我国近海镉的水质基准及生态风险研究

以镉为研究对象,在分析我国海水水生生物区系特征的基础上,筛选了栖息我国境内的海水水生生物物种的毒性数据,采用基于物种敏感度分布(SSD)模型不同拟合曲线(log-logistic、log-normal、 Gumbel、Weibull和Burr Ⅲ)的方法分别推导了保护水生生物的海水水质急性基准值和慢性基准值,并分析了引入淡水数据推导海水水质基准的可行性;同时,结合我国海水中镉的分布特征,对海水中镉的生态风险了初步评价。结果表明:Burr Ⅲ对各组数据拟合的效果最佳;引入淡水数据可能会对海水生物造成"过保护"风险;基于Burr Ⅲ对海水数据所推导的急性和慢性基准推荐值分别为63.0 μg/L和8.0 μg/L;将我国近岸水体中镉的浓度与基准值比较显示,我国近岸水体中镉对水生生物的潜在风险较低。研究结果有望为我国水质基准研究及标准制定提供参考。     

河口型水源地供水安全风险分类评估方法比选研究

为科学评估河口型水源地供水安全风险,基于水源地特点,在建立相应供水安全风险评估指标体系的基础上,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,结合选取灰色关联度法和BP神经网络法对某河口型水源地分别开展供水安全风险分类评估。以某次咸潮入侵事件数据为例,经采用两种方法评估后对比表明:灰色关联度法能较好地解决评价指标难以准确量化和统计的问题,具有定性与定量相结合评价精度较高的优点,更适合于河口型水源地供水安全风险分类评估。该水源地风险分类评价等级由高到低依次排序:水量风险(较高)→应急风险(较低)→工程风险(较低)→水质风险(低),其结果与实际相符。     

日照港和邻近锚地及其入境船舶压舱水中浮游植物群集结构的特征

根据2003年10月到2004年3月间日照港和邻近锚地水域及其船舶压舱水中的浮游植物调查资料,对浮游植物的群集结构和压舱水对其影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,日照港的浮游植物群集主要由温带沿岸性物种组成,以硅藻为主,还有少量的甲藻。对比船舶压舱水中浮游植物群集发现:压舱水中浮游植物群集和本地群集结构有很大的差异,有害物种在压舱水中所占的比例较高。     

羟基杀灭船舶压载水微小生物中试实验研究

采用羟基处理压载水技术,使用羟基处理设备和管道作为模拟船舶排放压载水的管道。研究了羟基对海产小球藻、游仆虫和异养细菌的杀灭效果,说明羟基能有效杀灭压载水中的微小生物;并模拟船舶排放压载水过程中排放地的海水对处理后压载水的稀释作用,稀释后的水样经过96h的培养,没有发现微小生物复活的情况,证明了羟基杀灭船舶压载水微小生物在长度为4m(接触时间为2s)的接触管道内已经完成。并研究了羟基处理压载水技术对水质情况的影响,结果表明羟基有效杀灭船舶压载水微小生物的同时能改善压载水水质。     

洋山深水港入境船舶压载水浮游动物种类组成分析

2008年10月至2009年4月采集了19艘停靠在上海洋山深水港的入境船舶压载水水样,对其浮游动物的种类组成进行了分析,共检出压载水中浮游动物39种,其中桡足类37种、淡水枝角类1种、海洋枝角类1种.结果显示,压载水中浮游动物的密度及种类组成与水样压载地的环境直接相关,不同航线船舶压载水中浮游动物的种类差异较大.调查发...     

Survivorship characteristics and adaptive mechanisms of phytoplankton assemblages in ballast water

Phytoplankton diversity and abundance were determined in ballast water from 26 vessels in the Shanghai Yangshan Deep-Water Port from April 2015 to January 2016. In total, 84 species of phytoplankton were identified, belonging to 43 genera and 5 phyla. Bacillariophyta (75.0%, including 30 genera and 63 species) were the dominant algae in the ballast water. Their density ranged from (5.55±9.62) SD to (1.878±0.872)×10 3 cells/L, with a mean of 410.1 cells/L. Nine potentially harmful phytoplankton taxa were detected: Ceratium furca , Ce . marcroceros , Leptocylindrus danicus , Coscinodiscus radiatus , Co . granii , Prorocentrum micans , Melosira sulcata , Meuniera membranacea and Skeletonema costatum . Our survey and identification results showed that Microcystis aeruginosa , Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Scenedesmus survived in the high-salinity ballast water, even though they are freshwater species. We identified the common features of surviving phytoplankton and impacts on the phytoplankton assemblage of ballast water age and source. Our goal was to understand the adaptative mechanisms of phytoplankton in ballast water, providing statistical and theoretical support for future ballast water research and suggesting a scientific basis of ballast water management and inspection of vessels entering the port.     

