岩石综合物性差异与变化的特征

从岩石物性与化学元素原子结构的关系出发，从密度、弹性、电性和放射性等诸方面，论述了岩石综合物性差异与变化的特征；并结合实例，得出岩石综合物性参数发生变化反映了组成岩石的原子、分子、矿物和结构发生了变化，且各参数之间具有某种相关性的结果．      

致密气藏烃源岩地化参数测井综合评价方法研究

针对塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部侏罗系烃源岩受泥浆污染、分析数据少、样品分布不连续及类型多样等问题突出,利用测井资料来对有机地球化学参数进行评价难度大,无法满足勘探需求.本文阐述了不同类型烃源岩的有机质级别、测井响应特征、有机地球化学参数定量计算及品质评价等多种方法,来研究富集区烃源岩对致密气储层的持续供气能力.文中介绍了煤层、碳质泥岩、暗色泥岩等3种类型烃源岩的有机质级别和测井响应特征.首先,提出分不同岩性烃源岩的ΔlogR法,其计算结果与铀曲线相关法、多元回归法对比,效果最好;再次建立了生烃潜率、氯仿沥青“A”及镜质体发射率等多个有机质地球化学参数的测井评价模型;最终,考虑能够反映烃源岩性质的参数来综合定义烃源岩品质指数,形成了完善的烃源岩测井综合评价方法研究技术.研究表明,利用这套地球物理技术提供了烃源岩定量评价和品质分类研究方法及实际应用案例.     

The importance of the petrophysical properties and external factors in the stone decay on monuments

In this paper it is proposed to quantify the importance of some physical parameters responsible for stone decay on monuments. The most common decay process is the crystallisation of salt near the surface of the rocks or inside their porous network. Therefore, the water balance in rocks submitted to these special saturation and position conditions has been studied specifically, using the general concepts of water transfer in unsaturated porous media, and using the capillary imbibition kinetics of different rocks. Different parameters have been taken into account for the calculation of the salt crystallisation position: on one hand, several external parameters such as relative humidity, air convection and the presence of solute in solution, and on the other hand, the intrinsic water transfer properties of the rocks. Their relative importance is discussed, considering the potential values that each parameter can reach in nature.     

The dependence of transport properties ofin situ rocks on pore fluid composition and temperature

Fluids saturating cracked rocks within the crust can vary widely in composition and physical properties, which depend greatly on pressure and temperature. External non-hydrostatic stress applied to a cracked medium may result in a significant change of crack volume (and hence, for the undrained regime, pore-fluid pressure) due to the processes of crack closure (opening), and thus lead to a drastic change of the overall physical parameters of a rock. The purpose of the study is to estimate theoretically, using the effective-medium theory, the macroscopic seismic and transport parameters (such as permeability) of cracked rocks (granites) saturated with hydrocarbon gases, oils, brines and water. Variations of crack geometry and fluid parameters in the closed system (at constant fluid mass) under uniaxial compression are considered as well. The results show that composition of a saturating fluid as well as fluid temperature greatly influence the effective permeability and shear velocities of a rock mass, while thermal conductivity is not so sensitive to variations of fluid parameters.     

测井方法测定含煤地层的岩石弹性参数

本文论述了利用声波全波列数字测井资料提取横波的两种方法:子波逼近法和相似相关法。根据测井获得的纵波、横波和密度资料,计算了岩石的弹性模量,所得结果有足够的精度,为煤矿生产和建设提供了有用的岩石物理力学参数。文中还讨论了用静态法和动态法所测得的弹性模量存在的某些差别。     

Change in the Physical Properties of Rocks Resulting from Quarry Blasts in South Yakutia

In order to estimate the influence of seismic effects from quarry blasts on the state of rock massif by means of electrotomography, magnetometry, and seismological observations, the variations in the physical properties of rocks before and after massive blasts have been studied. Experimental monitoring along the geophysical profile directed across one of the regional faults crossing the quarry field of the Neryungri open-pit coal mine has revealed no significant changes in the magnetic field after blasts. The revealed features include an increase in the electrical resistivity of rocks in the blast-directed wall of the tectonic fault and a decrease in the fault zone; the change in electrical resistivity in the hanging wall is insignificant. It has been found that the change in physical properties of the rock massif is determined mostly by the state (frozen or thawed) of the rocks, rather than by the power of the blast.     

