太古宙绿岩带岩石学和地球化学：实例与探讨

绿岩带是太古宙大陆地壳重要的构造单元。 按照岩石组合特征, 绿岩带可划分为 3 个类型：1） 巴伯顿型, 主要由基性-超基性火山岩组成, 含少量酸性火山岩及沉积岩, 中性火山岩很不发育;2） 苏必利尔型, 主要由中性火山岩和中-基性火山岩组成, 含沉积岩; 3） 达尔瓦尔型, 以广泛发育的沉积岩为特征。 其中, 巴伯顿型绿岩带在世界范围内分布较广, 且组成较为复杂, 表现出一系列独特的岩石学和地球化学特征：1） 基性-超基性火山岩在绿岩带层序中占主导地位;2） 发育具有异常高的地幔潜能温度的科马提岩类;3） 存在太古宙亏损型和富集型玄武岩等。 华北克拉通清原地区的表壳岩虽然经历高级变质作用, 但仍 具有清晰的层序, 与巴伯顿型绿岩带岩石组合特征类似, 因此我们倾向于将其厘定为清原绿岩带。 清原绿岩带主体形成于 2.5 Ga, 与广泛分布的新太古代花岗质片麻岩形成时代一致, 并不存在大规模的中太古代地质体。 清原绿岩带的岩石学和地球化学研究表明新太古代晚期原始地幔柱模型可以较为合理的解释清原地区及华北克拉通东部陆块其它新太古代基底岩石的成因, 但太古宙原始地幔柱与显生宙地幔柱在某些方面有所不同。     

喀喇沁—北票地区太古宙花岗岩—绿岩地体特征及其对金矿控制作用探讨

通过对区内太古宙变质岩的岩石类型、产状特征、原岩类型讨论认为，喀喇沁－北票地区的太古宙变质岩石属于火山－沉积岩和花岗侵入岩变质建造。可以划分为两种不同系列的组成：（１）斜长角闪岩＋磁铁石英岩＋角闪石岩、辉石岩，代表了本区的“绿岩”组分；（２）斜长片麻岩，代表了太古宙中酸性侵入体（ＴＴＧ岩套）。本区的太古宙花岗岩－绿岩地体经受了早期塑性变形和后期脆性变形、中生代的强烈花岗质岩浆侵入作用，金矿床受“绿     

敦煌地块钠长碎裂岩型金矿床的地质特征

敦煌地块东段前长城系敦煌群是该台块最古老的结晶基底，为一套绿岩建造。金矿床赋存于敦煌群顶部第四岩组火山岩和稍晚的基性斜长角门石岩被强烈钠交代而形成的钠长岩体内，并严格受控于脆－韧性剪切带。与金矿化有关的钠交代原岩有基性侵入岩、中酸性火山岩、花岗岩（可能有）等，但其最终交代产物均为钠长岩和石英脉组合，为一种特殊的金矿类型。     

额尔古纳地块基底地质构造

额尔古纳地块是额尔古纳-马门-加格达奇拼合地块中的典型代表.研究表明,其基底由前中元古代绿岩及与之伴生的花岗质杂岩组成,它们具有地壳早期演化的地质构造特征.绿岩带为典型的变质基性-酸性火山岩及部分变质沉积岩系构成的火山-沉积建造,火山岩以拉斑玄武岩为主,向上过渡为钙碱性火山岩系列,表现为双峰态型特点.花岗岩类为TTG岩系及石英二长岩-花岗岩组合.花岗岩-绿岩地体内各岩石类型的岩石地球化学特征与国外太古宙及我国华北陆台花岗岩-绿岩带内同类岩石极为相似.双峰态型火山岩及绿岩建造组合,以及类似于TH2、FII型的变质基性火山岩和长英质火山岩特征,结合高铝型英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩组合,指示了研究区绿岩带的形成环境类似于大陆边缘弧后裂谷型火山-沉积盆地.     

辽北—吉南地区太古宙绿岩带

辽北－吉南地区出露南有现任中类型绿岩带,清原型绿岩带原原岩建造为连续分异的火山－沉积岩系组成,主要由下部拉斑玄武岩,少量钙碱性玄武岩和中上部的钙碱系列安山岩－英安岩一流纹岩和沉积岩所构成,其形成的古构造环境为类似于现代岛弧的大陆边缘活动带,其中赋存有丰富的块状硫化物矿床,其次为铁矿和金矿,夹皮沟型绿岩带的原岩建造为相对分异的火山－沉积岩组合,主要由下部的拉斑玄武岩,少量钙碱性弱武岩和中上部的长英质     

甘肃敦煌地区太古宙孔兹岩系特征

本文根据甘肃敦煌地区广泛出露在太古宙ＴＴＧ杂岩中的一套副变质岩系的岩石组合、典型矿物组合、变质相特征和岩石化学特征的分析,认为它们是一套中深变质的碎屑岩－泥质岩－泥灰岩－碳酸盐建造,其中夹有少量的变质基性火山岩。原岩形成于具有基性火山作用的活动大陆边缘滨海－浅海环境。经过太古宙的区域高角闪岩相变质作用,形成孔兹岩系。     

