CT扫描确定土壤大孔隙分布

对含有各种大孔隙的原状土柱和已知直径大孔隙的填充土柱进行CT扫描实验,阐明CT扫描原理和过程,对CT图像进行处理,得到大孔隙数目、大小、形状和连通性在土柱横断面和纵断面上的分布.采用图像处理软件Photoshop、地理信息系统软件ARC/INFO和Mapinfo分析结果表明:CT扫描是一种有发展前景的、非破坏性的确定土壤大孔隙分布的方法.     

分形理论在描述土壤大孔隙结构中的应用研究

土壤大孔隙结构对土壤中水流及溶质运移以及地下水环境有着深刻影响。确定土壤大孔隙结构，可以很好地理解和预测水及溶质在有大孔隙土壤中的运移，保护地下水环境。由于土壤大孔隙的分布呈现分形规律，因此可以采用分形理论研究土壤大孔隙结构。根据CT对原状土柱各断面的扫描图像，得到了各断面土壤大孔隙的分形维数，为进一步研究土壤大孔隙的水力性质奠定了基础。     

分形理论在描述土壤大孔隙结构中的应用研究

土壤大孔隙结构对土壤中水流及溶质运移以及地下水环境有着深刻影响。确定土壤大孔隙结构,可以很好地理解和预测水及溶质在有大孔隙土壤中的运移,保护地下水环境。由于土壤大孔隙的分布呈现分形规律,因此可以采用分形理论研究土壤大孔隙结构。根据CT对原状土柱各断面的扫描图像,得到了各断面土壤大孔隙的分形维数,为进一步研究土壤大孔隙的水力性质奠定了基础。     

水及溶质在有大孔隙的土壤中运移的研究(Ⅱ):数值模拟

本文根据CT扫描得到的土壤大孔隙分布、离心机法测得的土壤水分特征曲线以及计算得到的土壤大孔隙和基质的饱和水力传导度和弥散度,采用新的数值方法模拟了水及溴离子在原状土中的运移,分析比较了模拟结果,得到了原状土溴离子在各时刻的运移图,定量分析了大孔隙的存在对水及溶质运移的影响和对地下水造成的污染。     

生石灰与粉煤灰桩加固软土地基的微观分析

采用压汞试验和扫描的电镜的手段，分析了生石灰与粉煤灰桩加固软土地基前后土的微观结构和孔隙特征的变化，发现加固后特大孔隙和大孔隙减少，小孔隙和微孔隙增加，不同的土质存在着不同的孔隙阈界值，且孔隙阈界值在加固后明显降低，对加固前后不同土的微观结构进行分类，从微观上解释了生石灰与粉煤灰桩加固软土的机理。     

基于计算机X射线断层术与扫描电镜图像的黄土微结构定量分析

以湿陷性黄土的电镜扫描（SEM）和三轴CT扫描试验为基础,针对CT图像分辨率较低、难以实现土微结构精确量化的缺陷,通过对不同放大倍数的SEM图像进行图像分析,并从其中选择标准训练样本,利用训练样本对CT图像进行监督分类,从而达到定量化分析土的微结构的目的。通过比较CT图像基于自身灰度分级和基于SEM训练样本两种不同方法进行监督分类,结果表明基于SEM训练样本的CT图像监督分类,可以更好地量化监测黄土大孔隙、团粒、黏土集粒和矿物颗粒在固结剪切过程中的变化规律,从而为土的微结构研究提供了新的视角。     