Influence of fluid composition on the elastic properties of sandstone and quartzite at high temperature and pressure in application to the problem of crustal waveguides

Recent geophysical studies have revealed zones with anomalously low seismic velocities and increased electric conductivity in the middle part of the Earth’s crust. It is suggested that these zones can probably be related with the variations in the porosity and permeability of the rocks and the presence of fluids, and that they can explain the existence of crustal waveguides. In order to verify this model, we carried out an experimental study. Among the studied metamorphic processes, the acid metasomatose most completely explains the silicification of rocks. The present work considers the physico-chemical causes of the redeposition of quartz from the solutions, the influence of the pH of the solutions on the mass transfer and deposition of quartz during silicification, and alteration of the physical properties of the rocks. Silicification leads to the increase in density, change in microtexture, and cementation of rocks. It also causes the change in seismic velocities in the Earth’s crust.     

碳酸盐岩孔隙结构参数构建与储层参数反演(英文)

碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构相对碎屑岩更复杂,常用的岩石物理模型不能较好的描述其孔隙结构的变化规律,且岩石孔隙结构的差异较大程度上会影响岩石的弹性性质。本文首先利用岩石薄片分析了碳酸盐岩的微观孔隙结构。然后基于Gassmann方程和Eshelby-Walsh椭球包体裂缝理论,在合理的假设前提下给出了一种新的岩石物理建模方法,并且从中提取了一个参数来表征孔隙结构的变化规律。最后,基于全波列测井数据,我们利用该方法计算了单井的孔隙度,并与用常规方法预测的结果进行了比较,同时进行了地震储层参数反演。研究结果表明,孔隙结构对岩石的弹性性质的影响较大,且新的建模方法预测的孔隙度误差仅为0.74%。因此,该方法可有效的减小孔隙结构对计算各岩石弹性参数的影响并提高孔隙度的预测精度。     

准噶尔盆地腹部隐蔽油气藏物理模拟及地震响应特征

准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系以隐蔽油气藏为主,地震资料在目的层分辨率较低、地震反射特征不清晰,制约了对该区的低幅构造、岩性圈闭的识别和评价.本文根据侏罗系的沉积特点,建立河流、（扇）三角洲沉积体系地质模型,制作尖灭体、透镜体、河道砂、浊积体等地质体的三维物理模型,通过实验测试方法,研究地层条件下岩石物理性质的变化特征,系统研究储层地球物理参数变化的总体规律,并结合测井资料,采用波场物理模拟方法,研究波场响应特征与储层参数变化之间的规律,分析各种情况下的波场特征、属性特征.     

Facies-constrained prestack seismic probabilistic inversion driven by rock physics

Seismic Rock physics plays a bridge role between the rock moduli and physical properties of the hydrocarbon reservoirs. Prestack seismic inversion is an important method for the quantitative characterization of elasticity, physical properties, lithology and fluid properties of subsurface reservoirs. In this paper, a high order approximation of rock physics model for clastic rocks is established and one seismic AVO reflection equation characterized by the high order approximation(Jacobian and Hessian matrix) of rock moduli is derived. Besides, the contribution of porosity, shale content and fluid saturation to AVO reflectivity is analyzed. The feasibility of the proposed AVO equation is discussed in the direct estimation of rock physical properties. On the basis of this, one probabilistic AVO inversion based on differential evolution-Markov chain Monte Carlo stochastic model is proposed on the premise that the model parameters obey Gaussian mixture probability prior model. The stochastic model has both the global optimization characteristics of the differential evolution algorithm and the uncertainty analysis ability of Markov chain Monte Carlo model. Through the cross parallel of multiple Markov chains, multiple stochastic solutions of the model parameters can be obtained simultaneously, and the posterior probability density distribution of the model parameters can be simulated effectively. The posterior mean is treated as the optimal solution of the model to be inverted.Besides, the variance and confidence interval are utilized to evaluate the uncertainties of the estimated results, so as to realize the simultaneous estimation of reservoir elasticity, physical properties, discrete lithofacies and dry rock skeleton. The validity of the proposed approach is verified by theoretical tests and one real application case in eastern China.     

