湖北省秭归县马家坝滑坡调查及力学分析

本文在进行马家坝岩崩和滑坡的详细调查基础上,采用反演的方法,分析暴雨引起岩崩、岩崩诱发滑坡的力学机制,理论分析的结果与实际相符。同时还评价了马家坝斜坡体滑前、滑后的稳定性,给出防治对策。     

四川泸定MS6.8级地震诱发崩滑灾害快速评估

强震诱发崩滑灾害可严重加剧地震灾害损失,快速评估地震诱发崩滑分布对于应急救灾工作部署具有重要意义。利用2022年9月5日泸定M_S6.8级地震震前30 m分辨率地形数据结合1∶50万比例尺地质图,采用Newmark累积位移方法开展了泸定地震诱发崩滑灾害快速评估。结果显示：(1)地震诱发崩滑灾害较为严重,崩滑高危险区面积约为45 km²,主要分布在鲜水河断裂以西大渡河西岸近东西向支沟两岸,其中以燕子沟、磨子沟、海螺沟、飞水沟、湾东河、什月河、田湾河等崩滑危险性较高,对沟内居民及游客生命安全威胁较大,沟内公路受崩滑阻断风险较高,局部河道有被崩滑堵塞风险;(2)泸定县冷碛镇、兴隆镇、磨西镇、得妥乡等4个乡镇及石棉县田湾乡、草科乡、新民乡、先锋乡、蟹螺乡、挖角乡等6个乡镇崩滑危险性较高;(3)震中附近地区大渡河沿线省道S434和S211受崩滑阻断可能性较大;(4)贡嘎雪山一带预测地震崩滑危险性为中等,但需关注冰崩型、岩崩型高位远程灾害(链)风险。通过与震后应急排查、遥感解译等获取的地震Ⅷ度、Ⅸ度区内发生的崩滑分布对比,表明在大渡河西岸各支沟滑坡位移分析...     

西藏波密—林芝环境地质灾害及防治

本文在利用遥感技术和野外实地调查的基础上,研究了波密—林芝环境地质形成的主要控制因素,认为印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞形成的东部构造结及其所形成的活动断裂系统控制了研究区的地形地貌发育、水文气候和植被,进而控制洪涝、岩崩、泥石流、滑坡和崩塌,以及地震等灾害,并提出防治建议。     

高位高能岩崩研究现状与发展趋势

高位岩崩作为高山峡谷区、海岸、交通廊道、露天矿山常见的地质灾害类型之一,具有泛生性、突发性、隐蔽性及致灾严重性等基本特性.近年来,伴随全球地震频发和气候急剧变化,高位高能岩崩事件显著增多,造成严重的生命财产损失.目前,高位高能岩崩识别和预警技术、失稳和运动机理、灾害链效应成为国际地球科学领域的研究热点之一.本文从岩崩早期识别、失稳和运动机理、综合防护技术措施等方面归纳总结了目前的主要研究成果,并提出了岩桥损伤识别方法、动态监测技术、稳定性动态评价方法、早期预警模型、运动机理和综合防控技术是亟待解决的科学问题和技术难题.这些问题的解决将有助于高位高能岩崩综合防治.      

三峡地震地质研究有关数据

①水库诱发地震问题。库区100多公里长的碳酸盐库段是容易诱发地震地区,近坝的结晶岩库段估计会有3级左右轻微地震。轻强的诱发地震地段在庙河—白帝城之间,估计可能最高达5.5级,假定离坝址最近的九溪湾发生6级诱发地震,对大坝影响向达到烈度6度(大坝设防烈度7度)。②库岸坡崩滑问题。资料显示,稳定条     

