掺砾黏土拉伸断裂细观特性研究

掺砾黏土在高心墙堆石坝工程中的应用越来越广泛,其拉伸断裂特性对心墙的安全至关重要。将掺砾黏土视作四相复合材料,基于图像处理和随机投放建立了考虑真实砾石形态的细观数值模型,结合物理试验的结果验证了其有效性,并分析了掺砾黏土拉伸断裂的宏细观特性。应力位移曲线的宏观非线性是细观非均质性的体现,砾石的掺入大幅减低了抗拉强度,但提高了峰后抗拉性能;土石界面是微裂缝发展的源头,拉伸断裂是一个微裂缝萌生、扩展以至汇集形成宏观裂缝的过程;拉伸断裂发生在一个区域,即断裂过程区,该区域的形成与砾石的随机分布有关。最后,采用数值试验分析了随机砾石投放和掺砾量对掺砾黏土宏细观力学行为的影响。     

宽级配砾质土快速三轴固结排水剪试验影响因素研究

宽级配砾质土是由砾石料和黏土料按一定比例混合而成,其具有压缩性低、抗剪强度大等特点,目前常作为土石坝心墙料或路基填料而得到广泛应用。由于宽级配砾质土渗透系数较小,在常规三轴固结排水剪(CD)试验中固结排水较慢,导致其试验周期很长。为了提高固结排水的效率,可采用一种在试样中心加圆柱形砂芯的快速三轴CD试验方法。基于快速三轴CD试验,通过变化不同砂芯类别、不同砂芯直径、不同掺砾量等各因素,全面研究了各因素对宽级配砾质土快速三轴CD试验的影响。研究结果表明,快速三轴CD试验方法能够有效加快试样排水固结,从而加快整个试验进程;砂芯类别、砂芯直径、掺砾量等因素均对试验固结排水速度和剪切过程应力应变产生不同程度影响;砂芯直径越小,其试验成果与无砂芯试样越接近。     

水泥砾质土三轴试验研究

对某水泥砾质土进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究在不同水泥掺入比下水泥砾质土应力-应变关系和强度特性。结果表明：随水泥掺入比的增加,水泥砾质土试样在不同围压下应力-应变关系曲线均表现出不同程度的软化和剪胀现象,尤其在低围压（200 kPa）和高水泥掺入比（8%）下,剪胀性比较明显;在相同水泥掺入比下,峰值强度 随围压的增加近似呈线性增长;与不掺水泥砾质土相比,水泥砾质土的内摩擦角 因掺入不同量的水泥而得到不同程度的提高,黏聚力 随水泥掺入比的增加呈增长趋势,且增幅显著;割线模量 和 均随围压和水泥掺入比的增加而增加。不同高度的心墙堆石坝三维有限元算例的计算结果表明：水泥砾质土作为心墙材料可以显著降低土石坝心墙沉降。     

小主应力方向加载条件下的掺砾黏土真三轴试验

对土石坝心墙掺砾黏土开展模拟心墙单元小主应力方向加载的真三轴试验,首先对试样进行不同围压条件下等向固结,然后保持小主应力恒定,通过调整大主应力和中主应力,以模拟土石坝竣工后的初始三向应力状态。试验过程中保持大主应力和中主应力恒定,从小主应力方向单向加载,以模拟土石坝蓄水过程中心墙单元所经历的应力路径。试验结果与常规三轴试验以及复杂应力条件下大主应力方向真三轴加载试验结果都有显著不同。不同初始应力条件下,不同主应力方向的初始切线模量和初始切线泊松比的变化规律非常复杂,应力–应变显现出明显的各向异性。在心墙堆石坝施工过程及蓄水过程中,心墙单元所经历的应力路径明显不同,合理的土体本构模型应该对这种由于加荷路径不同所引起的不同方向模量和泊松比进行合理描述。     

