姚桥煤矿水文地质特征及矿井水害防治措施

姚桥煤矿开采水文地质资料表明,煤层开采矿井的直接充水含水层--山西组煤层顶、底板砂岩裂隙含水层组与太原组灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层一般以静储量为主,富水性较弱;第四系松散含水层组、下石盒子组底部分界砂岩含水层、奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层、老窑水主要是通过断裂或导水裂隙向矿井充水,故而提出了留设保安煤柱,探放断层水、老窑水等针对性的水害防治措施。     

贵州省织金矿区少普井田水文地质特征及其对开采的影响

结合邻区矿井开采数据,对井田内地形地貌、构造、地表水以及地下水等水文地质特征进行分析研究,认为井田水文地质条件简单,地表水、老窑水对矿井开采影响不大,断层导水性弱,渗透途径为冒落裂隙带;矿井初期开采煤层时直接充水水源为长兴组、大隆组等岩溶裂隙水、龙潭组砂岩裂隙水,其次为老窑积水,充水通道为冒落裂隙带;中后期开采时,直接充水水源为大气降水以及河流、溪沟水。由于峨眉山玄岩的阻隔,茅口组强含水层对矿井开采没有影响。     

代池坝煤矿深部水文地质条件研究及涌水量预测

代池坝煤矿进入深部开采,通过对矿区深部水文地质条件研究与矿井充水因素分析,认为矿床充水含水层为富水性弱^中等的砂岩裂隙含水层,各含水层间水力联系差,深部开采面临含水层地下水水压变大,具有一定的危险性。矿井主要充水水源为大气降水、含水层砂岩裂隙水、地表水和采空区积水。矿区主要充水通道是煤层开采后形成的导水裂缝带和矿区范围内11个报废钻孔。采用了比拟法的计算:深部标高+320中等的砂岩裂隙含水层,各含水层间水力联系差,深部开采面临含水层地下水水压变大,具有一定的危险性。矿井主要充水水源为大气降水、含水层砂岩裂隙水、地表水和采空区积水。矿区主要充水通道是煤层开采后形成的导水裂缝带和矿区范围内11个报废钻孔。采用了比拟法的计算:深部标高+320⁺50m范围内正常涌水量为234m+50m范围内正常涌水量为234m³/h,最大涌水量为509m3/h,最大涌水量为509m³/h。     

五轮山井田初期采区矿井充水因素分析

通过对五轮山井田水文地质条件、地表水及地下水动态特征及井巷开拓过程中反映的水文地质资料的研究与分析,认为正常情况下,五轮山井田各含水层对煤层开采不构成直接威胁,浅部煤层开采时局部与第四系孔隙水会有直接的水力联系,矿井田初期开采防范的重点是老窑积水和断层导水,其造成的灾害可能是毁灭性的。     

济宁市王楼煤矿侏罗系含水层水文地质条件分析

王楼煤矿目前正在开采3上煤层,主要水害为顶板水和采空区积水。顶板水主要水源为3煤顶部砂岩水及侏罗系砂砾岩水,其中侏罗系砂砾岩水是矿井防治水工作的主要对象。区内局部地段侏罗系砂砾岩含水层直接覆盖在煤层露头之上,成为3煤层开采的直接充水含水层。运用历年来的抽水试验成果及水位动态变化资料,对侏罗系含水层的水文地质特征进行了分析,并对断裂构造对含水层及矿井充水的影响进行了评价。结果表明:侏罗系下部砂砾岩段大部地区富水性弱-中等,是开采浅部煤层时矿井的主要补给水源之一;上侏罗统砂砾岩裂隙含水层与山西组3上煤层顶底板砂岩水存在较好的水力联系;在区内该含水层除二段上部富水性较弱外,其余的层段富水性均较强,主要接受上部岩浆岩含水层的补给;煤层开采造成的冒落裂隙带在局部地段影响到侏罗系含水层,从而使侏罗系含水层成为煤层开采的直接充水水源。     

丰祥煤矿水文地质条件及二_1煤层充水因素分析

分析了矿井的水文地质条件,对主要充水含水层进行了分析、划分和对比;对断层构造的导水性、富水性进行了分析。论述了水文地质边界条件。采用大井法和比拟法预测了矿井涌水量,对计算结果进行了评价。对二1煤层充水因素进行了分析,指出奥陶系白云质灰岩岩溶裂隙水为本区二1煤层充水的重要因素之一,并对断裂构造、地表水体、封闭钻孔对二1煤层开采的影响进行了分析。     

贵州金沙县开发煤矿区域水文地质条件及矿井充水问题研究

以贵州金沙县开发煤矿为例,综合矿区地形地貌概况、各地层富水性、导水性与地下水补给条件,分析矿井与主要充水含水层水力联系密切程度、老空水分布状况、老窑及采空区对矿床开采的影响,断层带水文地质特征及其对矿床充水的影响,评价矿区水文地质条件和矿床充水问题。结果认为：(1)矿区内含煤地层为二叠系上统龙潭组(P₃l),含可采煤层4层,自上而下编号为5、9、13、15煤层,煤层埋藏标高为+1 680～+1 400 m。矿区地下水以大气降水补给为主,地形地貌对降水入渗较为有利,地层富水性受气候、地形地貌、地质构造、岩性等诸多因素影响,其中岩性对地层的富水性起主导作用,矿床水文地质类型主要为以底板进水的岩溶裂隙-溶洞充水矿床,水文地质条件复杂;(2)矿区内老窑开采多年,矿区中部地表地带已形成较大规模采空区,采空区与地表水体及大气降水沟通较畅,可能蓄积大量水体,成为发生矿井突水或透水的主要隐患之一;(3)矿床充水水源主要为大气降水、地表水、地下水和老空区积水,充水通道主要为岩石天然节理裂隙、采矿冒落裂隙、断层破碎带、老窑或煤矿采空区及老巷;(4)矿井涌水主要来自顶板,地下水主要以滴...     

东胜煤田乌拉素矿区水文地质特征及充水因素研究

近年不断发生的突水事故,给煤矿安全生产带来严重威胁,研究矿区水文地质特征,分析矿井充水因素有重要现实意义。根据东胜煤田乌拉素矿区地质勘探和水文地质资料,对煤层开采导水裂隙带高度进行计算,结果表明:直罗组底部、含煤系地层的裂隙承压水含水层和上部煤层采空区内的积水,是煤层开采时矿井涌水的主要充水水源,矿井充水通道有断层裂隙带、封闭不良钻孔、采动导水裂隙带;其中导水裂隙带会将上部煤层采空区积水导通,使充水强度增大,矿坑涌水量增加。建议开采过程中要做到边探边采,探采结合,预防突水问题。     

平朔矿区井工矿水害条件分析及防治对策

平朔矿区井工矿井的充水水源有第四系孔隙水及地表水、石炭-二叠系砂岩裂隙水、奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙水.充水通道包括顶底板采动裂隙、断层、岩溶陷落柱、第四系天窗、裂隙密集带及封闭不良钻孔等,其中顶底板采动裂隙、断层、岩溶陷落柱为主要导水通道.为防治煤层顶、底板含水层的水害,建议采用地面与井下、钻探与物探相结合的勘查手段,以查明含水岩系的富水状态及水力联系.     

贵州省务川县玉带煤矿矿井充水因素分析

以贵州省务川县玉带煤矿为例,矿区水文地质条件中等,对矿井充水因素进行分析,矿井的直接充水水源为老窑水、采空区积水、吴家坪组岩溶裂隙水与茅口组岩溶地下水。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.