2022年MS6.8级泸定地震诱发地质灾害特征与空间分布规律研究

2022年9月5日四川甘孜泸定县发生6.8级地震,诱发了大量地质灾害,造成房屋损毁和多处道路阻断,并导致了严重的人员伤亡。快速预测地震诱发地质灾害空间分布对震后应急救援至关重要。为此,成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室利用已建立的地震诱发滑坡近实时预测模型,在震后2 h内,快速预测了地震诱发滑坡空间分布概率。同时,利用震后重点区域的无人机影像和国产高分六号影像,对地震诱发滑坡进行了智能识别和人工解译及现场调查复核,共解译滑坡3633处,总面积13.78 km2。研究发现本次泸定地震诱发滑坡,较2008年汶川和2017年九寨沟地震滑坡,规模相对较小。本次地震诱发滑坡主要分布于鲜水河断裂带和大渡河两侧,呈带状分布,在磨西镇、得妥镇及王岗坪彝族藏族乡等Ⅸ度烈度区相对集中。对控制滑坡空间分布的地形地貌、地质和地震3类因素9个因子进行分析,发现其主要分布在坡度35°~55°、高程1000~1800 m范围内;受断层控制强烈,主要分布在距断层1 km范围内;在花岗岩中最为发育。上述研究成果获得的地震诱发滑坡及受损道路和房屋分布情况,为震后应急救援提供了重要支撑。     

地震诱发滑坡空间分布概率近实时预测研究——以2022年6月1日四川芦山地震为例

2022年6月1日17时00分,继2013年芦山地震,时隔9年四川省雅安市芦山县再次发生M_S6.1级地震。地震是诱发山区地质灾害的重要因素之一,往往造成大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。快速准确地获取地震诱发滑坡的空间分布范围对震后应急救援和临时安置点选取至关重要。本文基于全球地震诱发滑坡数据库,采用深度森林算法,建立了地震诱发滑坡空间分布概率近实时预测模型。将该模型应用于“6·1”芦山地震诱发滑坡的快速预测,在震后1 h内获取了滑坡空间分布概率预测结果,并第一时间到达震区进行地质灾害应急调查与模型复核。调查表明,本次地震诱发地质灾害以小型崩塌、滑坡为主,高易发区主要分布在芦山县北部和宝兴县西部的交汇区,断层上盘滑坡数量明显高于下盘。对比模型预测结果与宝兴东河流域地质灾害现场调查数据,发现模型预测准确率达80%以上,特别是相对较大规模的滑坡均发生在模型预测的高易发区,说明模型可以弥补震后现场调查与遥感数据获取时效性方面的不足,为震后应急救援提供科学支撑。     

云南彝良907地震次生地质灾害特征分析

2012年9月7日11时19分40秒,云南省彝良县发生M5.7级地震,12时16分29秒,再次发生M5.6级地震,两次地震诱发了大量的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害。通过现场调查,分析了本次地震次生地质灾害的主要特征:震后次生地质灾害数量明显增加、由地震直接诱发的地质灾害分布明显受震中控制;Ⅷ度区、Ⅶ度区的地震地质灾害点密度分别是Ⅵ度区地震地质灾害点密度的11倍与4.5倍;地质灾害的分布表现出很明显的上/下盘效应,上盘地质灾害密度是下盘地质灾害密度的2.6～3.9倍;震后新增次生地质灾害点的分布受岩土体性质控制明显;震后次生地质灾害降雨叠加效应与链生效应较为明显,具有震级小、灾情大、灾害多、规模小的特点。     

汶川地震强震区地震诱发滑坡与后期降雨诱发滑坡控制因子耦合分析

本文以汶川地震强震区北川县典型研究区为例,利用高分辨率航片、SPOT5卫星图像对北川县典型研究区进行了512地震之后和924降雨之后诱发的滑坡解译,解译结果显示:512地震诱发滑坡1999个,924强降雨诱发滑坡828个,924强降雨导致原有地震滑坡面积扩大的滑坡150个。研究表明:地震和强降雨都是诱发滑坡的动力成因,924强降雨诱发的滑坡面积是512地震诱发滑坡面积的1/4倍,强降雨诱发滑坡的数量增加了41.4%; 强降雨不仅诱发新的滑坡,而且促使原来地震滑坡复活,并扩大其面积,强降雨导致地震诱发的滑坡面积扩大了原面积的68.7%。同时,在遥感解译数据基础之上,开展地震诱发滑坡与降雨诱发滑坡规模对比和控制因子耦合分析及地震与降雨耦合灾害链模式研究,为进一步分析研究地震灾区滑坡的产生、发展趋势、危险性和风险评价等预测预报提供科学依据,也为汶川震区恢复重建中的减灾防灾提供决策参考。     

