北部湾北部环流的季节特征

【目的】研究北部湾环流的季节变化特征。【方法】利用2017–2018年防城港近岸海域4个航次的海流实测资料,结合卫星遥感海表温度数据和HYCOM海流再分析数据,分析北部湾环流的季节变化。【结果与结论】1)观测期间余流方向与风向基本一致,表现出风海流特征;2)夏季北部湾北部存在高温水团,余流受风生流和密度流的共同作用,密度流流速约为10cm/s;3)4个季节北部湾均为逆时针环流形态,主要受潮致余流、风生流和密度流的影响;4)冬季北部湾海域总体呈逆时针环流,但在防城港以东至北海的外海海域出现顺时针环流。     

地心坐标系与站心坐标系中的速度转换及误差传播

详细推导了由地心坐标系中到测站坐标系中的速度转换公式及误差传播公式,并且计算了931个GPS测站点在球面测站坐标系与椭球面测站坐标系中速度分量之间的差别。结果表明,测站高度对速度归算影响的相对变化量在10^-4～10^-3量级（对于厘米级的速度分量而言。可以忽略不计）,球面站心坐标系和椭球面站心坐标系下的速度分量差别主要表现在测站速度的北分量上,通常为10^-6～10^-5量级。可以忽略不计。但是,对于垂直速度分量较大的测站,两者的差别比较明显。     

冬春季湖光岩玛珥湖水文特征的观测分析

【目的】分析湖光岩玛珥湖流场、温度、密度、浮性频率的三维空间结构、时间演变及其与风场的关系。【方法】于2017年1-4月,用三维超声风速仪、安德拉海流计、ADCP、CTD等进行每月一次的观测,对现场风速,流速、温盐等实测数据进行分析。【结果】表层平均流速为0.05 m/s,其中,表层的平均流速在1-2月为0.03 m/s,在3-4月较大,为0.08 m/s。流向以南向或东南向为主,与观测风向大致吻合。垂向上,次表层流速较小,为0.02 m/s,近底层流速有增大的趋势。1-2月观测表层温度为18.5~21.5℃,温度随深度的增加而下降。跃层主要出现在2~5 m,温度梯度为0.2℃/m。3-4月温度升高到19~26℃,温跃层加深,出现在6~10 m,温度梯度最大达到0.8℃/m。水深2 m处,近岸水浅站位表现为高温低密,12 m处部分深水站位呈现高温。     

中国沿海海洋站GNSS坐标时间序列噪声模型的建立与分析

选取中国沿海海洋站中与验潮室并址的22个GNSS基准站近9 a的观测资料,利用最大似然估计法分析各站时间序列的噪声特性,建立最优噪声模型;然后顾及有色噪声,利用最优噪声模型估计测站速度,并与纯白噪声模型和GLOBK获取的速度及误差进行对比分析。结果表明：1）沿海海洋站的GNSS时间序列均含有有色噪声,各分量的噪声特性不完全一致,E方向和U分量均以白噪声+闪烁噪声为主,N分量以白噪声+闪烁噪声和白噪声+一阶马尔科夫噪声+随机漫步噪声为主。2）全国沿海3个海区N、E分量的白噪声和闪烁噪声基本呈现越往南噪声越大的规律,南海海区U分量的白噪声和闪烁噪声最大。3）顾及有色噪声的速度中误差是仅考虑白噪声和GLOBK估计的速度中误差估计值的5～10倍,这种差异比内陆观测站的要大。4）在对海洋站GNSS时间序列进行速度分析时,为获取正确的速度值,应该先准确判断噪声的类型,再顾及有色噪声的影响估计测站速度。     

防城港湾潮余流及潮汐不对称特征

【目的】研究防城港湾潮汐和潮流不对称特征,以期对防城港湾的开发、治理和利用提供科学参考。【方法】利用同步实测的水文资料和同期的水深地形数据,建立防城港湾及其邻近海域的水动力数学模型,对潮汐潮流过程进行数值模拟研究,分析防城港湾Eular、Stokes与Lagrange余流的时空特征,以及防城港湾的潮汐和潮流不对称的基本特征及其产生原因。【结果与结论】1)由于潮汐变形,Stokes与Eular余流在大潮期间量值相当、方向相反。防城港湾Eular余流不能指示水体(物质)输运的方向。2)大潮期间Eular与Lagrange余流流速大,小潮期间则比较弱。3)水体输运主要表现为正压流特征,即深槽处水体向海输运,浅滩处水体向上游湾顶方向输运。4)东湾、西湾的潮汐和潮流总体上均表现为落潮主导型。对潮汐不对称的第一贡献来自K1/O1/M2分潮组合,第二贡献主要为K1/M2/MK3分潮组合,表明浅水分潮有一定作用。5)K1/O1/M2分潮组合与总体的潮汐不对称具有较好的相关性,其它分潮组合的贡献一般情况下并不能改变潮汐不对称的总体型式。潮流不对称亦呈现落潮主导型。潮汐不对称和潮流不对称二者一致。     

