地铁列车荷载作用下饱和土中圆形衬砌隧道和轨道系统动力响应分析

为研究地铁列车运行引起的轨道系统及饱和土体动力响应问题,采用解析法建立了饱和土全空间中圆形衬砌隧道和轨道结构耦合分析模型,用一系列符合列车几何尺寸的移动常荷载或移动简谐荷载模拟地铁列车,用无限长圆柱壳模拟衬砌,用Biot饱和多孔介质理论模拟土体,用Euler梁理论模拟钢轨、浮置板并组成两层叠合梁单元,结合轨道与衬砌仰拱处的力和位移连续条件,实现浮置板轨道结构与衬砌及周围饱和土体的耦合。通过算例对比了饱和土体模型和弹性土体模型动力响应的差异,分析了饱和土渗透系数、荷载移动速度和自振频率对轨道结构位移、饱和土体位移及孔压的影响。结果表明:当土体渗透性较差时,饱和土位移响应与相应的弹性土位移响应区别明显,土体模型对轨道结构响应影响较小;随着渗透系数的降低,饱和土体孔压增大;荷载移动速度和自振频率对轨道结构和土体动力响应影响显著。     

考虑土体抗拉强度的边坡永久位移极限分析

通过野外观测与室内试验发现,边坡后缘往往存在拉应力区。拉应力区的存在会影响边坡的稳定性,而地震荷载的存在会放大这种影响。分析拉应力区对边坡稳定性的影响,当前主要采用的方式为:对强度准则中抗拉强度进行折减（即张拉截断）。文章通过极限分析上限原理和拟静力法,推导出边坡临界加速度计算方程。以边坡在不同参数组合下的位移系数为基础,输入实测地震波,采用改进的Newmark法对边坡进行位移分析。文章算例的结果表明:拉应力区的存在会大大降低边坡临界加速度,土体在完全张拉截断下的临界加速度对边坡可能会产生超过50%的折减。拉应力区的存在也可以使永久位移达到传统的摩尔库伦理论计算值的2倍之多。文中所有的结果皆以图表形式展示,非常便于理解以及读取数据。      

排水刚性桩群桩抗液化性能的振动台试验研究

排水刚性桩是一种将竖向排水体与刚性桩相结合的新型抗液化处理措施。为研究排水刚性桩群桩的抗液化作用效果,开展了桩顶竖向荷载作用下排水刚性桩处理可液化地基的振动台试验研究,分析了地基土体的超孔压响应、加速度响应及桩顶结构的水平位移响应,并与未设置排水体的普通桩群桩工况进行对比。结果表明：加载开始后,排水桩桩身排水通道有大量超孔隙水排出,普通桩桩身没有排水现象。采用排水桩时超孔压比峰值比普通桩中减小12%,孔压消散稳定后超孔压比减小13%左右,排水桩桩身的排水通道对超孔压的消散作用集中在振动作用的前期。排水桩桩顶的侧向永久位移较普通桩桩顶侧向永久位移减小约27%。试样土体液化前,剪应力-应变滞回圈包络面积较大,土体呈现一定的剪胀特性。液化后,排水桩的剪应力-应变滞回圈的割线模量更大。上述试验结果均表明了排水刚性桩在抗液化方面的有效作用。     

悬臂式抗滑桩加固黏土边坡地震永久位移算法

为了有效地确定悬臂式抗滑桩加固的黏土边坡地震永久位移,基于极限分析上限定理,针对圆弧滑动式土坡破坏模式,通过对设置抗滑桩条件下土坡进行外力功率和内能耗散率的计算,按严格力学定义推导出坡体在地震作用下的安全系数,进而导出与安全系数相对应的边坡地震屈服加速度计算公式,并结合Newmark滑块位移法对边坡产生的转动加速度进行二次积分,推导出与边坡设计安全系数密切相关的坡体地震永久位移的详细计算公式。以5.12汶川地震卧龙测站东向地震波为例,通过对一算例边坡进行分析,给出了边坡永久位移时程曲线以及不同设计安全系数与永久位移的关系,分析了算法与Ambraseys算法的结果,验证了所提计算方法的有效性,并得到不同设计安全系数时边坡土体黏聚力和内摩擦角对坡体永久位移的影响规律。研究结果表明,坡体永久位移随着设计安全系数的增加逐渐呈指数函数式减小变化,在较低设计安全系数下,坡体永久位移受土体抗剪强度参数影响较为敏感,随着设计安全系数的提高,这种敏感性则逐渐降低。     

冲击荷载下土体位移特征研究

建立了冲击荷载作用下土体动力压密有限元方程及其数值计算方法。用Ansys-Ls-dyna软件包对山西化肥厂地基冲击荷载作用后土体的动力响应进行了分析,得出了冲击荷载作用下分层土体中的位移分布特征及其它们的变化过程,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。研究结果表明：冲击荷载作用下土体位移的影响范围为一椭球体。侧向加固半径距荷载作用中心接近2D(D为夯锤直径),荷载作用中心下加固深度能达到2D甚至更大。     