植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙三维重构模型渗流场的LBM数值模拟

以云南昭通头寨植被发育斜坡土体为研究对象,结合CT扫描试验与数字图像处理技术实现了其三维大孔隙空间结构模型的重构。然后基于格子Boltzmann方法（LBM）的D3Q19模型,将固体土骨架视为渗流场边界,并设置反弹格式的边界条件模拟土骨架与水分间的相互作用,从细观角度研究了水在植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙中的渗流特性。研究结果表明：土体渗流过程中,在大孔隙纵向连通的通道内形成了优先流,且通道中的流速远超其他部位;而在封闭或者连通性差的大孔隙中导水率极小,流速几乎为0。土体中大孔隙通道内的流速由孔壁至通道中心逐渐增大,且流速与至通道中心的距离近似呈二次抛物线的分布特征。沿深度方向土体切片大孔隙率大的截面平均渗流流速Uz也较大,从整体变化趋势来看,截面大孔隙率与平均渗流流速有相似的变化规律,这充分说明植被发育斜坡土体内的大孔隙分布对土壤沿深度方向的渗流特性有重要影响。     

基于CT扫描的草炭土孔隙结构分析及渗流模拟

草炭土是在地表积水环境下植物残体经氧化和部分分解作用而堆积形成的一种特殊的腐殖质土。含大量植物纤维的草炭土具有高渗透性、高孔隙比、高含水率等不良工程地质特性。为了探究草炭土的孔隙特征与其孔隙内部的渗流规律,本文以吉林省敦化地区草炭土为研究对象,通过CT扫描技术获取草炭土样的CT序列图像。采用试凑法,通过Mimics的mask体积计算功能并结合土体的真实孔隙率确定了图像二值化的最优阈值,并得到了更接近土体的细观结构的三维重构模型。同时基于Lattice Boltzmann Method原理,在PALABOS代码库的基础上改编程序进行草炭土样的单相渗流模拟,研究了恒定压差下的土体的模拟渗透率值与渗流场的性质,并结合Paraview可视化软件分析了流线与流速在孔隙内的分布情况。研究结果表明:草炭土内部孔隙孔径大小不一,大孔径孔隙与小孔径孔隙形态各异,而植物纤维的架空状分布以及根状孔隙是土体内部形成大孔径孔隙通道的主要原因;流体在其内部流动时,优先以大孔径通道渗流,流线也集中于大孔径渗流通道,流体在大孔径通道内部的流速也高于散布的细小孔径,草炭土的渗透率主要取决于其内部大孔径的数量,因此草炭土的渗透率受到土中植物纤维的含量以及分解度的影响,植物纤维的含量越多,分解度越低,草炭土的渗透率越高,反之则越低。     

基于显微CT图像的黄土微结构研究

黄土的工程性质与黄土的微结构特性密切相关。为了研究马兰黄土的二维孔隙特征和三维结构表征,实验土样用显微CT进行扫描,并重建三维图像。首先利用高斯滤波对切片图像进行降噪处理,接着用二值法对灰度图像进行统计得到二维孔隙特征,在此基础上重建三维图像,分别提取切块、团聚体和土颗粒的三维图像,得到它们的三维结构表征。研究结果如下:（1）对二维孔隙面积进行计数分析,土样的孔隙面积集中在0~2 000 μm2范围内;通过比较孔隙面积与总数的关系,可知中孔隙对土体的性质影响最大;对不同层面的孔隙比对比后,发现土体的孔隙分布在宏观上可视为均一的,微观上在土体的不同部位分布是不同的。（2）通过对三维图像进行分析,得到团聚体中土颗粒间有4种组合关系,分别为接触、连接、穿插和融合关系;土颗粒形态可分为4类,分别是椭球形、锥形、片形和条形。     

污水灌溉下土壤孔隙特征的CT定量分析

污水中的悬浮物、盐分和有机营养物对土壤孔隙状况产生了深刻的影响.通过室内模拟和CT(computed tomography)扫描的方法, 定量研究污水灌溉条件下土壤孔隙数、孔隙度及形态特征.结果表明: 与对照点相比, 污水灌溉区上层土壤总孔隙数和大孔隙数(当量直径≥1.00 mm)均显著升高, 而下层土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数(当量直径为0.26~1.00 mm)、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和粗孔隙度均显著降低(p＜0.05);在模拟悬浮液和盐液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所升高, 而大孔隙数、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和孔隙成圆率均有所降低; 在模拟营养液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所增加, 而孔隙成圆率有所降低; 对于研究区土壤来说, 悬浮液灌溉对土壤孔隙的影响效应强于盐液灌溉; 对于同种性质的污水灌溉来说, 污灌对对照点土壤孔隙的影响效应强于污灌区土壤.      