GNSS融合动态精密单点定位性能分析

基于武汉大学PANDA软件生成的GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo四系统精密轨道和钟差产品,采用MGEX跟踪站多模观测数据进行试算,对GPS、GPS/BDS、GPS/GLONASS、GLONASS/BDS、GPS/GLONASS/BDS以及GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo 7种模式的动态精密单点定位的精度和收敛性进行比较。结果表明：1）BDS动态PPP收敛速度较慢,收敛后精度能够达到cm级;2）GPS/BDS融合定位北方向分量精度不如GPS单系统定位,但东方向和高程方向分量收敛速度和定位精度都得到改善;GPS/GLONASS和GLONASS/BDS融合定位提高了东方向、北方向和高程方向分量的收敛速度和定位精度;3）GPS/GLONASS/BDS融合定位20 min即可收敛,收敛后平面精度优于1 cm,高程精度优于3 cm;Galileo的引入对收敛速度和定位精度的改善不明显。     

水流速率对全缘马尾藻幼孢子体生长和生理活性的影响

在0、0.5、1、2、4、8 cm/s 等5 种不同水流速率下培养全缘马尾藻（Sargassum integerrimum）幼孢子体,研究水流速率对幼孢子体质量、叶绿素a 含量、SOD 活力、CAT 活力和蛋白质浓度等生理指标的影响.结果表明,以1、2、4 cm/s 流速的幼孢子体质量增长最快,3 种流速的增长差异不具统计学意义（P〉0.05）.在生理指标方面：叶绿素a 含量以1、2、4 cm/s 流速最高,3 种流速的含量差异不具统计学意义（P〉0.05）;SOD 比活性以流速0.5、1、2 cm/s 的活力最低,各组间差异不具统计学意义（P〉0.05）;CAT 比活性以流速1、2 cm/s 的活力最低,组间差异不具统计学意义（P〉0.05）;蛋白质含量以1、2、4 cm/s 流速最大,组间差异具统计学意义（P〈0.05）.水流速率对体质量增长和各生化指标均产生显著的影响,以流速1～4 cm/s 培育全缘马尾藻培幼孢子体较合适.     

四川盆地区表层土壤湿度时空变化特征分析

分析常年土壤干湿状况及其影响因子,是监测评价四川盆地区土壤水分变化的基础,有利于农业干旱防灾减灾.利用四川盆地区农业气象站近17年0～20cm的逐句土壤湿度观测资料,运用旋转正交函数分解(REOF)、相关分析、趋势倾向率分析等方法,对四川盆地区表层土壤相对湿度的时空变化特征进行分析,并分区域选取代表站建立表层土壤湿度与气温、降水量、日照时数的多元回归方程.结果表明,盆地表层土壤相对湿度空间分布大致是从南到北逐渐减小;年际变化呈现弱的上升趋势;常年季节变化呈双峰型特点,秋季高,春季低,夏季波动明显,初夏高盛夏低;表层土壤干湿状况总体呈现出冬春季相对偏干、夏秋季相对偏湿的季节变化.盆地表层土壤湿度变化与气温、日照显著负相关,与降水显著正相关性,气温、日照、降水因子分别对盆地东北部、中南部、西北部表层土壤湿度变化影响大.     

