RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES*

ABSTRACT. Levels of alcohol consumption are a major public health issue. This study aims to gain a better understanding of how geographical patterns of religious affiliation in the United States relate to geographical patterns of alcohol consumption. We explored state‐level correlations between alcohol consumption and religious adherence. Although we found no statistically significant correlation between overall religious adherence rates and current or binge drinking rates, states with higher adherence rates were significantly more likely to have high proportions of binge drinking among current drinkers. Yet, regionally, we found a strong inverse correlation in the Southeast and a strong positive correlation in the Midwest and Northeast between adherence rates and current and binge drinking rates. These geographical differences were largely explained after stratifying by major religious denominational groupings. States with high Catholic adherence rates tended to have higher drinking rates, whereas states with high Evangelical Protestant adherence rates tended to have lower drinking rates. These findings suggest that the relationship between religion and alcohol may be denomination‐specific and challenge the lay perception that religious adherence per se is associated with less alcohol consumption and less excessive drinking among those who drink.     

民国时期地理留学

近代地理留学在民国时期未然兴起,主要有自费,官费和中英庚款三种途径。在海外,中国地理留学生形成三大中心,即:中法里昂大学地理系,英国利物浦大学地理系和美国克拉克大学地理系。地理留学生学成归国之后,在地理学术研究和地理人才培养上都贡献甚大。朱家骅是民国地理留学的主要推动者。     

WOMEN'S WORLDS AT THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY*

ABSTRACT. For much of the twentieth century, women in the United States found it difficult to obtain university positions in geography. Opportunities existed in other types of institutions, however, including the American Geographical Society (ags ). This article addresses ways in which the Society's mission intersected with its historical context from 1895 to 1970 to create niches for women in editorial and library work. It explores the women's origins, their perspectives and experiences with the ags , and the significance of their contributions to the discipline. It suggests the potential of a gendered social approach for enriching understanding of the histories of geographical institutions.     

论地理学构想的哲学体系

地理学研究中的"构想"意识,其语言结构及其词义均可追溯到古希腊时代,由哲学、心理、艺术、社会等学科逐渐渗透到地理学科,社会学构想是激发地理学构想的直接对应因素。地理学构想的运用范畴是今日异域、往日本土与往日异域。地理研究中的构想研究,包括四个部分:地理现实、地理的构想、地理学构想、构想的地理。在哲学意义上,即现象、感知、认知与表述四个环节。地理学构想中的构想,具有思想、分析、探索、批评、发现、观念、视野、设计、设想等多层含义,是想像或想象、印象与意象的总称。在理论与方法上,"地理学构想"包括了传统地理学的历史叙述分析方法、现代地理学的科学实证主义方法与当代地理学的人文主义方法。所谓"构想",即"研究";所谓"地理学构想",实质上是贯穿了近代科学启蒙主义、现代科学实证精神与后现代人文关怀的地理学研究。     

Anglo‐American Electoral Geography: Same Roots and Same Goals,but Different Means and Ends?*

Electoral geographers in the United States and the United Kingdom have similar goals but pursue these through different means. In part, these reflect differences between the two countries' electoral and political systems, but they also reflect different methodological strategies and desired ends. Drawing on the U.K. experience, this article identifies areas for possible expansion in studies of the electoral geography of the United States, which are expressed as five challenges.     

国际地理学发展趋向述要

地理学作为一种理论思维是历史的产物,它的中心研究课题是随着时代的进展而不断变化的。因此要从发展观点来认识地理学。再则各国由于国情不同,地理学的发展也具有地域差异性。本文从古代、近代和现代三个发展阶段和西方及苏联两大中心的主要地理思潮加以分析,说明了以上论点。     

中国的地理基础教育问题研究——兼论我国中学地理课程标准的目标与内容结构

本文从中国地理基础教育改革的视角,通过对地理学发展新趋势、社会需求变化和学生心理发展的分析,阐述了地理基础教育的价值和地理基础教育改革的必要性。结合中外地理教育在实现方式与过程、课程评价以及情感态度培养等方面的比较研究,提出了我国新中学地理课程标准研制的理念与目标、地理基础教育的结构设计以及实施地理基础教育改革的关键环节。     

中国的地理基础教育问题研究——兼论我国中学地理课程标准的目标与内容结构

本文从中国地理基础教育改革的视角 ,通过对地理学发展新趋势、社会需求变化和学生心理发展的分析 ,阐述了地理基础教育的价值和地理基础教育改革的必要性。结合中外地理教育在实现方式与过程、课程评价以及情感态度培养等方面的比较研究 ,提出了我国新中学地理课程标准研制的理念与目标、地理基础教育的结构设计以及实施地理基础教育改革的关键环节。     