不同含水状态堆积体边坡地震响应特性大型振动台模型试验

堆积体边坡动力响应特性复杂,影响因素众多。已有的大型动三轴试验结果表明,含水状态对堆积体的动剪切模量比与阻尼比有重要影响。针对含水状态这一因素,开展了2组不同含水率的1:12比尺的大型振动台堆积体边坡模型试验,对比分析了其在连续地震荷载序列作用下的加速度响应特性与坡顶位移发展趋势。试验结果表明：2组边坡模型均表现出第一阶自振频率随着加载序列递减、阻尼比随着加载序列增大的现象,但含水率为6.6%时,边坡第1阶自振频率与阻尼比均大于含水率为0.7%的堆积体边坡。堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%时的输入地震动峰值加速度（PGA）放大系数大于堆积体边坡含水率为0.7%时的工况。2组模型坡顶水平响应加速度的傅里叶频谱特征相似,均表现出输入地震波的特征频率越接近模型第1阶自振频率,坡顶水平加速度放大效应越明显,而且从低频侧接近第1阶自振频率的响应比从高频侧接近的要显著。含水率为6.6%的堆积体边坡在多级地震荷载作用下的坡顶永久位移均大于含水率为0.7%的边坡,堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%,坡顶永久位移对输入地震波的频谱特性更敏感。研究结论有助于增强不同含水状态对堆积体边坡动力响应规律影响的认识。     

非均布列车荷载作用下软土路基的振动分析

基于实测资料,假设列车轮载经钢轨传递下来的荷载由5根枕木承担。根据分担比,获得了道渣层表面非均布荷载的表达式。将道渣层视为单相弹性介质,软土地基被看成是考虑水土耦合作用的饱和多孔介质。借助势函数,利用Helmholtz矢量分解法及Fourier变换技术分别对弹性土体和饱和半空间土体进行求解,得到非均布移动荷载作用下软土地基位移、应力及孔压响应在变换域内的精确解答。利用FFT算法得到了数值结果,详细分析了荷载分布形式、观察点位置、道渣性质以及软土地基渗透系数对动力响应的影响。研究结果表明：高速情况下动力响应与低速情况有很大不同;对于软土路基,应特别注意列车高速运行时路基浅层范围内产生的孔压响应。     

地震作用下堆积体边坡的坡面变形与失稳机制

地震作用下堆积体边坡的动力响应特性十分复杂,单一抗震安全系数不足以评价其动力稳定性。通过大型振动台试验,研究了连续多级地震荷载作用下,地震波的类型、卓越频率及峰值加速度对堆积体边坡坡面永久位移的影响,并初步分析其失稳机制。试验结果表明,相同峰值加速度下振动型地震波比冲击型地震波更容易产生坡面永久位移,地震波卓越频率对坡面永久位移也有重要影响;堆积体边坡在峰值加速度apeak=0.2g时开始有大颗粒石砾滚落,对应的坡面永久位移在apeak=0.2g～0.3g之间开始产生并显著增大,另外利用考虑坡面几何形态变化的改进Newmark法对坡顶的永久位移进行了估算。通过坡面永久位移评价堆积体边坡的动力稳定性有一定合理性。     

海洋液化地基中输水管道变形特性的振动台试验研究

埋地管道应用广泛,而在管道铺设过程中穿越的大范围可液化土层,面临着地震作用下管道液化上浮和变形破坏等风险。依托某临海火电站直埋管道工程,采用室内振动台模型试验方法,分析了海洋液化地基中输水管道的变形特性和动力响应,探究了砾石压重法和排水板加固法的抗液化效果。结果表明:海洋饱和砂土地基在动力荷载作用下发生液化,不同深度土层加速度出现不同程度的衰减,上部土层加速度衰减幅度最大且沿深度减小;不同土层中土体超孔压先快速上升达到峰值并维持稳定直至振动停止;在振动过程中,管道发生了明显上浮,且上浮速率逐渐降低,当振动停止时达到最大上浮位移;砾石压重法对于管道抗液化效果不佳,加速度和超孔压时程曲线与标准工况基本一致,中上层砂土出现明显液化现象,但超孔压峰值存在一定下降,且管道上浮与标准工况相比下降65.4%;而宽、窄排水板加固法效果更加显著,整体土层液化现象得到抑制,超孔压峰值与标准工况相比较小,且在振动期间持续降低,平均峰值与标准工况相比分别下降48.30%和38.91%,同时管道竖向位移与标准工况相比降幅均超过100%。在实际工程应用中,推荐使用排水板加固方案,同时需要选择适当的排水通道宽度。     

