MODIS水汽反演用于InSAR大气校正的理论研究

大气效应尤其是大气水汽的影响是InSAR干涉测量中主要的误差源和限制因素之一,因此高精度的InSAR应用迫切需要及时掌握大气水汽含量及其时空变化。本文深入分析了利用MODIS的水汽反演结果进行InSAR干涉测量大气校正的可行性,对MODIS近红外水汽反演结果与地基GPS水汽探测结果进行了比较和分析。同时根据GPS解算结果,利用实例讨论了基于地面气象参数的水汽延迟模拟的效果。     

基于CGPS数据的InSAR对流层延迟改正研究

利用CGPS数据和站间、历元间的双差模型来计算InSAR大气延迟改正量。通过新西兰GEONET站网CGPS数据,研究了多雨山区的InSAR对流层延迟内插模型及对流层延迟参数估计个数问题,实验表明IDW和Kriging内插模型都能较好的适用于多雨山区的InSAR对流层延迟改正量内插,每隔5分钟估计一个对流层参数是比较合理的。     

京津冀地区GNSS对流层延迟空间插值研究

对流层延迟差异影响合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(InSAR)形变测量精度;水汽的变化影响天气变化.对流层延迟与水汽具有较好的对应,因此有必要开展全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)对流层延迟的插值研究.以京津冀地区为例,针对GNSS对流层延迟,开展对流层延迟的空间插值研究.首先开展了GNSS对流层延迟与水汽的比较分析,两者存在显著正相关特性,相关性超过91.7%,论证了对流层延迟取代水汽的可行性.然后利用反距离权重法对京津冀地区2016年9月至2017年8月的12组GNSS测站对流层延迟进行空间插值,通过提取插值点对流层延迟与GNSS站点对流层延迟比较验证空间插值精度.全年数据平均偏差最大为1.12cm,均方根误差最大为0.89cm;未发生降水过程平均偏差最大为1.25cm,均方根误差最大为0.82cm;发生降水过程平均偏差最大为1.08cm,均方根误差最大为1.38cm.京津冀平原区域的GNSS对流层延迟空间插值结果精度满足气象等应用要求,可为气象预报和InSAR大气校正提供参考.     

Tight integration of GPS observations and persistent scatterer InSAR for detecting vertical ground motion in Hong Kong

A method for tightly integrating GPS observations and the persistent scatterer (PS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is proposed to detect vertical ground motion in Hong Kong, China. The tropospheric zenith wet delays (ZWD) derived from GPS observations at sites in the SAR scenes are used first to model and correct for the tropospheric effects in the interferograms generated from the SAR images. The vertical motion rates (VMR) of the GPS sites determined based on the continuous GPS observations obtained at the sites are then used as constraints in the PS InSAR solutions to further enhance the quality of the solutions. Data from 12 continuous tracking GPS sites in Hong Kong and 8 ENVISAT ASAR images acquired during 2006–2007 are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. The results from the example show that the method is capable of detecting accurately the vertical ground motion.     

High-rate GPS clock corrections from CODE: support of 1 Hz applications

GPS zero-difference applications with a sampling rate up to 1 Hz require corresponding high-rate GPS clock corrections. The determination of the clock corrections in a full network solution is a time-consuming task. The Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) has developed an efficient algorithm based on epoch-differenced phase observations, which allows to generate high-rate clock corrections within reasonably short time (< 2 h) and with sufficient accuracy (on the same level as the CODE rapid or final clock corrections, respectively). The clock determination procedure at CODE and the new algorithm is described in detail. It is shown that the simplifications to speed up the processing are not causing a significant loss of accuracy for the clock corrections. The high-rate clock corrections have in essence the same quality as clock corrections determined in a full network solution. In order to support 1 Hz applications 1-s clock corrections would be needed. The computation time, even for the efficient algorithm, is not negligible, however. Therefore, we studied whether a reduced sampling is sufficient for the GPS satellite clock corrections to reach the same or only slightly inferior level of accuracy as for the full 1-s clock correction set. We show that high-rate satellite clock corrections with a spacing of 5 s may be linearly interpolated resulting in less than 2% degradation of accuracy.     

Aitken插值法插值GPS卫星精密坐标

GPS卫星坐标的计算是GPS数据处理中重要的一个步骤,其精度直接影响到GPS定位的结果。在精密单点定位的数据处理中主要是通过内插精密星历的方法获取任意历元的精密卫星坐标,目前常用的内插方法有拉格朗日插值法、Neville内插法、切比雪夫插值法[1、6]。详细地介绍了Aitken插值法并对这几种算法的结果进行了分析比较,...     