中国地壳运动观测网络基本网观测精度研究

“中国地壳运动观测网络”于1998～2002年开展过5次基本网GPS联测。利用GIPSY软件处理结果进行的统计分析表明：基线定位水平分量精度为2～5mm，垂直分量为7～15mm；基线变化的水平分量测定精度为0．5mm／a，达到了流动观测的最高水平。分析基线定位误差发现：固定误差是目前相对定位的主要误差；与基线长度有关的比例误差对于水平分量而言，基本可以忽略。对速率的统计分析说明：至少4年观测间隔，才有可能获得比较精确、可靠的测站速率结果。     

基于精密单点定位和自适应最小二乘配置建立新疆水平速度场格网模型

针对双差计算测站坐标效率低下的问题,采用GNSSer精密单点定位方式多核并行处理测站数据,加快解算速度;针对测站速度含有随机信号导致速度场建模精度降低的问题,采用最小二乘配置来估计随机信号,并引入Helmert方差分量估计来调整噪声与信号协方差矩阵间的不合理关系,建立精度更高的速度场模型。以新疆陆态网络2011~2017年连续运行基准站为例,利用GNSSer精密单点定位方式获取坐标时间序列,大幅提升了解算效率,验证了GNSSer的可靠性和高效性,证实精密单点定位可获得与双差定位基本一致的速度信息（差异在1.5 mm/a以内）;建立新疆水平速度场格网模型,结果表明,新疆水平运动速度为27.1~34.8 mm/a,整体趋势为北向偏东,自西南到东北部,运动方向由北偏东向东偏转。     

The characteristics of near-surface velocity during the upwelling season on the northern Portugal shelf

Observations made on the northern Portugal mid-shelf between May 13 and June 15,2002 were used to characterise the near-surface velocity during one upwelling season. It was found that in the surface mixed layer,the 'tidal current' was diurnal,but the tidal elevation was semi-diurnal. Both the residual current and the major axes of all tidal constituents were nearly perpendicular to the isobaths and the tidal current ellipses rotated clockwise;the major axis of the major tidal ellipse was about 3 cm s-1. The extremely strong diurnal current in the surface layer was probably due to diurnal heating,cooling,and wind mixing that induced diurnal oscillations,including the diurnal oscillation of wind stress. This is a case different from the results measured in the other layers in this area. The near-inertial spectral peaks occurred with periods ranging from 1 047 min to 1 170 min,the longest periods being observed in deeper layers,and the shortest in the surface layer. Weak inertial events appeared during strong upwelling events,while strong inertial events appeared during downwelling or weak subinertial events. The near-inertial currents were out of phase between 5 m and 35 m layers for almost the entire measurement period,but such relationship was very weak during periods of irregular weak wind. Strong persistent southerly wind blew from May 12 to 17 and forced a significant water transport onshore and established a strong barotropic poleward jet with a surface speed exceeding 20 cm s-1. The subinertial current was related to wind variation,especially in the middle layers of 15 m and 35 m,the maximum correlation between alongshore current and alongshore wind was about 0.5 at the 5 m layer and 0.8 at the 35 m layer. The alongshore current reacted more rapidly than the cross-shore current. The strongest correlation was found at a time lag of 20 h in the upper layer and of 30 h in the deeper layer. The wind-driven surface velocity obtained from the PWP model had maximum amplitude of about 7 cm s-1,corresponding to a wind stress at 0.1 Pa,and the horizontal velocity shear due to thermal wind balance had the order of 3 cm s-1. So the local wind and thermal wind would only explain a part of the strong surface velocity variations.     

The observed currents in summer in the Bohai Sea

A harmonic method was used to analyze the tidal currents observed in summer at 11 stations made from 1996 to 2001 in the Bohai Sea, China. Data was compared among different instruments and intervals. Elliptic elements were calculated based on harmonic constants, of which vertical distributions of the maximum speed and rotation direction were discussed for understanding the characteristics of diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal current components. The results indicate that the maximum speed of M2 tidal current component is much larger than that of K1; the rotation direction of M2 tidal current constituent is clockwise in the central part of the Bohai Sea and in the Laizhou Bay, but anticlockwise in the Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay. For K1 tidal current constituent, it is clockwise in the central Bohai Sea but anti-clockwise in the Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay. The tidal currents in most stations in the Bohai Sea were regular semidiurnal except for those in the central Bohai Sea, being irregular semidiurnal.     