简谐荷载作用下饱和土体中圆形衬砌隧道三维动力响应分析

研究了全空间饱和土体中圆形衬砌隧道在径向简谐点荷载作用下的三维动力响应,将衬砌用无限长圆柱壳来模拟,土体用Biot饱和多孔介质模型来模拟,引入两类势函数来表示土骨架的位移和孔隙水压力,并利用修正Bessel方程来求解各势函数,结合边界条件,得到频率-波数域内衬砌和土骨架位移、孔隙水压力的解答,最后进行Fourier逆变换得到时间-空间域内的响应。通过算例分析了荷载振动频率和土体渗透性对土体和衬砌位移响应及土体孔压的影响。结果表明,饱和土体和弹性土体的位移响应具有明显区别。随着荷载频率的增大,土体和隧道位移幅值减小,土体孔压幅值增大;随着土体渗透性增大,土体位移及孔压幅值减小。     

充分考虑振动台实验滑移特征的地震滑坡基本单元体永久位移估算方法研究

充分考虑振动台实验揭示出来的基本地震滑坡单元体震动滑移特征,总结得到其永久位移的估算方法:（1）考虑地震动惯性力和重力的联合作用,计算相应向上和向下滑移的屈服加速度,以反应其可能向上和向下滑移的行为;（2）在适度简化斜坡岩土体动力学模型的基础上,考虑斜坡岩土体自振特性和滑体所在高度对地震波的放大效应,得到滑体附近的局部地震加速度;（3）考虑滑体附近局部加速度和滑移屈服加速度的控制作用,计算每一地震波的周期内滑体相对滑床所能达到的最大滑移速度（向上和向下）,进而得到相对动能;（4）考虑到滑体的动能基本耗散在滑带上,基于能量守恒原理,将相对动能除以滑带上的摩擦力,即可估算出每一周期内的永久位移;（5）将每一地震波周期内产生的永久位移相累加,即可得到总体的滑动位移。经与实验结果对比,本估算方法具有较高的精度与可靠性,虽只考虑了水平向地震动作用的影响,但对于存在竖向地震动的情况,其思路同样适用,只是需要计入竖向地震动惯性作用力的影响。     

Seismic Retrofit of Gravity Retaining Walls for Residential Fills Using Ground Anchors

Failure of several gravity retaining walls in residential areas built on reclaimed land, during the October 23, 2004 Chuetsu earthquake in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, determined the authorities to consider the seismic retrofit of the walls in order to mitigate future similar disasters in the urban environment. This study addresses the effectiveness of ground anchors in improving the seismic performance of such retaining structures through a sliding block analysis of the seismic response of an anchored gravity retaining wall supporting a dry homogeneous fill slope subject to horizontal ground shaking. Sliding failure along the base of the wall and translational failure along a planar slip surface of the active wedge within the fill material behind the wall were considered in the formulation, whereas the anchor load was taken as a line load acting on the face of the gravity retaining wall. The effects of magnitude and orientation of anchor load on the yield acceleration of the wall-backfill system and seismically induced wall displacements were examined. It was found that for the same anchor orientation, the yield acceleration increases in a quasi-linear manner with increasing the anchor load, whereas an anchor load of a given magnitude acting at various orientations produces essentially identical yield accelerations. On the other hand, the computed earthquake-induced permanent displacements of the anchored gravity retaining wall decrease exponentially with increasing magnitude of anchor load. Additionally, the influence of backfill strength properties (e.g., internal friction angle) on the seismic wall displacement appears to diminish considerably for the anchored gravity retaining wall. A dynamic displacement analysis conducted for the anchored gravity retaining wall subjected to various seismic waveforms scaled to the same peak earthquake acceleration revealed a good correlation between the calculated permanent wall displacements and the Arias intensity parameter characterizing the input accelerogram.     

A simplified approach for studying the influence of vertical accelerations on seismic response of slopes

ABSTRACT

A simplified approach is presented for estimating permanent displacements in slopes as a result of both vertical and horizontal seismic accelerations. A study of 52 earthquake records showed that the time difference between maximum horizontal and vertical accelerations varied between 0 and 10.3 s. The approach is illustrated for an earth dam embankment by analysing the effects of five of the above earthquake records. The approach combines a pseudo-static slope stability analysis for estimation of the critical (or yield) horizontal-vertical acceleration combinations, and a Newmark type displacement analysis. Guidelines are presented for conservative choice of soil strength parameters of saturated clays for use in the stability analysis. While permanent displacements of up to 40 cm were predicted without considering the vertical acceleration component, no additional displacement above 3.5 cm resulted when this component was included. The predicted additional displacement was consistently less than 10%, and in 50% of the analyses, vertical acceleration led to smaller predicted displacements. The simple approach may be applied in analysis for any slope using real earthquake records. Using existing, empirical expressions for permanent displacement, based only on horizontal accelerations, the effect of the vertical accelerations may be conservatively estimated by increasing the displacement by 10%.     