A decision-making system to maritime risk assessment

In this study, we propose a fuzzy approach in order to evaluate the maritime risk assessment applied to safety at sea and more particularly, the pollution prevention on the open sea. The work is based on the decision-making system, named MARISA, presented in Balmat et al. (2009). This system allowed defining a risk factor for each ship according to ship’s characteristics and weather conditions. In this novel paper, the proposed system takes into account the ship speed evolution and the ship position with respect to maritime shipping lanes is developed. To validate the method, we present an example of results with real data.     

中国东南沿海港口外轮压舱水生物的调查

随机选取东南沿海港口的17艘外来船舶(含8条集装箱船和9条散货船)作为监测对象,进行压舱水浮游植物及动物的物种鉴定和丰度测定,并对监测数据进行统计学分析.检出分属于7个浮游植物门类和5个动物门类的309种外来压舱水生物(包括60种赤潮生物).外轮压舱水生物的分布及生存状态与水样的水龄和盐度相关.船舶压舱水排放是大家熟知...     

Vertical physicochemical parameter distributions and health risk assessment for trace metals in water columns in eastern Lake Tanganyika,Tanzania

The vertical distributions of trace metals and physicochemical parameters in water columns in Kigoma Bay and Kungwe Bay in eastern Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania, were studied. The Al, Ba, Ca, Co,K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Sn, Sr, and V concentrations were low and varied very little with depth. The toxic heavy metal(As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were relatively high in the surface water, and the Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations decreased with depth. Principal component and cluster analyses indicated that the metals in the lake had three main sources. Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Sr, Sn, and V were found to be geogenic; As, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn anthropogenic; and As, Ca, Co, Mg, and Na biogenic.Human health risk assessments were performed, and it was found that trace metals in the water at most of the sampling sites would cause no potential adverse ef fects or non-carcinogenic health risks through dermal contact or ingestion. However, trace metals in surface water in Kungwe Bay could have certain adverse ef fects on human health through the ingestion pathway(the total hazard quotient for ingestion(ΣHQi ng)was 1.75(a value >1 was de?ned as possibly indicating adverse ef fects). The Pb HQi ng for surface water in Kungwe Bay was 1.50 and contributed >80% of the ΣHQ_(ing_, implying that Pb pollution is a water quality and safety problem that needs to be carefully monitored and the potential sources identi?ed.     

Water inrush risk assessment for an undersea tunnel crossing a fault: An analytical model

Abstract

The geological conditions of subsea tunnels are extremely complex, and a water inrush disaster is prone to occur when crossing a fault. Based on a geological analysis using cloud theory, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and entropy weight theory, we aim to establish a normal cloud model with combination weight for water inrush risk evaluation in subsea tunnels. We select seven main factors, namely, the surrounding rock grade, rock integrity, overburden thickness, seawater thickness, tunnel section, permeability coefficient, and construction technology level as risk assessment indicators for the evaluation model. The risk is divided into five levels, and the numerical characters of the cloud model are calculated based on the standard of each risk level. The subjective weight and the objective weight are determined using AHP and the entropy weight method. The combination weight is calculated using the Delphi method. The comprehensive certainty degree is used to determine the risk level of water inrush. The model is applied to the Qingdao subsea tunnel to evaluate the water inrush risk crossing the F_4-1 fault, and the results are basically consistent with the actual excavation conditions. This article provides a new idea for the risk assessment of water inrush in the subsea tunnel.     

深水导管架下水扶正过程定量风险分析

运用QRA技术(定量风险评估)对导管架下水过程进行深入分析,提出风险概率评价模型和事故损失综合评估方法。首先辨识潜在的风险事件及相关风险因素,然后量化风险事件的模糊概率和损失程度,最后依据风险量化结果和ALARP(aslow as reasonably practically)原则对需要控制的风险事件给出控制措施。通过定量风险分析,达到及时查找并消除各方面事故隐患的目的。     

福建外来船舶压舱水中浮游植物种类组成与丰度及其影响因素的初步研究

2006～2008年间对进入福建沿海4个主要港口的12艘国际航船所携带的压舱水进行浮游植物种类组成和丰度分布的调查.此调查共检测出浮游植物7个门86属239种（含变种和变型）,77μm孔径网滤样和20μm孔径网滤样的平均藻类丰度分别为1.2×10^2cells/dm^3（变动在0～9.1×10^2cells/dm^3间）和3.4×10^3cells/dm^3（变动在0～3.0×10^4cells/dm^3间）.同时对其中6艘船舶的压舱水样品用f/2培养基培养,共有13种硅藻和1种甲藻被成功培养.文中还分析了压舱水中浮游植物丰度与盐度、水龄的关系,并结合历史资料讨论了压舱水里各类浮游植物的分布.     