Current observations in the southern Yellow Sea in summer

Current data from three moored Acoustic Doppler Profilers (ADPs) deployed in the southern Yellow Sea at sites A (1-24.17°E, 34.82°N), B (122.82°E, 35.65°N) in summer 2001 and site C (120.85°E, 34.99°N) in summer 2003 were analyzed in this paper. Features of the tidal and residual currents were studied with rotary spectral and cross-spectral methods. Main achievements were as follows: 1) Tides dominated the currents. At sites A and B, the semidiurnal tidal current was basically homogeneous in the whole depth, taking a clockwise rotation at site A, and near-rectilinear counterclockwise rotation at site B; while the diurnal tidal current was strong and clockwise near the surface, but decreased and turned counterclockwise with depth; at site C, semidiurnal tidal current dominated and diurnal current took the second, both of which were counterclockwise and vertically homogeneous. Inertial motion contributed to the clockwise component of diurnal fluctuations; 2) The 3-5d fluctuation of residual current w     

Tide and current observations in the central Chukchi Sea during the summer of 2012

Current data from a moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(ADCP) deployed at 69?30.155′N,169?00.654′W in the central Chukchi Sea during 2012 summertime is analyzed in the present paper.Characteristics of tidal and residual currents are ob-tained with Cosine-Lanczos filter and cross-spectral analyses.The main achievements are as follows:1) Along with the local inertial frequency of 12.8 h,two other peaks at ~12-h and ~10-d dominate the time series of raw velocity;2) The M_2 dominates the 6 resolved tide constituents with significant amplitude variations over depth and the ratios of current speed of this constituent to that of the total tidal current are 54% and 47% for u and v components,respectively.All the resolved tidal constituents rotate clockwise at depth with the exception of MM and O1.The constituents of M_2 and S_2 with the largest major semi-axes are similar in eccentricity and orientation at deeper levels;3) The maximum of residual currents varies in a range of 20–30 cms~(-1) over depth and the current with lower velocities flow more true north with smaller magnitudes compared to the current in surface layer.The ~10 d fluctuation of residual current is found throughout the water column and attributed to the response of current to the local wind forcing,with an approximate 1.4 d lag-time at the surface level and occurring several hours later in the lower layer;4) Mean residual currents flow toward the north with the magnitudes smaller than 7 cms~(-1) in a general agreement with previous studies,which suggests a relatively weaker but stable northward flow indeed exists in the central Chukchi Sea.     

Effects of internal tidal dissipation and self-attraction and loading on semidiurnal tides in the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea and East China Sea: a numerical study

A parameterized internal tide dissipation term and self-attraction and loading(SAL) tide term are introduced in a barotropic numerical model to investigate the dynamics of semidiurnal tidal constituents M_2 and S_2 in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea(BYECS). The optimal parameters for bottom friction and internal dissipation are obtained through a series of numerical computations. Numerical simulation shows that the tide-generating force contributes 1.2% of M_2 power for the entire BYECS and up to 2.8% for the East China Sea deep basin. SAL tide contributes 4.4% of M_2 power for the BYECS and up to 9.3% for the East China Sea deep basin. Bottom friction plays a major role in dissipating tidal energy in the shelf regions, and the internal tide eff ect is important in the deep water regions. Numerical experiments show that artifi cial removal of tide-generating force in the BYECS can cause a signifi cant dif ference(as much as 30 cm) in model output. Artifi cial removal of SAL tide in the BYECS can cause even greater diff erence, up to 40 cm. This indicates that SAL tide should be taken into account in numerical simulations, especially if the tide-generating force is considered.     

Vertical structure of the tidal currents on the continental shelf of the East China Sea

The available data on tidal currents spanning periods greater than six months for the continental shelf of the East China Sea (26°30.052′N, 122°35.998′E) were analyzed using several methods. Tidal Current Harmonic Analysis results demonstrated that semi-diurnal tides dominated the current movement. The tidal currents of the principal diurnal and semidiurnal rotated clockwise with depth, with the deflection of the major semi-axes to the right in the upper layer and to the left in the lower layer. The vertical structures of two principal semi-diurnal constituents-M2 and S2-were similar, which indicates that the tidal currents are mainly barotropic in this area. The main features of the variation of the four principal tidal constituents with depth demonstrate that the currents in this region are influenced by the upper and lower boundary layers. Therefore, the tidal constituents of the shallow water are similar. Different vertical modes were calculated based on the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the Eastern and Northern components of the tidal currents, with a variance contribution for the zero-order model of at least 90%. The variance contribution of the baroclinic model is minimal, which further reveals a strong barotropic character for the tidal currents of this region.     