九寨沟地震区公路沿线地质灾害发育规律及防治对策

九寨沟7.0级地震诱发公路沿线大量地质灾害,通过对公路沿线地震地质灾害的遥感解译和现场调查,表明地质灾害以中小型崩滑灾害为主,高陡斜坡路段岩土体失稳灾害突出,地震诱发岩土体失稳部位坡度一般在36°以上,树木对坡面滚石拦挡作用显著。地震诱发地质灾害主要分布在地震烈度为VIII度和IX度的区域,在川主寺至九寨沟公路的上四寨至九寨天堂段、九寨沟景区公路的五花海至箭竹海段形成2个地质灾害密集发育区。震后边坡上残留崩滑堆积物、拉裂变形岩土体、植被丧失,易于产生坡面滚石、泥石流、溯源侵蚀等次生灾害,对公路造成危害,应采取绕避、被动及主动防护、生态修复等措施。     

Does vertical seismic force play an important role for the failure mechanism of rock avalanches? A case study of rock avalanches triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, Sichuan,China

The Wenchuan earthquake triggered 15,000 rock avalanches, rockfalls and debris flows, causing a large number of causalities and widespread damage. Similar to many rock avalanches, field investigations showed that tensile failure often occurred at the back edge. Some soil and rock masses were moved so violently that material became airborne. The investigation indicates that this phenomenon was due to the effect of a large vertical seismic motion that occurred in the meizoseismal area during the earthquake. This paper analyses the effect of vertical earthquake force on the failure mechanism of a large rock avalanche using the Donghekou rock avalanche as an example. This deadly avalanche, which killed 780 people, initiated at an altitude of 1,300 m and had a total run-out distance of 2,400 m. The slide mass is mainly composed of Sinian limestone and dolomite limestone, together with Cambrian slate and phyllite. Static and dynamic stability analysis on the Donghekou rock avalanche has been performed using FLAC finite difference method software, under the actual seismic wave conditions as recorded on May 12, 2008. The results show that the combined horizontal and vertical peak acceleration caused a higher reduction in slope stability factor than horizontal peak acceleration alone. In addition, a larger area of tensile failure at the back edge of the avalanche was generated when horizontal and vertical peak acceleration were combined than when only horizontal acceleration was considered. The force of the large vertical component of acceleration was the main reason rock and soil masses became airborne during the earthquake.     

Dynamics of the Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche triggered by 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China

The Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche was triggered by an M_s 8.0 earthquake that happened on 12 May 2008 in the Sichuan Province, China. The rock avalanche traveled a horizontal distance of 3.0 km over a vertical elevation difference of 0.89 km, equivalent to a coefficient of friction of only 0.29. The travel path of the rock avalanche can be divided into three segments: (1) failing and disintegrating, (2) flying, (3) flowing. In the failing and disintegrating segment, the rock slope failed because of the coupled action of horizontal and vertical force of the earthquake, then smashed into the opposite mountain and disintegrated. In the flying segment, the disintegrating rock mass changed direction and flew into the Lianhuaxin Creek, which was different from the previous research results that concluded rock debris flowed in Lianhuaxin Creek. A great amount of air trapped and compressed under the rock debris acted as air cushion and supported the rock debris to fly a further distance. In the flowing segment, the rock debris flowed on the ground surface in Niumiangou Creek. The flowing velocity has been estimated from the maximum elevation and runup according to the damaged trimlines of the debris. The saturated fine material in Niumiangou Creek entrained by the failed debris mass is thought to have contributed to the long runout of the debris. The Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche is one of the three longest rock avalanches triggered by Wenchuan earthquake. The conclusions of the paper have implications for hazard assessment of potential rock avalanches in the earthquake area and the other similar mountainous area in west China.     

