Execl宏在井斜数据计算中的应用

为改进在大斜度井及井斜方位角变化大的情况下,采用目前地质研究中常用的直线法进行测斜计算所造成的计算结果误差较大,以及地下构造形态严重歪曲的情况,利用MicrosoftExcel内嵌的宏语言编写了Devprocess宏程序。该程序以我国钻井行业标准规定的校正平均法为原理,并在考虑了二相邻测点间的方位角变化绝对值大于180°及统一第0测点的情况下,实现了自动计算多井的井斜数据。经与Petrel等商业化软件的计算结果相比,该程序具有计算精度高、数据输入输出方便、运行简单、兼容性和可移植性强等特点,在井斜校正工作中有一定的参考价值。     

贵州安龙县耕地土壤几种有效态与对应全量、pH值、有机质的相关分析

为了掌握快速路瓶颈路段异质交通流的演变规律,以缓解交通拥堵,本文以快速路上匝道瓶颈路段为研究对象,构建了考虑安全距离的改进NaSch上匝道模型,利用数值仿真,对不同场景交通流演化过程进行系统性研究。仿真结果显示：在不同条件下,异质交通流中自动驾驶车辆比例的增加对瓶颈路段交通运营状态影响结果各异。在自由流阶段,自动驾驶车辆比例的增加对快速路瓶颈路段运营通行能力的增加无显著影响,自动驾驶车辆比例取0.9时,瓶颈路段运营通行能力反而降低了2.48%;在交通拥堵状态下,当异质交通流中自动驾驶车辆比例达到0.7及以上时,才有助于交通拥堵的消散,且其临界值随交通拥堵状态程度的提高而增大;当交通密度达到100 veh/km以上时,自动驾驶车辆比例的增加无法实质性改善瓶颈路段交通拥堵状态。研究结果可为异质交通流环境下的快速路上匝道瓶颈路段的治堵策略提供理论依据。     

Multigroup discrimination of river, beach, and dune sands using axial-ratio sample statistics of quartz grains

Optimal discrimination among several groups can be achieved by simultaneous diagonalization of pooled within-group, W, and among-group, A, sums of squares and cross-product matrices formed by utilizing axial-ratio sample statistics of quartz grains belonging to different sieve grades. This method maximizes the ratio of among-group cross products to within-group cross product quadratic forms (V'AV/V'WV)and simultaneously yields discriminant scores whose correlation coefficients are zero for group means as well as for within each group. This procedure enables a simple Euclidean distance measure for partitioning the discriminant space for assignment. Although W^–1 and Amatrices are symmetric, the W^–1 Amatrix needed for multigroup discrimination is asymmetric and hence the eigenstructure of W^–1 Ais obtained by simultaneous diagonalization of Wand Amatrices. The first four sample statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis) of normalized axial-ratios are required for discrimination, although the mean and standard deviation are the most important discriminators.     

Evaluation and error analysis: Kalman gain regularization versus covariance regularization

Ensemble size is critical to the efficiency and performance of the ensemble Kalman filter, but when the ensemble size is small, the Kalman gain generally cannot be well estimated. To reduce the negative effect of spurious correlations, a regularization process applied on either the covariance or the Kalman gain seems to be necessary. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the estimation errors when two regularization methods including the distance-dependent localization and the bootstrap-based screening are applied on the covariance and on the Kalman gain. The investigations were carried out through two examples: 1D linear problem without dynamics but for which the true Kalman gain can be computed and a 2D highly nonlinear reservoir fluid flow problem. The investigation resulted in three primary conclusions. First, if localizations of two covariance matrices are not consistent, the estimate of the Kalman gain will generally be poor at the observation location. The consistency condition can be difficult to apply for nonlocal observations. Second, the estimate of the Kalman gain that results from covariance regularization is generally subject to greater errors than the estimate of the Kalman gain that results from Kalman gain regularization. Third, in terms of removing spurious correlations in the estimation of spatially correlated variables, the performance of screening Kalman gain is comparable as the performance of localization methods (applied on either covariance or Kalman gain), but screening Kalman gain outperforms the localization methods in terms of generality for application, as the screening method can be used for estimating both spatially correlated and uncorrelated variables, and moreover, no assumption about the prior covariance is required for the screening method.     