掺砾黏土样的大型三轴流变特性试验研究

高心墙堆石坝的砾质土筑坝材料含有较大颗粒,又含有大比例的黏性土,渗透系数较低,试验需要用大尺寸的仪器。大尺寸试验排水、饱和困难、试验周期长、难度大,一直是试验工作的难点,在砾质土试样中预留砂芯加速排水饱和的方法可以有效地解决该问题。对掺砾黏土样进行了大型三轴流变试验,通过实测蠕变量和蠕变模型参数对掺砾后黏土样的流变特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,掺砾黏土样的蠕变量与时间关系呈现较好的幂函数关系,采用长江科学院蠕变模型可准确地描述其流变特性;在相同饱和状态下掺砾样的蠕变量和蠕变模型参数指标较低,说明掺砾起到了改善土样工程性状的功能;在均为土样或者掺砾样条件下非饱和状态的蠕变指标明显低于饱和状态下的蠕变指标,说明预留砂芯加速排水的方法起到了明显的作用,促进了试样的充分饱和。     

重塑黏土抗拉特性试验研究

利用应变控制式拉伸试验仪研究重塑黏性土的单轴抗拉特性,探究了含水率、干密度、高径比对试样应力应变曲线、抗拉强度、峰值应变以及拉伸能量的影响,并分析了其内在机理,讨论了土体抗拉强度的来源。试验结果表明:（1）含水率和干密度对抗拉强度影响很大,呈线性相关,具体表现为:含水率升高,抗拉强度先增大后减小;干密度越大,抗拉强度越大。在高径比相同的情况下,高度和直径的变化对抗拉强度影响不大;（2）峰值应变由应力应变曲线形态决定,因而主要受土样的抗拉强度、可塑性以及破坏方式影响;（3）应力应变曲线大致可分为四类,曲线形态各不相同;（4）拉伸能量由应力应变曲线形态决定。含水率影响试样的抗拉强度和塑性,干密度影响试样的抗拉强度和内部结构,因而两者对拉伸能量的影响很大。高径比不变时,试样高度和直径的变化对拉伸能量影响不大。     

复杂应力条件下掺砾黏土真三轴试验

采用新型真三轴仪器,对掺砾黏土进行了复杂应力条件下加载试验,近似模拟了土石坝填筑期心墙土体单元的加荷过程。试验结果表明,由于土体单元处于复杂应力状态,即使是单向加载这样的简单加荷应力路径,在不同应力方向上的应力和变形也都呈现显著的应力各向异性。土石坝应力变形分析中坝体单元处于三向应力条件下,由于加载引起的应力各向异性对心墙乃至整个坝体的应力变形规律都有较大影响,合理的本构模型应该能够反映并描述这种复杂应力状态下的应力各向异性。     

砾钢渣抗液化特性试验研究

陈化的钢渣作为土工回填材料是废弃钢渣循环利用的主要途径之一。按土的工程分类方法,将废弃钢渣划分为砾钢渣、粗钢渣和细钢渣。针对砾钢渣,考虑固结应力比、振动频率、围压和含砾量等影响因素开展动三轴试验研究。分析了砾钢渣的应力、应变和动孔隙水压力的特性,分析了砾钢渣试样的动强度与振动次数、动应变与振动次数、孔隙水压力与振动次数和动应力与动应变关系。采用Seed和Finn提出的饱和砂土动孔压计算模型分析砾钢渣的动孔压曲线类型,并与传统砂砾土的抗液化强度进行比较。得出砾钢渣的抗液化特性较好,工程中可以用砾钢渣替代传统的砂土、砂砾土、砂砾料和砂卵石作为回填料,解决砂砾资源日渐短缺的问题。     

路基砾类填料土动力特性影响因素试验分析

动应力-动应变关系作为反映路基填料土动力特性的重要参数,对其进行影响因素试验研究可为路基填料土的工程特性研究提供参考依据。本文借助动三轴试验手段进行砾类土动应力-动应变关系影响因素研究,采用应力控制的加载方式进行加载,分析了试验压力、土样含水率、土样压实度、荷载作用频率和初始静偏应力等5种条件和砾类土动力特性的作用规律,并总结砾类土动应力-动应变关系变化规律。研究结果表明：当动三轴试验的围压为30 kPa、土样压实度为96%、含水率为最佳含水率7.5%时,其动应力-动应变关系曲线接近应力轴,砾类土的动强度大;荷载作用频率为1、2 Hz变化时以及小于10 kPa的初始静偏应力对砾类土的动应力-应变关系影响较小;针对各影响因素下的动应力-动应变关系曲线,对其采用的双曲线模型拟合相关系数均大于0.96,说明该模型能够有效拟合其关系曲线;根据试验模型可知,试验中压力越大,参数a、b值越小,同理,土样的压实度越大,a、b值也越小。     