青藏高原察达高速远程滑坡运动过程与形成机理

为了了解青藏高原察达高速远程滑坡的运动过程与形成机理,运用遥感测绘、无人机地形测绘和现场勘查资料对滑坡进行分区,对滑坡形成机理进行研究,并利用PFC2D数值模拟对地震工况下滑坡运动过程进行模拟.将察达高速远程滑坡分为源区,流通区和堆积区;数值模拟结果得到滑坡平均运动速度为15~20 m/s,运动时间150 s,最大运动距离为2 800 m.察达滑坡为地震条件下诱发的高速远程滑坡,源区砾岩对上部堆积体后缘铲刮推移,使得上部堆积体产生整体变形,其运动过程可分为崩滑→铲刮→滑移→堆积4个阶段.      

翠华山山崩地质遗迹景观离散元数值模拟

城市地质遗迹景观调查研究是城市地质工作的一项重要内容,而探索地质遗迹景观的成因则是挖掘其科学价值和实施保护措施的关键问题。以中国山崩奇观的翠华山山崩为研究对象,采用典型天然地震记录作为地震输入条件,借助离散元动力分析模块,对翠华山山崩的动力响应规律进行了数值模拟,再现了地震山崩的启动、加速、解体、堆积的全过程。研究结果表明:地震惯性力作用使山体质点加速度和速度产生放大效应,特别是山体顶部的动力放大效应最为显著,加速度放大系数达2.0; 翠花山山崩具有高速远程的特点,其前缘的崩塌体最大水平速度达44ms-1,崩落水平距离达460m,堵塞沟谷形成堰塞湖; 地震山崩的整个破坏过程包括4个阶段,分别为启动阶段、加速阶段、减速阶段和堆积阶段。     

Study of kinematic characteristics of a rock avalanche and subsequent erosion process due to a debris flow in Wenjia gully,Sichuan, China

Natural Hazards - This paper aims to systematically study kinematic characteristics of Wenjiagou rock avalanche triggered by the M8.0 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and one of subsequent debris flows...     

Characteristics and numerical runout modelling of a catastrophic rock avalanche triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake in the Wenjia valley,Mianzhu, Sichuan,China

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake triggered more than 100 rock avalanches with volumes greater than 10 million cubic metres. The rock avalanche with the longest runout amongst these destructive landslides occurred in the Wenjia valley, Mianzhu, Sichuan, China. The landslide involved the failure of about 27.5 million cubic metres of sandstone from the source area. The displaced material travelled about 4,170 m with an elevation descent of about 1,360 m, equivalent to a fahrböschung of 16.9° and covered an area of 1.5 million square metres, with the final deposited volume of approximately 49 million cubic metres. The catastrophic event destroyed the village of Yanjing, killed 48 people and buried some houses at the mouth of the Wenjia valley. On the basis of a detailed field investigation, we introduce basic characteristics of the rock avalanche and find that the rock avalanche resulted in two run-ups and a superelevation along the runout path, and downslope enlargement due to the entrainment of path materials. A numerical model (DAN3D) is used to simulate the post-failure behaviour of the rock avalanche. By means of trial and error, a combination of the frictional model and Voellmy model is found to provide the best performance in simulating this rock avalanche. The simulation results reveal that the rock avalanche had a duration of about 240 s and an average velocity of 17.4 m/s.     

Transport process and mechanism of the Hongshiyan rock avalanche triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake,China

The Hongshiyan rock avalanche is a remarkable landslide disaster with approximately volume of 12?×?10⁶ m³, triggered by the 2014 Ms. 6.5 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan Province, China. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis by the model based on discrete element (DEM-based) numerical simulation to understand the transport process and mechanism for this rock avalanche. The simulation results showed that the transport process of the rock avalanche depends on the input seismic duration and motion. The average velocity of the rock avalanche sharply increases to peak value of 27 m/s and then gradually decreases to zero, and 64% and 36% of the total energy are dissipated by collision and friction, respectively. In this process, the progressions from simple disintegration along pre-existing discontinuities to fragmentation that creates new fracture surface are documented, and gradual increase of the fragmentation degree over time results in the decrease of fragment size and the formation of well-graded and narrower-interval gradation. This fragmentation evolution creates a conductive condition to the development of internal shear, and is closely associated with the dense flow regime that dominates the main body of the rock avalanche but presents discontinuous distribution along the flow thickness direction. In addition, further analyzing the simulated results indicates that more likely effects of fragmentation on mobility of rock avalanches depend on fragmentation-induced special flow structure, which makes a rock avalanche in a flow state with lower friction and lower energy consumption.