近50年来北极斯瓦尔巴地区冰川物质平衡变化特征

利用长时间序列的冰川物质平衡资料,详细分析了北极斯瓦尔巴地区冰川的物质平衡变化特征以及气候因子对物质平衡的影响。结果表明：近50年来斯瓦尔巴地区冰川物质平衡变化主要呈负平衡、零平衡/略微增长两种状态。冰川净平衡一般为负值,年际变化波动幅度较大且呈负平衡趋势,累积物质平衡表现出长期稳定的负平衡增长态势。除Kongsvegen冰川外,其他冰川不存在短期内的平衡波动。季节变化表现为夏季消融、冬季积累,且夏季消融比冬季积累波动更大,冰川净平衡与夏季消融保持同步变化趋势。冰川净平衡与平衡线高度（ELA）呈负相关（平均相关系数为-0.89）,与积累区面积比率（AAR）呈正相关（平均相关系数为0.84）,该地区大多数冰川AAR减小,说明冰川物质补给处于劣势,冰川物质平衡向负平衡发展。夏季气温升高是斯瓦尔巴地区冰川表面物质加速亏损的直接原因。     

活动断裂两盘地块的迁移特征及其形成机制

通过对典型活动断裂两盘重力场特征的对比与分析,发现具有大面积布各重力负异常（或相对我异常）的地块总是向赤道方向运动,而布格重力正异常（或相对正异常）的地块向极点方向运动,布格重力异常图反映了密度情况,正异常带为大密度地块,负异常带为小密度地块,从理论分析得知,地块的密度变化导致了受力条件的改变,致使地块失稳产生运动,岩浆活动是造成地块密度变化的重要因素。     

湘永地1井钻进施工及事故处理技术

介绍了页岩气基础地质调查湘永地1井的工程概况,重点阐述了该井的钻探施工工艺及事故处理技术;总结了湘永地1井处理钻井事故的典型案例,并结合实钻地层及测井数据对钻井施工工艺及实钻效果进行了剖析。湘永地1井完钻井深2224.69 m,完钻口径96 mm,全孔平均岩心采取率98.80%,采用金刚石绳索取心钻进工艺,完井各项技术指标均满足地质设计要求。湘永地1井是目前湖南页岩气调查井钻探施工最深的井,施工中遇到的井漏、烧钻、钻杆折断等孔内事故与复杂问题均得到了很好的解决,形成了一套页岩气调查井深井钻探工艺及孔内事故处理技术体系。     

玉龙雪山冰川变化对ENSO事件的响应

应用独立性检验方法就ENSO事件对我国云南丽江地区降水、温度和冰川变化影响进行了相关分析. 结果表明丽江降水与ENSO事件有密切关系, MEI值为负时下一年降水量增加, MEI正值与下一年降水量减少相对应. 丽江气温与ENSO事件关系显著, MEI值为负时下一年气温降低, MEI正值与下一年气温增加对应. 利用夏季降水量和气温设计了冰川积累量指数并与MEI进行对比分析, 发现当年MEI值与下一年的冰川积累指数存在一定相关关系, 并影响未来的冰川的变化, MEI为正时冰川将会退缩, MEI值为负时冰川将会前进.     

层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床的高精度磁测定位技术研究

对鄂尔多斯盆地东北部3片测区进行地面高精度磁测试验研究成果显示,层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿找矿目的层中的氧化带大致对应于磁异常的正值区,还原带大致对应于磁异常的负值区,而氧化一还原过渡带大致对应于磁异常从正值向负值过渡的零值区附近,显示高精度磁测对层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿定位的有效性。     

石窟的地学基础及其分类

石窟是一种佛教建筑，以往均从宗教、文化和艺术等方面加以研究，但开凿石窟离不开一定的地质地貌，尤其是岩石条件，因此，石窟与地学，特别是岩石有着密切的关系。着重岩石与石窟的关系探讨石窟的地学基础及其分类，从地学的角度探讨有关石窟的保护问题。     

砂土的物态本构模型

基于砂土的压缩回胀性、剪切非线性及剪缩剪胀性的系统分析和包括循环荷载、主应力轴旋转及应力路径偏转等复杂应力条件下的复杂变形反应,得到了三类应力-应变基本关系。在剪缩剪胀应力-应变关系中,引入了由偏应变分量确定的应变路径长度变量,揭示了应力主轴旋转、应力路径偏转引起的剪缩剪胀性。将这些基本关系与循环荷载下砂土的物态变化相联系,建立了砂土的物态动本构关系。     