地壳古绿岩带岩石的背景含金性

对太古—元古宙变火山岩的背景含金性进行了评估。已查明,太古宙原始火山岩区域平均金含量极端分散,同时金含量从超基性—基性至酸性岩呈降低的趋势。元古宙变火山岩表现出金的分布比较集中,并与其酸性和碱性无关。区域性的低级变质作用过程(火山岩的绿岩再生作用)本质上不影响金在古绿岩带岩浆岩中的再分配。只有不同时代的交代作用过程才能保证金在成矿文代柱中的再分配和富集:K_H=0.2—0.9和2.3—320。深部的岩浆源——软流层中产生安山岩岩浆的地带是这些溶液的发源地。     

崤山太古宙花岗—绿岩地体的地质特征

崤山太古宙花岗－绿岩地体由１５％的绿岩带（变质表壳岩系）和８５％的花岗质片麻岩系（变质侵入岩）组成。呈包体产出的绿岩系分为以变火山岩为主的兰树沟岩组和以变沉积岩为主的杨寺沟岩组。花岗质片麻岩包括早期富钠的ＴＴＧ质花岗岩和稍后的富钾花岗岩。晚期则有代表大陆地壳裂解的基性岩墙群侵入。文中介绍了各岩石单元的地质、地球化学特征及花岗－绿岩带的变形和变质特征,探讨了研究区太古宙的大陆地壳演化。     

南美洲圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带地质特征、典型金矿床及金成矿作用

圭亚那地盾位于南美洲亚马孙克拉通的北部,其北部广泛发育太古宙典型的花岗岩-绿岩带,主要岩石组成为花岗岩、片麻岩和英云闪长岩,古元古代变质超基性-基性火山岩-侵入岩、其他变质火山岩等。由于独特的地质构造位置和复杂的构造演化历史,形成了良好的绿岩型金成矿地质背景,产生了大量的金矿床。通过总结圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带的岩石特征、成岩时代和构造演化历史,对委内瑞拉埃尔卡劳金矿、圭亚那欧迈金矿和苏里南罗瑟贝尔金矿进行典型矿床剖析,系统研究了该区绿岩带型金矿的成矿地质背景、成矿流体及成矿年代学特征,建立了区域绿岩带型金矿成矿模型,并在分析找矿要素的基础上,提出圭亚那地盾北部的金矿找矿方向。     

辽北—吉南地区太古宙花岗岩—绿岩带地质地球化学

辽北－吉南地区是我国典型太古宙花岗岩－绿岩带出露区之一。根据其地质地球化学特征，本区绿岩带可划分为清原型和夹皮沟型，其形成的古构造环境分别为与现代岛弧的大陆边缘活动带和弧后盆地或大陆边缘裂谷相类似的裂谷型构造环境。     

中国太古宙绿岩带

中国太古宙绿岩带主要分布在华北陆台的北缘和西南缘。绿岩带的基本地质特征可以和国外的太古宙绿岩带对比,但也具有独自的特点。根据绿岩带的地球化学特征可以将中国太古宙绿岩带划分为夹皮沟型、清原型和小秦岭型3类。绿岩带形成的古构造环境可能为与现代岛弧-大陆边缘活动带类似的裂谷型构造环境。     

绿岩套和蛇绿岩套的区分标志

综合绿岩、蛇绿岩的有关概念、地质环境、岩石学、地球化学特征,论述蛇绿岩和绿岩之间的异同。 目前由于太古宙和显生宙地质构造研究的进展,使人们对绿岩套和蛇绿岩套的特征及其相互之间的异同性、联系性和形成环境越来越感兴趣。同时,在不同地区的地质构造研究中,对上述两种岩套在概念上和成因上存在混淆。本文将讨论这一问题。     

Geochemistry and chronology of Se＇ ertengshan greenstone, Inner Mongolia

This paper deals with the meta-mafic volcanic rocks of the Gongyiming iron deposit at Baotou, Inner Mongolia. The major and trace elements and REE data indicate that the meta-mafic volcanic rocks occurred in the environment similar to a modern continental rift. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic studies indicated that the meta-basic rocks were formed during the Early Neoarchean from 2800 Ma to 2900 Ma and reworked during the Late Neoarchean (2500 Ma) by metamorphism. Because of the separation of the North China Craton from the Siberia Craton during the Middle Proterozoic (1600 Ma), the Rb-Sr systematics of the rocks has been changed. The Se‘ ertengshan greenstone seems to occur during the Middle Archean. A stable continental crust may have existed during the Paleoarchean.     