     

The Oeschinensee rock avalanche,Bernese Alps,Switzerland: a co-seismic failure 2300 years ago?

Landslide deposits dam Lake Oeschinen (Oeschinensee), located above Kandersteg, Switzerland. However, past confusion differentiating deposits of multiple landslide events has confounded efforts to quantify the volume, age, and failure dynamics of the Oeschinensee rock avalanche. Here we combine field and remote mapping, topographic reconstruction, cosmogenic surface exposure dating, and numerical runout modeling to quantify salient parameters of the event. Differences in boulder lithology and deposit morphology reveal that the landslide body damming Oeschinensee consists of debris from both an older rock avalanche, possibly Kandertal, as well as the Oeschinensee rock avalanche. We distinguish a source volume for the Oeschinensee event of 37 Mm³, resulting in an estimated deposit volume of 46 Mm³, smaller than previous estimates that included portions of the Kandertal mass. Runout modeling revealed peak and average rock avalanche velocities of 65 and 45 m/s, respectively, and support a single-event failure scenario. ³⁶Cl surface exposure dating of deposited boulders indicates a mean age for the rock avalanche of 2.3 ± 0.2 kyr. This age coincides with the timing of a paleo-seismic event identified from lacustrine sediments in Swiss lakes, suggesting an earthquake trigger. Our results help clarify the hazard and geomorphic effects of rare, large rock avalanches in alpine settings.     

The Cascade rock avalanche: implications of a very large Alpine Fault-triggered failure,New Zealand

Catastrophic deep-seated rock slope failures (RSFs; e.g., rock avalanches) can be particularly useful proxies for fault rupture and strong ground motion, and currently represent an underappreciated hazard of earthquakes in New Zealand. This study presents observations of the previously undescribed Cascade rock avalanche (CRA), a c. 0.75 km³ single-event, long-runout, catastrophic failure interpreted to have been coseismically triggered by a large to great earthquake c. 660 AD on the Alpine Fault. Despite its size and remarkable preservation, the CRA deposit has been previously identified as a terminal moraine and fault-damaged outcrop, highlighting the common misinterpretation of similar rock avalanche deposits. Comparisons are drawn between the CRA and other Alpine Fault-attributed rock avalanches, such as the better-studied c. 860 AD Round Top rock avalanche, to re-assess coseismic rock avalanche hazard. Structural relationships indicate the rock mass comprising the CRA may have formerly been a portion of a larger (c. 3 km³) RSF, before its catastrophic collapse on a deep-seated gravitational collapse structure (sackung). Sackungen and RSFs are common throughout the Southern Alps and other mountainous regions worldwide; in many cases, they should be considered potential precursors to catastrophic failure events. Two masses of rock in the Cascade River Valley show precursory signs of potential catastrophic failures of up to c. 2 km³; a similar mass may threaten the town of Franz Josef.     

极震区岩体地震动力破坏研究体系框架初探

极震区岩体地震动力破坏是造成极震区严重的地震地质灾害和次生灾害的根本原因。汶川地震中因此而导致的交通工程结构损坏、中断和次生崩滑流、堰塞湖等地质灾害,不仅加剧了灾害损失,并给震后的灾区恢复重建和对外交通遗留了较多的安全隐患。从岩体稳定、山体稳定和区域稳定的层次,分别对有关极震区岩体地震动力破坏的主要研究成果进行了系统总结,分析了其现状和存在的问题。结合对研究思路和方法论的讨论,构建了极震区岩体地震动力破坏研究的体系框架,提出了极震区岩体地震动力破坏研究的主要内容和方向,以期明晰概念,理清思路,为有关问题的深入研究提供有益的参考。