Paleomagnetism and magnetic anomalies in Iceland

The paper reviews several aspects of paleomagnetic research on Icelandic rocks in past decades, with emphasis on studies of remanence directions in composite lava sections of 1–15 Ma age. We first describe briefly the physical basis of this research and experimental techniques, and list the major studies carried out so far. This is followed by a discussion of the internal consistency of directional results, effects of alteration on magnetic properties, rates of buildup of the lava pile, and the use of paleomagnetic reversals and excursions in stratigraphic mapping. Another section of the paper discusses some contributions which paleomagnetic research in Iceland has made to knowledge of properties of the geomagnetic field.A final section is devoted to regional magnetic surveys over Iceland and the surrounding shelf, giving examples of how their results have revealed various features of geological structures in that area. Knowledge of the magnetization of basement rocks aids in the interpretation of the magnetic anomalies, but more detailed and comprehensive studies of these structures are needed.     

Electrical properties and geochemistry of carbonate rocks from the Qasr El‐Sagha Formation,El‐Faiyum,Egypt

Understanding petrographical, geochemical and electrical properties of rocks is essential for investigating minerals. This paper presents a study of the petrographical, geochemical and A.C. electrical properties of carbonate rock samples. The samples collected show six lithostratigraphic rock units. Electrical properties were measured using a non‐polarizing electrode at room temperature (～20°C) and a relative atmospheric humidity of ～50% by weight in the frequency range from 42 Hz to 5 MHz. The difference in electrical properties between the samples was attributed to the change in composition and texture between the samples. Electrical properties generally change with many factors (grain size, chemical composition, grain shape and facies). The dielectric constant decreases with frequency and increases with conductor composition. The conductivity increases with the increase of conductor paths between electrodes. Many parameters can contribute to the same result of the electrical properties. The main objective of the present study is to shed more light on the relation between the texture and geochemical composition of measured samples (carbonates that contain clays and quartz grains) through electrical laboratory measurements (conductivity and dielectric constant as a function of frequency).     

Complex resistivity of mineral rocks in the context of the generalised effective‐medium theory of the induced polarisation effect

This paper develops the generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation for rock models with elliptical grains and applies this theory to studying the complex resistivity of typical mineral rocks. We first demonstrate that the developed generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation model can correctly represent the induced polarisation phenomenon in multiphase artificial rock samples manufactured using pyrite and magnetite particles. We have also collected representative rock samples from the Cu–Au deposit in Mongolia and subjected them to mineralogical analysis using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy technology. The electrical properties of the same samples were determined using laboratory complex resistivity measurements. As a result, we have established relationships between the mineral composition of the rocks, determined using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, and the parameters of the generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation model defined from the laboratory measurements of the electrical properties of the rocks. These relationships open the possibility for remote estimation of types of mineralisation and for mineral discrimination using spectral induced polarization data.     

多孔可变临界孔隙度模型及储层孔隙结构表征

碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩和页岩等储层具有孔隙类型多样、孔隙结构复杂和非均质性强等特征,属于典型的多重孔隙储层,孔隙结构表征是多重孔隙储层预测和流体识别的关键.现有的孔隙结构表征方法大多利用孔隙纵横比或者构建一种新参数来描述孔隙结构.岩石临界孔隙度模型是一种常用的岩石物理模型,具有一定的物理意义和地质含义.本文推导了岩石临界孔隙度与岩石孔隙结构(孔隙纵横比)之间的关系,进而利用极化(形状)因子建立临界孔隙度与弹性参数之间的关系,构建了能够包含多种孔隙类型的多孔可变临界孔隙度模型.利用多孔可变临界孔隙度模型由储层的弹性参数反演不同孔隙类型的体积含量.实验室测量数据和实际测井数据表明,多孔可变临界孔隙度模型能够适用于多重孔隙储层岩石物理建模和孔隙结构表征.     