Observation of the abyssal western boundary current in the Philippine Sea

Mooring observations were conducted from July 16, 2011 to March 30, 2012 east of Mindanao, Philippines(127°2.8′E, 8°0.3′N) to observe the abyssal current at about 5600 m deep and 500 m above the ocean bottom. Several features were revealed: 1) the observed abyssal current was highly variable with standard deviations of 57.3 mm/s and 34.0 mm/s, larger than the mean values of-31.9 and 16.6 mm/s for the zonal and meridional components, respectively; 2) low-frequency current longer than 6 days exhibited strong seasonal variation, flowing southeastward(mean flow direction of 119.0° clockwise from north) before about October 1, 2011 and northwestward(mean flow direction of 60.5° counter-clockwise from north) thereafter; 3) the high-frequency flow bands were dominated by tidal currents O 1, K 1, M 2, and S 2, and near-inertial currents, whose frequencies were higher than the local inertial frequency. The two diurnal tidal constituents were much stronger than the two semidiurnal ones. This study provides for the first time an observational insight into the abyssal western boundary current east of Mindanao based on long-term observations at one site. It is meaningful for further research into the deep and abyssal circulation over the whole Philippine Sea and the 3D structure of the western boundary current system in this region. More observational and high-resolution model studies are needed to examine the spatial structure and temporal variation of the abyssal current over a much larger space and longer period, their relation to the upper-layer circulation, and the underlying dynamics.     

ON THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF TIDAL CURRENTS IN SHALLOWWATER NEAR THE CHANGJIANG RIVER ESTUARY

This research on the vertical structure of tidal current in shallow water near the Changjiang River estuary is based on a great deal of observation data of current obtained recently, and a simple mathematic model. The essential features of the structure are: (1) the maximum velocity decreases with depth, the shallower the water, the lower the velocity; (2) the orientation of maximum velocity continuously deviates from the surface to the bottom to the left at the western side of the mouth bar and to the right at the eastern side; (3) the time of maximum velocity leads steadily with depth; (4) in general, tidal currents rotate clockwise, the nearer the sea-bed, the narrower the ellipse of the tidal current; (5) the ratio W1/W2 varies non-linearly with depth, and is smaller in the middle layer than at the surface and bottom. Bottom friction is the main cause of the vertical structure.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwest of Taiwan Strait

This study was conducted on the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of current data obtained by two high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) systems. The analysis shows that the tidal current pattern in the southwestern Taiwan Strait is primarily semi-diurnal and influenced significantly by shallow water constituents. The spatial distribution of tidal current ellipses of M₂ is probably affected by the interaction between two different systems of tide wave, one from the northern mouth of Taiwan Strait and the other from the Bashi Channel. The directions of the major axes of M₂ tidal current ellipses coincide roughly with the axis of the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of the magnitudes of the probable maximum current velocity (PMCS) shows gradual increase of the velocity from northeast to southwest, which is in accordance with the spatial distribution of the measured maximum current velocity (MMCS). The directions of the residual currents are in accordance with the direction of the prevailing monsoon wind at the Taiwan Strait and the direction of the Taiwan warm current during summer. The bathymetry also shows a significant effect on the spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents.     

Responses of Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass to Typhoon Bolaven

A two-month seabed-mounted observation(YSG1 area) was carried out in the western Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) using an RDI-300 K acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP) placed at a water depth of 38 m in late summer, 2012. On August 2012, Typhoon Bolaven passed east of YSG1 with a maximum wind speed of 20 m s-1. The water depth, bottom temperature, and profile current velocities(including u, v and w components) were measured, and the results showed that the typhoon could induce horizontal current with speed greater than 70 cm s-1 in the water column, which is especially rare at below 20 meters above bottom(mab). The deepening velocity shear layer had an intense shear velocity of around 10 cm s-1 m-1, which indicated the deepening of the upper mixed layer. In the upper water column(above 20 mab), westward de-tide current with velocity greater than 30 cm s-1 was generated with the typhoon's onshore surge, and the direction of current movement shifted to become southward. In the lower water column, a possible pattern of eastward compensation current and delayed typhoon-driven current was demonstrated. During the typhoon, bottom temperature variation was changed into diurnal pattern because of the combined influence of typhoon and tidal current. The passage of Bolaven greatly intensified local sediment resuspension in the bottom layer. In addition, low-density particles constituted the suspended particulate matter(SPM) around 10 mab, which may be transported from the central South Yellow Sea by the typhoon. Overall, the intensive external force of the Typhoon Bolaven did not completely destroy the local thermocline, and most re-suspended sediments during the typhoon were restricted within the YSCWM.