Tree-ring variation in teak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tectona grandis</Emphasis> L.) from Allapalli,Maharashtra in relation to moisture and Palmer Drought Severity Index,India

We developed a ring-width chronology of teak (Tectona grandis L.) from a moisture stressed area in Maharashtra, India. Bootstrapped correlation analysis indicated that moisture index (MI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) showed better performance rather than same year rainfall over the region. Tree-ring variations were most correlated positively with PDSI during different seasons compared with MI. Significant strong positive correlation with MI, and negative association with temperature and potential evapotranspiration (PET) were found during previous and current year post-monsoon (ON). This study shows that the moisture availability during the post-monsoon of the previous year has a significant role in the development of annual growth rings. The reconstructed previous year post-monsoon (−ON) moisture index for the period 1866–1996 indicates 3.5 and 29.3 years periodicities.     

Growth trends and changes in small towns in Saudi Arabia (1974–1993)

This study examines some of the factors affecting growth and change in small towns in Saudi Arabia (1974–1993), namely, their relative location and population size. The study hypothesizes that small town's rate of growth increases with distance from the nearest large city and that small towns' having larger population in 1974 will likely be the ones to grow more in 1993. The research data were obtained from population censuses of 1974 and 1993. Findings indicate that there is a positive but low association between small towns population growth rate and distance from the nearest large city and a strong negative relationship between growth rate and town population size.     

基于偏振原理的水面反射光的剥离

水面的镜面反射是影响水环境遥感的关键因素之一。通过分析气-水界面反射光的偏振特性,从多角度偏振遥感的角度,提出一种剥离水面反射光的方法,并通过室内实验进行了验证。将ASD光谱仪与线偏振片结合扩展成高光谱偏振传感器,获取不同观测天顶角时水面反射光的偏振光谱。结果表明,当探测角不满足布儒斯特角时,在偏振片的主消光方向能剥离绝大部分的水面反射光;当入射角越接近布儒斯特角,其剥离效果越佳;以布儒斯特角观测时,可以达到完全剥离的效果。即该方法能显著削弱、甚至完全剥离水面的反射光,直接获取离水辐亮度,对于提高水色遥感的精度有着重要的应用价值。     

砂岩型铀矿氡及其子体测量异常特征

氡及其子体测量用于寻找砂岩型铀矿床上能够形成清晰的异常,但氡及其子体测量方法较多且各具有不同的特点。总结几种常用的氡及其子体测量方法在砂岩型铀矿上的异常特征,并进行比较分析,结果表明铀矿体所在部位大都具有明显的负异常特征,而矿体的头、尾部多呈正异常,其中累积测量比瞬时测量的异常特征更加明显,对应钻孔的位置更好。     

Geotechnical properties of an attapulgite clay shale in northwestern nigeria

The paper gives a brief review of the geology of the Iullemmeden Basin of northwestern Nigeria and how the stratigraphic sequence produces complex geotechnical problems. Mineralogical analysis showed the clay shale to be predominantly attapulgite. Detailed geotechnical properties of the clay showed the liquid limit to be greater than 200% and it depended significantly on treatment before testing. Very low maximum dry densities of 1137 kg/m³ (71 pcf), a high optimum moisture content of 41%, and a high compression index of 0.23 were obtained. The results presented also indicated that the attapulgite has very critical potential volume change. Results of the shear strength characteristics showed the effective cohesion to be zero in all the tests and a loss of strength of about 50% occurred as a result of decrease in the rate of strain.     

Impact of peatland drainage and restoration on esker groundwater resources: modeling future scenarios for management

Esker aquifers are common groundwater bodies in Europe. Management of these aquifers should take account of the sustainability of groundwater-dependent ecosystems and land use in an integrated way. An unconfined esker aquifer in northern Finland was modelled with MODFLOW to determine how groundwater resources are impacted by the surrounding peatland drainage scheme and to simulate scenarios for possible drainage restoration. The impacts of groundwater abstraction and climate change were also simulated. A calibration-constrained Monte Carlo method was used to provide information on the uncertainties associated with model predictions. The results suggest that peatland drainage in the vicinity of eskers can have a significant role in lowering the water table, even though climate variability may mask these impacts. Drainage restoration by filling the ditches might have positive impacts on the aquifer water levels. Comparison of water-table changes caused by peatland drainage with the changes brought by water abstraction and climate variability helped to quantify impacts of different land-use scenarios and facilitated discussion with the local stakeholders. Based on this study, more attention should be devoted to peatland drainage schemes in integrated groundwater management of esker aquifers.     