Advanced seismic slope stability analysis

The objective of this study was to present an advanced methodology for assessing seismic slope stability by taking into account the uncertainties related to the main input parameters. The methodology was applied on a real landslide in order to show the advantages of using the proposed procedure and establish the baseline trends of dynamic response and calculated permanent seismic displacements. It involves the following steps: preliminary analysis, probabilistic static and seismic factor of safety analysis, and permanent seismic displacement analysis. Estimating post-failure maximum seismic deformation of landslide mass and sounding properties is the most important part of this study. It involves both Newmark sliding block method and continuum mechanics approach, applied for characteristic set of input values in order to have more accurate assessment of slope performance and determine the relative importance of input parameters. The results of the analysis showed the benefits of using the proposed step-by-step methodology. The obtained difference in the results between the two methods depends strongly on the set input data for a particular analysis.     

Computation of sliding displacements of seawalls under earthquake conditions

To understand the serviceability aspects of seawalls, it is essential to study the permanent displacements of seawalls that occur during the earthquakes. Studies in the existing literature have concentrated on displacements of retaining walls with dry backfills; to the authors’ observation there is no specific analytical investigation devoted to the earthquake-induced displacements of retaining walls with submerged backfills. This paper focuses on sliding displacements of gravity type seawall retaining a submerged backfill under active earth pressure condition during the earthquakes. The threshold seismic acceleration coefficients required for initiation of sliding and the amount of sliding displacement due to seismic loading are calculated by adopting Newmark’s sliding block method. One of the prime features of the study is the estimation of seismic inertia forces in the submerged soil and wall applying the modified pseudo-dynamic method. The comparison of the results obtained using the proposed analytical formulation with the existing literature found to be in good agreement. A comprehensive parametric study has been conducted to understand the effects of different parameters such as seismic horizontal and vertical acceleration coefficients, soil and wall friction angles, width of the wall, wall inclination and excess pore water pressure ratio.

     

Performance-based assessment of earthquake-induced catastrophic landslide hazard in liquefiable soils

This paper outlines a methodology for evaluating the likelihood of catastrophic landslide occurrence on gentle slopes in liquefiable soils during earthquake. The approach is based on a modified Newmark sliding block model of assessing the earthquake-induced undrained landslide displacements for conditions of no shear stress reversals on the sliding surface. By employing the shear resistance-displacement relationship from undrained monotonic ring shear tests, the simulation model incorporates the sensitivity of computed displacements to variations in yield acceleration. The proposed approach involves an examination of undrained seismic slope performance under various horizontal seismic waveforms scaled to different specific values of the peak earthquake acceleration. An example problem illustrates how the proposed methodology may be used to demarcate, based on the magnitude of permanent seismic displacement, the levels of low, moderate and high risk of catastrophic landslide on a gentle slope in a saturated cohesionless soil susceptible to liquefaction during earthquake.     

近断层速度脉冲地震动引起的边坡永久位移预测模型

基于小波分析方法,从NGA数据库的3 551条地震记录中选取189条速度脉冲地震动,地震动均转换成发生最强脉冲的方向。基于Newmark方法,分析了近断层速度脉冲地震动作用引起的边坡永久位移值。结果表明：近断层速度脉冲地震动对边坡产生特殊的破坏作用,表现在滑动位移值大、滑动体破坏力强等方面;边坡永久位移值与速度脉冲地震动的峰值速度具有高度相关性,位移值较大时尤为明显。建立了基于单变量形式的峰值速度及双变量形式的峰值速度、峰值加速度两种边坡永久位移预测模型,模型简单实用,与回归数据具有很好的相关性,前者更适用于预测对实际工程影响较大的永久位移值,且离散性较小。提出的预测模型为考虑近断层地震动速度脉冲特性影响的边坡永久位移值的概率地震灾害分析提供了基础。     

地震作用下预应力锚索加固危岩体的动力响应分析

针对预应力锚索加固危岩体的特点,以某危岩体加固工程的3个典型工程剖面为实例,通过对不同动荷载作用下预应力锚索加固的危岩位移场、应力场分布特征的数值模拟计算,揭示了预应力锚索加固危岩体在地震作用下的动态响应和变化规律。分析结果表明,随着地震动峰值加速度（PGA）、反应谱特征周期（Tg）的增大,被加固危岩体的位移和应力值明显增大,应力集中区的范围扩大,围岩损伤的可能性增加,稳定性降低。其成果为危岩体抗震加固与减灾提供理论基础和实践依据。     

研究地基液化的新方法

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