Preferential water and solute transport through sandy soil containing artificial macropores

Macropores resulting from soil pedogenesis and biological activity play important roles in soil water and chemical transport. Numerous studies have examined individual macropores and the effects of their size on solute transport, but few have assessed the effects of macropore continuity and of neighboring macropores. This paper describes a laboratory investigation of the effects of macropores, with varying degrees and types of continuity, on the transport and distribution of solutes in a sandy soil from the northern Loess Plateau, China. Breakthrough curves were obtained from 60 cm tall, 2-D columns containing standardized artificial macropores using an input solution of 1,190 mg/L KBr and 100 mg/L FD&C Blue #1 under a constant hydraulic head of 8 cm. The types of macropore were: open at both the surface and bottom of the soil column (O–O); open at the surface, closed at the bottom (O–C); and closed at the surface, open at the bottom (C–O). Columns with no macropores served as a control. In the O–O columns the solution reached the bottom 10–50 times faster than in any other treatment, bypassing most of the soil matrix. The presence of an O–C macropore resulted in weak retardation and much deeper penetration of the bromide and FD&C Blue #1 solution than in the control columns. However, the C–O macropore had little effect on either breakthrough curves or solute distributions. In further experiments that considered neighboring macropores effects, an inclined macropore strongly affected solute concentrations in the profile around a nearby vertical macropore. It was concluded that the length, type and position of single macropores, and the presence of neighboring macropores, all affect soil water flow and solute infiltration parameters in a sandy loam soil.     

An experimental investigation to characterise soil macroporosity under different land use and land covers of northeast India

Saturated macropore flow is the dominant hydrological process in tropical and subtropical hilly watersheds of northeast India. The process of infiltration into saturated macroporous soils is primarily controlled by size, network, density, connectivity, saturation of surrounding soil matrix, and depthwise distribution of macropores. To understand the effects of local land use, land cover and management practices on soil macroporosity, colour dye infiltration experiments were conducted with ten soil columns (25 × 25 × 50 cm) collected from different watersheds of the region under similar soil and agro-climatic zones. The sampling sites included two undisturbed forested hillslopes, two conventionally cultivated paddy fields, two forest lands abandoned after Jhum cultivation, and two paddy fields, one pineapple plot and one banana plot presently under active cultivation stage of the Jhum cycle. Digital image analyses of the obtained dye patterns showed that the infiltration patterns differed significantly for different sites with varying land use, land cover, and cultivation practices. Undisturbed forest soils showed high degree of soil macroporosity throughout the soil profile, paddy fields revealed sealing of macropores at the topsoil due to hard pan formation, and Jhum cultivated plots showed disconnected subsoil macropores. The important parameters related to soil macropores such as maximum and average size of macropores, number of active macropores, and depthwise distribution of macropores were estimated to characterise the soil macroporosity for the sites. These experimentally derived quantitative data of soil macroporosity can have wide range of applications in the region such as water quality monitoring and groundwater pollution assessment due to preferential leaching of solutes and pesticides, study of soil structural properties and infiltration behaviour of soils, investigation of flash floods in rivers, and hydrological modelling of the watersheds.     