地震属性分析在高分辨率活断层地震勘探中的应用

通过分析影响地震属性的岩石物理特性及其在地震响应上的特征,获得地震波传播过程中地震振幅、层速度与裂缝层密度、泊松比、纵横波速度、孔隙度、压力的关系。同时,结合地震属性的分析技术,利用地震正演模拟的方法提高地震勘探数据解释结果精确度和可信度,为高分辨率的活断层地震勘探研究提供更为可靠的方法手段,提高了地震数据的处理解释精度。     

综合地球物理方法在山东百里店地区找寻隐伏金矿中的应用

在综合地质、地球物理研究所取得规律性认识的指导下,对在百里店地区进行的一次寻找隐伏矿床的勘探成果进行了分析这是在对全国宏观研究、区域研究的基础上,分层次地筛选出有利于成矿的地区．在该地区综合地球物理勘探工作采用高精度磁力、微重力、激发极化及CSAMT方法,并与地质、地球化学资料相结合,以提高反演结果的可靠性．还对百里店地区寻找隐伏矿床的实例进行了详细的讨论,给出了大量实验室数据与物性测量结果,建立了百里店地区低磁、高密度、高极化率、低电阻率的综合地球物理找矿模式,同时给出了研究与预测结果．     

松辽盆地北部深层综合物探方法先导性研究

首先对岩石的速度、密度、磁化率、电阻率等物性资料进行统计分析 ,寻找它们之间的内在联系 ,在此基础上综合各种有用信息建立统一的物理 -地质模型。在统一的物理 -地质模型之上 ,进行重、磁、电、震单一方法的反演 ,分析各种物探方法反演结果的相容性与相背性 ,重新修改模型并进行重、磁、电、震的联合反演 ,最终确定深部地层的地质属性     

An examination of the magnetic properties of basalts from Argentina and Iceland and of dolerite from the Great Whin Sill

Summary The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of basalts from Argentina and Iceland and dolerite from the Great Whin Sill exhibit reversed magnetization. In order to test whether this was due to a self-reversing property of the rocks, samples from these three suites have been examined byx-ray and thermomagnetic techniques. No correlation between the properties of rocks and the sense of the NRM was found. The thermal stability of the magnetic extracts from these rocks was related to their lattice parameters and Curie points.     

泥质含量及其分布形式对岩电关系影响的数字岩心仿真(英文)

由于泥质所造成的附加导电现象,泥质含量及其分布形式对电阻率增大系数I和含水饱和度Sw关系具有重要影响,由于岩石物理实验中岩心孔隙结构及其组分构成、分布的微观不可调性,因而泥质分布形式所造成的影响很难通过岩心实验来单独研究。基于数字岩心的格子气自动机方法是一种有效的微观数值模拟方法,本研究利用储层岩心薄片的骨架颗粒尺寸信息资料建立数字岩心模型,结合格子气自动机技术对数字岩心不同饱和流体情况下电的传输特性进行数值模拟研究,揭示了不同泥质含量和泥质分布形式对孔隙介质导电特性非阿尔奇现象产生的影响,建立饱和度指数和泥质含量之间的关系模型,其良好的吻合性表明该方法在岩石物理研究中是一种十分有效的研究方法,而新模型适于在非阿尔奇储层进行准确的饱和度评价。     

地震岩石物理模型综述

由于石油勘探与开发技术的发展,最近十多年岩石物理学已经成为一门非常有实用价值的学科,它有机地把岩石的物理特性和地震特性联系起来.理论模型是进行岩石物理学研究的主要方法之一.本文归纳总结了基于岩石弹性性质的各种模型,主要包括层状模型、球形孔隙模型、包含体模型和接触模型,以及它们的假设条件、适用范围、局限性和近些年来国内外的应用现状,最后预测了地震岩石物理研究的发展趋势.