙水出现不连续状态时,实部和虚部出现大幅度变化。总充电率M随着孔隙水盐度的增加而增加,随水饱和度的降低先减后增。黏土颗粒重排导致的比表面积减小使得总充电率M减小,双电层极化加强使总充电率M升高;平均弛豫时间常数随孔隙水盐度的升高而降低,二者呈对数相关,随水饱和度变化的主要原因为可极化孔隙尺寸的变化。本研究探讨了地球物理参数与水文地质参数间的关系,为SIP方法在实际有机污染场地调查与评估提供了理论依据。     

MICP技术联合多孔硅吸附材料对锌铅复合污染土固化/稳定化修复的试验研究

近年来,工业和科技的快速发展使得重金属污染土固化/稳定化的修复研究成为热点。运用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合吸附材料对锌铅复合重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化的修复,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,评价处理前后污染土的固化效果与重金属的稳定化效果,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,揭示MICP技术处理锌铅重金属污染土的修复机制。研究结果表明,采用MICP技术对锌铅重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化之后,可以有效降低污染土中有害重金属的浸出性。当矿化时间为10d时,试样无侧限抗压强度为942.5k Pa;铅的浸出浓度为4.20mg/L,比未处理时降低了44.81%;锌的浸出浓度为4.31mg/L,比未处理时降低了46.19%,效果显著。在此基础上,添加10%的多孔硅吸附材料后,试样无侧限抗压强度可达到1 021 kPa,强度提高了8.3%;铅的浸出浓度为2.45mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了67.81%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,铅浸出浓度被二次降低了41.67%;锌的浸出浓度仅为2.93 mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了63.4%,与单纯...