Mapping bedrock lithologies through in situ regolith using retained element ratios: a case study from the Agnew-Lawlers area,Western Australia

Large, high-quality multi-element geochemical datasets are becoming widely available in the exploration industry, and afford excellent opportunities to investigate geochemical processes. A dataset of over 2500 analyses of unweathered and variably weathered mafic and ultramafic rocks for over 50 elements has been collected by Gold Fields Ltd. in the auriferous Agnew-Lawlers area of the eastern Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. This dataset is used to investigate changes in element abundances and inter-element ratios through varying degrees and styles of weathering in an area of thick regolith characterised by deep in situ weathering. Systematic interrogation of the data, using lithostratigraphic controls derived from regional mapping and geophysics, reveals that a suite of elements, including Ti, Al, Zr, Th, La, Sc and Nb, and to a lesser extent Cr and Ni, behave as essentially immobile components during saprolite formation. In some cases diagnostic element ratios persist into siliceous duricrust. Ratios of these elements are used as reliable discriminants of bedrock type, and delineate features such as cryptic layering within fractionated sills and subtle geochemical variants in a sequence of tholeiitic and komatiitic basalts. Mapping on the basis of discriminant element ratios greatly extends previous trace-element ratio-based schemes for rock type discrimination. The potential to determine several of these elements with adequate precision and accuracy using portable XRF technology opens a potentially useful technique for rapid geochemical bedrock mapping in residual terrains.     

Geochemistry and chronology of Se’ertengshan greenstone, Inner Mongolia

1Introduction TheSe’ertengshanregionissituatedonthenorth ernmarginoftheNorthChinaContinentalPlatform.In thelongpastdifferentresearchershaddifferentopin ionsonthemetamorphicseriesinthisregion.Regional geologicalsurvey(1∶200000onscale)(Compiling GroupofStratigraphicTablesfortheInnerMongolia AutonomousRegion,1978)hasdividedthemetamor phicseriesintheregionstudiedintotheWulashan Group,theWutaiGroup,theErdaowaGroupandthe SanhemingGroup.AccordingtotheGeologicalRe searchTeamofInnerM…     

Archaean Greenstone Belts in China

Chinese Achaean greenstone belts are mainly distributed along the northern and southwestern margins of the North China platform. In terms of their geological characteristics, the greenstone belts in China are comparable to those in other countries but at the same time have unique features of their own. In view of their geochemistry, the Chinese greenstone belts may be grouped into three types: the Jiapigou type, Qingyuan type and Xiaoqinling type. The greenstone belts were formed possibly in a rift-type palaeo-tectonic setting, similar to that of the modern island are-continental margin mobile belts.     

内蒙古色尔腾山绿岩的地球化学、年代学研究

通过对内蒙古包头公益明铁矿变基性火山岩的系统采样和测试分析 ,其常量、微量、稀土元素地球化学的特征表明该区的变基性火山岩形成于类似现代大陆裂谷的构造环境中。Sm -Nd、Rb-Sr同位素年代学的研究表明 ,色尔腾山绿岩下部的变基性火山岩形成于 2 80 0～ 2 90 0Ma的壳幔分异事件中 ,在新太古晚期 (2 5 0 0Ma± )遭受了角闪岩相 -绿片岩相变质作用的改造。而在中元古代 (16 0 0Ma± )由于受华北克拉通与西伯利亚克拉通裂解的影响 ,该区岩石的Rb -Sr体系又一次发生变化。研究表明 ,色尔腾山绿岩生成于中太古代 ,该区在古太古代可能就已存在稳定的陆壳     

Geochemistry and chronology of Se'' ertengshan greenstone, Inner Mongolia

This paper deals with the meta-mafic volcanic rocks of the Gongyiming iron deposit at Baotou, Inner Mongolia. The major and trace elements and REE data indicate that the meta-mafic volcanic rocks occurred in the environment similar to a modern continental rift. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic studies indicated that the meta-basic rocks were formed during the Early Neoarchean from 2800 Ma to 2900 Ma and reworked during the Late Neoarchean (2500 Ma) by metamorphism. Because of the separation of the North China Craton from the Siberia Craton during the Middle Proterozoic ( 1600 Ma), the Rb-Sr systematics of the rocks has been changed. The Se' ertengshan greenstone seems to occur during the Middle Archean. A stable continental crust may have existed during the Paleoarchean.     

绿岩中金淋滤作用的实验研究

在200—550℃和60MPa条件下,以氯化物溶液对绿岩中金进行了淋滤实验,部分实验控制了氧逸度。实验结果显示,金的淋滤率与温度、溶液成分、酸碱度及氧逸度有关。在氧化和酸性溶液的实验中,淋滤率达50％以上。已查明金的淋滤作用受岩石中金溶解形成氯络合物的反应制约。因此,笔者认为花岗岩浆活动派生的酸性氯化物溶液话化迁移了绿岩中的金并富集成矿。     

Experimental Study on the Leaching of Gold from Greenstone1

Abstract Experiments were conducted on the leaching of gold from greenstone by chloride solution under the temperature of 200-550°C and the pressure of 60 MPa. During part of the experiments, the oxygen fugacity was controlled. The results show that the leaching rate of gold is related to temperature, composition of the solution, pH and oxygen fugacity. In the experiment with oxidative acidic solution, the leaching rate was up to 50% or more. It is known that the leaching of gold is restricted by the reaction in which the gold is dissolved from the rock to form gold chloride complex. Therefore, the authors hold that the acidic chloride solution derived from granite magma has caused the remobilization-migration of gold from greenstone and its enrichment into ore.