新型土工单轴拉伸试验装置的研制及应用

针对目前土工单轴拉伸试验水平的不足,研制了一套新型土工单轴拉伸试验装置,该套装置主要由试样制备、加载、控制与数据采集4个部分组成。试验装置通过燕尾槽与双滑动底板的设计,可以制备不同拉伸段长度的试样并分别开展相应的单轴拉伸试验;通过试样形式与所对应拉伸夹具的设计,解决了试样端部在拉伸过程中出现的松弛与应力集中问题;通过双导轨拉伸装置的设计,避免了试样在拉伸过程中出现的应力偏心现象;通过双级变速箱的设计使最小拉伸速率可达到0.001 mm/min,能够准确描述材料单轴拉伸破坏的演化过程,并能准确测试材料的抗拉强度以及全过程的拉应力-位移关系曲线。基于所研制的试验装置开展了黏性土的单轴拉伸试验,试验结果表明:黏性土的单轴拉伸破坏形式不是纯脆性破坏,而是在抗拉强度后存在一个软化阶段,此时仍具有一定的承载能力;随着试样拉伸段长度的增大,抗拉强度呈对数减小,峰值位移呈对数增大;随着拉伸速率的增加,抗拉强度呈对数增加,峰值位移呈线性增加;抗拉强度与峰值位移均随压实度的递增呈线性增加;随着含水率的递增,试样的抗拉强度先增大后减小,即存在一个峰值,而峰值位移呈线性增加。     

击实黏土单轴拉伸特性试验研究

为研究土的拉伸特性,对击实黏土进行直接拉伸试验。试验表明,不同抗拉强度的击实黏土具有不同的拉伸应力-应变曲线型式,即应变软化型、应变硬化型和应变强化型;在试验涉及的干密度和含水率范围内,击实黏土的抗拉强度随干密度的增加而增加,随含水率的增加而减小,且具有较好的线性关系;拉伸速率对击实黏土的抗拉强度和应力-应变曲线的型式也有明显影响,对同一干密度和含水率的土样,低拉伸速率测得的抗拉强度往往较小,且应力-应变曲线为软化型,而较高的拉伸速率测得的抗拉强度较大,且应力-应变曲线为强化型。     

Stress corrosion cracking of Lac du Bonnet granite in tension and compression

Rocks subjected to long-term loading have been known to suffer microcracking. The rate of cracking is sensitive to the type of the applied stress (tensile or compressive), and the magnitude of the stress relative to the instantaneous strength. In addition, crack growth is influenced by the environment (pressure and temperature) including the presence or absence of moisture.For tensile loading, the sensitivity of granite to time-dependent cracking is demonstrated through a fracture mechanics test known as double torsion. The crack velocity versus stress intensity function is established for two environments, room temperature and humidity and room temperature and 100 percent humidity.For compressive loading, time dependent cracking is evaluated from creep tests conducted in uniaxial compression in the same two environments. The rate of cracking is defined by finding the functional relationship between the rate of crack growth, expressed as the rate of crack volume strain, and uniaxial compressive stress.A variety of mathematical functions has been fitted to the obtained data. The traditionally-used power and exponential relationships give good correlation for both crack velocity and crack volume strain rate.The crack volume strain rate versus stress function can be integrated to obtain a lifetime estimate for Lac du Bonnet granite. After 1 000 years of loading in uniaxial compression at room temperature and 100 percent humidity, the strength of this granite could reduce from 225 MPa to 90–100 MPa.     

不排水条件下砾石土的应变率效应

为研究应变率对砾石土应力、应变、强度特性的影响和应变率效应产生机制,对砾石和黏土混合备制的饱和砾石土心墙料,在应变率0.028～0.690 %/min范围内进行了不同围压下的固结不排水三轴压缩试验,定量地分析了三轴不排水抗剪强度的应变率效应。试验结果表明,不同的应变率下砾石土应力-应变曲线具有相似性;应变率增大10倍,不排水抗剪强度增大7.4%～29.9%;砾石土的应变率效应是剪切产生的孔隙水压力和土料本身黏滞性共同作用的结果,在不同的围压下二者发挥的程度不同     

Weak tensile characteristics of loess in China — An important reason for ground fissures

By means of uniaxial tensile tests, we analyzed the tensile characteristics of undisturbed and disturbed loess samples taken from the areas where ground fissures are prevalent. The study shows that the tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain of loess are very small, no more than 25 kPa and 0.5%, respectively. Water content and dry density are the two important factors for the tensile strength of loess, and show a decreasing exponential and increasing exponential relationship with the tensile strength, respectively. From the results of tensile tests on loess and the mechanism of ground fissure development in loess areas, we may draw a conclusion that the weak tensile strength, the loose structure and the collapsibility are the important contributing factors to the development of ground fissures in China's loess areas.     