Efficient interpolations to GPS orbits for precise wide area applications

For precise real time or near real time differential GPS positioning in a wide or global area, precise GPS orbits or, alternatively, precise orbital corrections with respect to a reference orbit, such as GPS broadcast ephemerides, must be used. This work tests orbit interpolation methods, in order to represent the GPS orbits and orbital corrections accurately and efficiently for these and other GPS applications. For precise GPS orbits given in the SP3 format at the 15 min interval, numerical tests were conducted using Lagrange and Chebyshev as well as trigonometric polynomial functions. The results have demonstrated that the 19- or 20-term trigonometric function is apparently the most efficient interpolator for a 12 h GPS orbital arc, achieving 1 cm level 3D interpolation accuracy that can meet the requirements of most precise applications. The test results also demonstrated that the 9-term trigonometric function always yields optimal interpolation for a 2 h GPS orbit arc, in terms of interpolation errors, compared to the results when using a different number of terms for the same function or one of the other tested polynomial functions. This is evident from the minimal performance degradation when using the 9-term trigonometric function to interpolate near or at the end of a data interval. By limiting interpolation to the center 15 min to 1.5 h of a 2 h orbit arc, thereby eliminating the need to interpolate near the ends of that interval, users can opt for more terms (11 and 13) or different interpolators to further improve interpolation accuracy. When interpolating the orbital corrections with respect to the GPS broadcast ephemeris, all the tested interpolation functions of 3- to 9-term yield the same suitably accurate results. Therefore, a 3- to 5-term trigonometric function is arguably sufficiently accurate and more efficient for GPS orbital correction messaging in wide area and real time positioning.     

顾及双差残差反演GPS信号方向的斜路径水汽含量

给出了顾及GPS双差残差反演斜路径水汽SWV的解算流程;然后详细给出了双差残差到非差残差的转化算法,并对算法进行了改进;最后利用并址的GPS和WVR实测数据对反演SWV算法进行了验证,结果证实改进的反演算法能以优于4 mm精度近实时估算SWV值,与目前国际研究精度在同一量级。     

多雨山区InSAR对流层延迟改正模型

在InSAR大气延迟改正双差模型的基础上,推导了适用于三归法D-InSAR测量的大气延迟改正模型。利用新西兰GEONET北岛连续观测GPS数据,研究了多雨山区InSAR对流层延迟内插模型。     

局域差分GPS的数学模型

局域差分GPS中,用户到基准站的距离对定位精度有着决定性影响。利用基准站生成用户误差改正数,其算法很多。文中针对局域差分GPS的数学模型空间相关性,介绍几种常用的内插方法,如加权平均法、线性内插法、低次曲面模型法及三角形内插法,并分析各种方法的内插系数和内插质量因子。利用局域差分GPS进行定位时,只有当用户站位于基准站构成的多边形网内时,才可能得到较高的精度。     

利用三维重建模型的机载InSAR区域网平差方法

在机载合成孔径雷达干涉测量（synthetic aperture radar interferometry,InSAR）中,为了获取高精度的数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）,研究了机载InSAR视向量正交分解法及三维重建数学模型,分析了中国的机载CASMSAR（synthetic aperture radar system of Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping）干涉系统误差来源及观测参数,建立了机载InSAR区域网平差模型。利用国产机载CASMSAR系统获取的X波段干涉数据进行试验,利用高精度的控制点数据进行平差解算,结果表明本文方法能够消除干涉模型间平面和高程差异,DEM成果满足1:1万山地测图精度要求,验证了该模型的正确性和有效性。     

GPS/VRS 参考站网络的对流层误差建模技术研究

在虚拟参考站(VRS)技术中,参考站与流动站间的高程差异会引起对流层误差改正数中存在系统偏差影响,使对流层改正精度降低。在常规网络内插改正模型的基础上,借助先验对流层模型,提出了一种能自主修正高程偏差的距离相关对流层网络内插模型(MHDIM)。基于四川GPS连续运行参考站网络(Sichuan GPS Reference Station Network-SGRSN)实际测试数据的分析表明,对于地形变化较大的中长距离稀疏GPS/VRS参考站网络(如流动站与参考站间高程差异大于500m),应用MHDIM模型可使对流层延迟误差改正精度提高到2到3cm并实现cm级网络RTK定位结果,适用于GPS/VRS参考站网络cm级实时动态定位要求。     

对流层延迟改正内插方法的比较

对GPS获取的大气延迟改正加密内插的三种方法进行了简述与比较。并通过算例分析,得出从GPS观测值中获得的对流层延迟改正的双差分数据,采用距离反比加权内插法(IDW)和克里金内插法(Kriging)插法是比较有效的。     

综合EGM2008模型和SRTM/DTM2006.0剩余地形模型的GPS高程转换方法

利用SRTM以及DTM2006.0全球地形模型构建剩余地形模型（RTM）数据,并将其转换为RTM高程异常。通过GPS/水准点的优化选择法,选择少量GPS/水准点的实测高程异常,扣除EGM2008模型以及SRTM与DTM2006.0模型求得的剩余模型高程异常,对残余高程异常进行拟合,从而进一步提高GPS高程转换的精度。最...     