压实黏质砂土脱湿过程影响机制的核磁共振分析

通过对具有不同初始含水率和干密度的两种压实黏质砂土的脱湿曲线进行测试、分析和对比,并结合核磁共振技术,探讨了干密度、初始含水率和土样组分对压实黏质砂土脱湿过程的影响规律。利用核磁共振测得了试样在各级吸力下的T2时间（横向弛豫时间）分布曲线,定性地探讨了不同吸力下试样中的水分分布特征,揭示了干密度、初始含水率和土样组分对试样脱湿过程的微观机制影响。试验结果表明：干密度仅在低基质吸力条件下对试样脱湿过程产生重要影响,而在高吸力条件下初始含水率和试样组分起主导作用;核磁共振结果证实在压实黏质砂土中,小孔隙结构主要由初始含水率和试样组分控制,而大孔隙的结构主要取决于干密度;试样组分对压实土的内部结构和孔隙大小分布的影响比初始含水率大。     

Geostatistical analysis of field hydraulic conductivity in compacted clay

Hydraulic conductivity(K) of fractured or porous materials is associated intimately with water flow and chemical transport. Basic concepts imply uniform flux through a homogeneous cross-sectional area. If flow were to occur only through part of the area, actual rates could be considerably different. Because laboratory values ofK in compacted clays seldom agree with field estimates, questions arise as to what the true values ofK are and how they should be estimated. Hydraulic conductivity values were measured on a 10×25 m elevated bridge-like platform. A constant water level was maintained for 1 yr over a 0.3-m thick layer of compacted clay, and inflow and outflow rates were monitored using 10×25 grids of 0.3-m diameter infiltration rings and outflow drains subtending approximately 1×1 m blocks of compacted clay. Variography of inflow and outflow data established relationships between cores and blocks of clay, respectively. Because distributions of outflow rates were much less and bore little resemblance to the distributions of break-through rates based on tracer studies, presence of macropores and preferential flow through the macropores was suspected. Subsequently, probability kriging was applied to reevaluate distribution of flux rates and possible location of macropores. Sites exceeding a threshold outflow of 100×10^–9 m/s were classified as outliers and were assumed to probably contain a significant population of macropores. Different sampling schemes were examined. Variogram analysis of outflows with and without outliers suggested adequacy of sampling the site at 50 randomly chosen locations. Because of the potential contribution of macropores to pollutant transport and the practical necessity of extrapolating small plot values to larger areas, conditional simulations with and without outliers were carried out. Simulated scenarios based on all available data compared well with conditional simulations based on randomly chosen locations.This paper was presented at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987.     

Modelling of hillslope runoff processes

 The present study is aimed at modelling hillslope flows with emphasis on subsurface stormflows that involve macropores. The physical processes connected with the runoff process on a hillslope are identified. The components which are considered in modelling the hillslope flow are the nature of flows in the macropore and micropore domains, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the macropore network, the interaction between the domains, and the initiation of flow in the macropores. Both Horton and Dunne's variable source area generation mechanisms are explicitly incorporated in the model. The dominant physical processes governing hillslope runoff are conceptualized in terms of parameters which are derived from the physical properties of the soil, the nature of macropores, and hillslope geometry. The conceptualization of the model is then used to examine infiltration and runoff production. This helps to compute the development of the groundwater table, runoff hydrograph, and soil moisture profile. Received: 5 October 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997     

Geophysical Surveys over Karst Recharge Features,Illinois,USA

Karst aquifers supply a significant fraction of the world's drinking water. These types of aquifers are alsohighly susceptible to pollution from the surface with recharge usually occurring through fractures and solution openings at the bedrock surface. Thickness of the protective soil cover, macropores and openings within the soil cover, and the nature of the weathered bedrock surface all influence infiltration. Recharge openings at the bedrock surface, however, are often covered by unconsolidated sediments, resulting in the inadvertent placement of landfills, unregulated dump sites, tailing piles, waste lagoons and septic systems over recharge zones. In these settings surface geophysical surveys, calibrated by a few soil cores, could be employed to identify these recharge openings, and qualitatively assess the protection afforded by the soil cover. In a test of this hypothesis, geophysical measurements accurately predicted the thickness of unconsolidated deposits overlying karstic dolomite at a site ab