Monotonic and cyclic modeling of interface between geotextile and gravelly soil

This paper describes a modified elasto‐plasticity damage model to capture monotonic and cyclic behavior of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil. New damage variable and shear strength criterion are introduced on the basis of test observations. The formulations of the modified model are obtained by extending those of the original interface model. The model parameters with physical meaning are easily determined from a group of cyclic shear tests and a confining compression test. The model predictions are compared with the results of a series of direct shear tests and large‐scale pullout tests. The comparison results demonstrate that the model accurately describes the monotonic and cyclic stress–strain relationship of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil while capturing new characteristics: (1) the strength that is nonlinearly dependent on the normal stress; (2) significant shear strain‐softening; (3) the comprehensive volumetric strain response with dependency on the shear direction; and (4) the evolution of behavior associated with the changes in the physical state that includes the geotextile damage. This model is used in a finite element analysis of pullout tests, indicating that the tensile modulus of a geotextile has a significant effect on the response of the geotextile–gravel system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uniaxial compression and tension tests of anthracite and loading rate dependence of peak strength

The mechanical characteristics of coal under uniaxial compressive stress and uniaxial tensile stress are key factors in investigations of the stability of galleries and coal faces, and are vital considerations for the efficient design of coalmines, disaster prevention, and environmental preservation. These mechanical characteristics have long been a topic of research, but remain insufficiently understood. In this study we performed uniaxial compression tests and uniaxial tension tests on coal, with particular attention to two concerns. The first was to measure the loading rate dependence of the peak strength of coal. Coal shows high sample-to-sample scatter in strength; test methods that are successful in comparatively homogeneous rock types cannot be used for coal. We therefore used an alternative test method that was recently developed by the authors. Anthracite samples were subjected to alternating slow and fast strain rates. Measured variations in stress during this process were used to estimate the loading rate dependence of peak strength. The second objective was to obtain complete stress–strain curves for coal under uniaxial tensile stress. It is difficult to hold samples secure during a tensile test; consequently, such curves have yet to be obtained. This study presents a successful application of the authors' method to the analysis of coal samples, yielding a complete stress–strain curve under tensile stress. The two methods presented here hold promise for application not only to anthracite but also to a wide variety of coals. It is possible to derive the values of the constants used in constitutive equations from the obtained experimental results. Once these equations are determined, they can be incorporated into finite-element software to investigate various time-dependent behaviors of coal and aid in the efficient design of coalmines and the prevention of subsidence and mine disasters.     

三维裂纹布置角度对砂浆材料强度的影响

利用伺服控制试验系统及声发射设备对含有单椭圆裂纹的非均质砂浆材料进行物理试验,获得了单轴加载作用下不同布置角度的三维内部裂纹试样的全应力-应变曲线和声发射数据。找到了声发射数据与应力-应变曲线的对应关系。根据对应关系,判断出试样的起裂应力及破坏应力。分析了裂纹布置角度对材料强度的影响,分析表明：裂纹与加载方向为45º夹角时最难破坏,与加载方向成60º夹角时最容易破坏。此外,裂纹尖端起裂应力为试样极限强度的86.07 %～87.42 %。     

土石坝横向裂缝的土工离心机模型试验研究

岸坡突变所产生的不均匀沉降变形常常是导致土石坝心墙发生横向裂缝的主要原因。使用糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝心墙混合土料进行了模拟心墙发生横向裂缝的土工离心机模型试验。试验中再现了由于岸坡坡度变化导致坝顶发生横向裂缝的现象。采用工程中常用的3种裂缝分析方法：倾度法、Leonards法和有限元应力法对试验结果进行了分析。结果表明,前两种方法仅在测点较多时才是适用的,而有限元应力法对土石坝心墙横向裂缝问题更为有效。