使用克里金插值法进行CGCS2000到海南地方坐标系的转换

在工程施工中,通常使用的是地方独立坐标系,各类工程施工图、成果图都要求使用地方平面坐标。如何实现GPS测量坐标到地方坐标的转换,一直是工程施工中的热点问题。本文介绍了从GPS定位坐标至平面坐标的两种转换模型,其中坐标网格法采用格网内插,算法设计简单,计算复杂度低,但精度会受内插网点的影响。在海南岛范围内精度较高,但沿海区域因无差值节点,需将格网外推。克里金内插法计算复杂度较高,但利用变形区域附近的点内插出畸变趋势,转换效果较好。通过对全岛范围约200个静态GPS点位、水准点位的转换结果进行比较,克里金转换算法可以满足一般工程测量的要求。     

GPS与InSAR数据融合方法及其应用

应用GPS—InSAR集成技术监测地表形变是目前地学界研究的热点问题。介绍了利用GPS对InSAR进行大气误差和轨道误差改正的方法,探讨了GPS与InSAR数据融合的方案,并通过一个实例证明：应用GPS—InSAR集成技术可以达到毫米级监测精度,其具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

Significance of discrepancies in the processing of GPS data with different algorithms

Summary GPS phase measurements can be processed by using a number of different algorithms. These include models based on (interferometric) single differences, double differences and triple differences, as well as an algorithm using the direct observable, i.e. the pure phase measurement. Theoretically, subject to including appropriate a priori covariance matrices, which express the geometrical configuration (correlation) between the different nominal observables, the results should be identical. Conversely, neglecting these covariances could lead to different numerical answers. Identical GPS data sets are processed with software packages based on different algorithms, and the resulting discrepancies established, in order to asses whether or not they are significant. Similarly, differential ionospheric and tropospheric corrections are evaluated and their significance determined for baselines of different lengths.     

GPS精密钟差内插方法研究

GPS钟差的计算,可以通过精密星历内插所得。将IGS提供的15min精密星历内插到5min,其中分别用拉格朗日多项式、切比雪夫多项式法来进行内插,根据两种插值多项式分别比较分析在不同阶数情况下内插的精度。详细介绍了拉格朗日多项式、切比雪夫多项式插值法的基本原理,通过算例得出了拉格朗日与切比雪夫的拟合精度都可以满足精密定位需要,且切比雪夫插值的精度更高。     

升降轨InSAR与GPS数据集成反演西安形变场

根据InSAR观测量对南北向形变不敏感的特点,将内插GPS数据得到的南北向形变场信息和InSAR监测数据进行集成和融合解算,提取三维形变场。该方法有效避免了因直接忽略南北向形变而带来的精度影响问题,较好地改善了垂向形变场的反演精度。以西安市作为研究区域,融合EnviSat ASAR、ALOS PALSAR及GPS数据,反演西安市2009—2010年在东西向和垂向的绝对的年平均形变速率场(形变场),并与11个水准监测结果进行比对,发现融合反演法不仅能提供三维形变场,而且反演的垂向精度明显优于忽略南北向形变后的反演形变结果,从而对西安市地表形变有更深入的认识。     

基于DFT模型的大场景InSAR图像配准

图像配准是实现干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)高精度相位提取及地形高程反演的关键,大场景图像的高效高精度配准成为近年高分宽幅InSAR成像应用研究的难点问题之一。由于大场景图像中不同区域偏移量及变化规律差异较大,传统最大相干系数配准方法需多分块及插值处理,面临计算量大且配准精度低等问题。针对此问题,本文提出一种基于DFT模型的大场景InSAR高效高精度图像配准算法。该方法利用最小均方差准则构建InSAR复图像配准的DFT模型,采用四叉树自适应分块及矩阵相乘DFT快速重采样配准方法,实现大场景InSAR图像各子块区域的高效高精度亚像素配准。仿真和实测数据验证本文算法的有效性,结果表明该算法不仅可实现大场景InSAR复图像亚像素级配准,还具有较高的运算效率,其运算效率相对于传统FFT配准方法通常可提升3倍以上。