Ecological risk assessment of the Marshall Islands longline tuna fishery

To support implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, ecological risk assessment (ERA) methods have recently been developed for the continuum of data-deficient to data-rich fisheries. A semi-quantitative ERA was conducted for the Marshall Islands longline bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) fishery. The study used information from analyses of observer data, surveys of captains and crew and inventories of gear and equipment. Relative risks were evaluated through a consideration of phylogenetic uniqueness, risk of population extirpation, risk of species extinction and importance in ecosystem regulation. The fishery presents a highest relative risk to leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), green (Chelonia mydas) and olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtle Regional Management Units that overlap with the fishery, in that order. The next highest relative risk is to affected stocks of oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus), blue (Prionace glauca), and silky (Carcharhinus falciformis) sharks, in that sequence. Seabird bycatch is likely not problematic. There was inadequate information to assess risks to cetacean populations. Risks to stocks of market and non-market species of marine fishes with r-selected life history characteristics were not assessed. This is because estimates of critical threshold levels of local and absolute abundance and current biomass are not known for many of these stocks. Several best practice gear technology methods to mitigate problematic catch of vulnerable species groups are currently employed: monofilament leaders, whole fish for bait, single-hooking fish bait, no lightsticks, and no fishing at shallow submerged features. Setting terminal tackle below 100 m and carrying and using best practice handling and release equipment were methods identified to reduce fishing mortality and injury of vulnerable species. More information is needed to determine if weaker hooks should be prescribed to mitigate cetacean bycatch. The large benefit to sea turtles of replacing remaining J-shaped hooks with circle hooks might outweigh a possible small increase in elasmobranch catch rates. The consumption of 2024 l of fuel per tonne of landed catch, which is within the range of available estimated rates from similar fisheries, could be reduced, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, through more frequent maintenance and upgrading vessel equipment and materials. Observer data quality may be adequate to support a quantitative Level 3 ERA to determine the significance of the effect of various factors on standardized catch rates and to estimate population-level effects from fishing mortality.     

回顾与展望:关于有害藻华种类休眠体通过船舶压舱水底泥地理扩散的研究

船舶压舱水可引起外来生物入侵,国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)因此制定了具有约束力的压舱水公约,已于2019年1月对我国正式生效。大量研究证明船舶压舱泥是有害藻华种类特别是有害甲藻孢囊的携带者。另一方面,有害藻华在我国近三十年频发,尤其是新的种类不断出现。因此,这种态势是否与压舱泥带来的外来种入侵有关是一个具有重要科学和现实意义的问题。我们最近的工作表明,此前国内外通过形态学方法对压舱泥的检测都大大地低估了甲藻孢囊的种类多样性和样品间种类组成的异质性。因此,必须通过更深入全面的实证研究对外源有害藻华甲藻通过压舱泥入侵我国海域进行风险评估。本文从如下几个方面进行了综述与讨论:(1)船舶压舱水(泥)与有害藻华地理扩散;(2)国内外有关压舱泥中甲藻孢囊多样性的检测与溯源研究;(3)我们对美国港口船舶压舱泥的检测发现压舱泥中甲藻孢囊具有很高的种类多样性和样品间的异质性。最后从我们最近的工作及与文献报道的工作比较获得了几个重要的科学问题。在评述国内外研究成果和前期研究结果基础上,提出有必要通过更大量、广泛的国际船舶压舱泥和中国全海域沉...     

A review of international,regional and national biosecurity risk assessment frameworks

Aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS) have dramatic impact on environmental, economic, social, cultural, and human health values in a variety of coastal, estuarine, and inland ecosystem. Despite efforts to develop biosecurity risk assessment frameworks for the improvement of ANS management, responsible agencies lack a standardized framework to identify and mitigate risk from ANS. This paper reviews the biosecurity risk assessment frameworks of seven international bodies, four regional bodies, and three countries and highlights the similarities, differences and deficiencies in their respective frameworks. Specific deficiencies found by the review include: (i) a lack of national implementation of the international and regional frameworks; (ii) gaps in ANS knowledge; (iii) insufficient guidance for various components of the risk assessment; (iv) limited number and scope of standards and measures related to ANS; and (v) inconsistent terminology between frameworks. To reduce the risk of ANS introductions, this paper concludes with a set of six recommendations to develop aquatic biosecurity risk frameworks that are both comprehensive and precautionary while also in accord with mandates established by other international bodies such as the World Trade Organization.     

福建主要港口外轮压舱水生物的分布及其潜在入侵威胁

根据2006～2007年间采自福建省4个主要港口12艘外轮(包括8条集装箱船和4条散货船)的压舱水样品,研究压舱水生物的分布特点,结果表明进入该水域的外来船舶压舱水生物物种丰富度和个体丰度高,共发现浮游植物7门86属240种(包括60种赤潮生物)和浮游动物5门30属52种;经3种网目(20,77,和160μm)筛网收集的不同粒径生物的平均丰度分别为:动物38858.3 ind./m~3(粒径77～160μm)和782.3 ind./m~3(粒径>160μm);植物3625.0 cells./ dm~3(粒径20～77μm)和134.1 cells./dm~3(粒径77～160μm).压舱水生物的分布及生存状态与水样的盐度及水龄相关.初步评估外来压舱水生物排放对福建沿海的潜在入侵风险.     

海水水质评价的模糊贴近度法

本文提出了海水水质评价的模糊贴近度法,对大连湾海水质量进行了评价,并同其他评价方法作了比较,表明本法是一种平均型的评价方法。