Dwellers’ perception toward the Urban services of Panskura Municipality,India: an application of importance-performance models

The provision of urban service and citizens’ satisfaction is an important key issue in urban planning. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) is an effective and widely applicable technique to explore consumer’s satisfaction. IPA helps to prioritize the management strategies for urban services using the IPA. Purpose of the present study is to assess the performance of urban services and citizen’s satisfaction level of Panskura municipality using IPA models and improvement index. A total of 629 valid household responses are collected with the help of the door-to-door primary survey technique. The study reveals that all the selected seven urban services have significant importance-performance gap except water supply. Residents of the Panskura municipality are very much satisfied with the water supply service because of the very minimum improvement score. The combined result of IPA matrices and improvement index suggests residents are dissatisfied to a great extent with the performance of four urban services, i.e. health, economy, transportation and sanitation. These urban services require a problem-solving urgent action for restoration of the performance status. The improvement and prioritization of urban service are also required to fulfil the demand of target groups.

     

Desert riparian forest colonization in the lower reaches of Tarim River based on remote sensing analysis

The ecological water conveyance project that pipes water from Daxihaizi reservoir to lower reaches of Tarim River has been implemented ten times since 2000. After ecological water conveyance, restoration has taken place for vegetation along the dried-up lower reaches of the Tarim River. The changes of vegetation fluctuated yearly due to ecological water conveyance. In order to reveal the detailed process of vegetation changes, remote sensing images from 1999 to 2010 were all classified individually into vegetated and non-vegetated areas using the soil-adjusted vegetation index threshold method. Then inter-annual changes of vegetation over a period of 12 years were obtained using a post-classification change detection technique. Finally, spatial–temporal changes distribution of vegetation cover and its response to ecological water conveyance were analyzed. The results indicate: (1) vegetation area increased by 8.52 % overall after ecological water conveyance. Vegetation between 2003 and 2004 increased dramatically with 45.87 % while vegetation between 2002 and 2003 decreased dramatically with 17.83 %. (2) Vegetation area gain is greater than vegetation loss during 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004 and 2009–2010 periods. Although vegetation restoration is obvious from 1999 to 2010, vegetation loss also existed except for the periods above. It indicates that vegetation restoration fluctuated due to ecological water conveyance. (3) Spatial distribution of vegetation restoration presented “strip” distribution along the river and group shaper in the lower terrain area, while spatial distribution of vegetation loss mainly located in the upper reaches of river and area far away from the river. (4) Vegetation restoration area had a positive relative with total ecological water conveyance volume. The scheme and season of ecological water conveyance had also influenced the vegetation restoration. The vegetation change process monitoring, based on continuous remote sensing data, can provide the spatial–temporal distribution of vegetation cover in a large-scale area and scientific evidences for implementing ecological water conveyance in the lower Tarim River.     

洗砂泥浆压滤脱水性能及快速检测方法

工程渣土在水洗砂过程中产生的洗砂泥浆存在脱水效果差、不稳定的问题,这与泥浆的脱水性能密切相关。通过模拟现场洗砂工艺获得不同脱水性能的洗砂泥浆,开展了改进滤失试验及模拟压滤试验,研究了洗砂泥浆脱水性能受洗砂工艺的影响规律,获得了一种能够快速表征泥浆脱水性能的指标,用以指导优化渣土洗砂工艺。结果表明：洗砂泥浆脱水性能受洗砂粒径和加水量影响明显,滤失量及渗透系数与脱水性能有较好的相关关系;而30 min滤失量与最终滤失量、最终泥饼含水率呈现较好的相关性,能够较准确地反映泥浆脱水性能;经模拟压滤试验进一步验证,30 min滤失量可以作为洗砂泥浆脱水性能的快速表征指标。基于此提出了一套洗砂泥浆脱水性能的快速检测及工程渣土洗砂工艺优化方法,能够及时为洗砂工艺参数调整提供指导,以获得脱水性能较优的洗砂泥浆,最终使脱水效果得以改善和稳定。