论风水的地理学价值及其在中国古代地理学中的地位

本文从地理学的角度,研究了风水中所蕴含的丰富的地理学思想,分析了其地理学价值,论述了其与中国古代地理学的关系,并明确了它在其中的地位。     

HYPHENATED GEOGRAPHIES: THE DEINDUSTRIALIZATION OF NATURE‐SOCIETY GEOGRAPHY*

As visions of ecological crisis mark the daily headlines, industrial spaces of intensive energy and material consumption become a more intense object of political and social concern. In this article, I attempt to situate geography's relative neglect of the ecological underpinnings of industrial capitalism within the context of the history of geographical thought. I argue that the ways in which geographers read the hyphen in the phrase “nature‐society” reveals epistemological limits to their object of study. I then offer three dramatically different readings of the hyphen and discuss how they have affected the lineages and trajectories of geographical research—Barrows's human ecology, Sauer's cultural landscape, and critical theories of social nature. I conclude by suggesting that geography needs to let go of its empirical and conceptual fixation on “nature”.     

The Power of Naming: The Toponymic Geographies of Commemorated African-Americans

The importance of commemorative place-naming has been the focus of numerous studies that explore the relationship between memory and political representation. Few studies, however, have systematically examined regional geographical patterns of racial minorities in the United States. Using a variety of Internet-based mapping tools, I have collected a data set on the regional variation of the commemoration of thirty famous African-Americans (fifteen men and fifteen women). The research presented here explores how there are regional characteristics associated with where African-Americans are commemorated, particularly pertaining to cities. I also explore the geographic dispersal of these commemorations and whether there is a gender bias in the process of commemoration. Additionally, I focus on the duality of commemorations as an index of both African-American and the dominant white power structures.     

THE IODINE FACTOR IN HEALTH AND EVOLUTION*

ABSTRACT. Iodine is essential for modern humans and may have been essential for Neandertals as well. Today about 30 percent of the world's population is at risk of iodine deficiency disorders (idd ), 750 million people suffer from goiter, 43 million have idd -related brain damage and mental retardation, and 5.7 million are afflicted by cretinism, the most severe form of idd . Distinctive Neandertal skeletal traits are identical to those of modern humans who suffer from cretinism. Cro-Magnon Venus figurines also exhibit distinctive traits associated with cretinism among modern humans. This new evidence, coupled with recent mitochondrial dna findings, suggests that a single genetic alteration, which improved the ability of the thyroid gland to extract and utilize iodine, may account for differences between Neandertals and modern humans. Late Pleistocene human evolution, consequently, may be explained by several alternative interpretations involving iodine pathology and/or biological adaptation. Speciation may have resulted from the geographical isolation of inland populations.     

Are American Interlocking Directorates Associated with Brain Circulation and do They Translate into Higher Corporate Performance?

This study explores interlocking directorates, with specific focus on those connections when a director sits as an inside director for an American corporation and an outside director for firm located outside of North America. The goal of this study is to explore the spatial relationship between the personal histories of directors and the headquarter's location of the corporate boards on which they sit. First, it was found that a geographical relationship in the interlocking network of American companies exists. Second, it was determined that domestic personal histories played a significant role as 96.5 percent of directors attended a university in the United States and 93.4 percent directors were born there. When North American universities and North American births were deleted from the sample, a geographical pattern also emerges for Asian firms. Finally, the study found that the lone region that consistently displayed greater firm performance where a director's personal history and the interlocked company were the same as Asia.     

"超级机制"与文化地理学研究

超级机制或超机体概念是人类学家提出的概念,后被美国伯克莱地理学派引入到文化地理学研究中。尽管该概念自引入之初起,就伴随着学术讨论,但是它在上个世纪的英美地理学中有着重要的影响。新文化地理学与传统文化地理学的分歧之一也在此概念上。本文列举了在美国和中国文化地理学研究中,超级机制的适用性和局限性,并探讨了超级机制指导下,文化地理学的研究方法在何种情况下是因果分析,何种情况下是非因果分析。进而指出,超级机制概念在分析宏观区域文化一致性上具有解释性,在分析微观尺度区域内的人地关系上也具有一定适用性。新超级机制理论在学术界的讨论过程中提出了一些修正,在分析社会文化时超级机制不适用。     

理论地理学的内涵认知

本文从理论地理学的科学地位出发,介绍了近代理论地理学发展过程中形成的一些主要观点和其所具备的特点,最后对理论地理学的基本内容进行了归纳。     

Tweet Me Your Talk: Geographical Learning and Knowledge Production 2.0

We are in a Gutenberg moment in which we are migrating from book reading to Internet browsing. We are subtly shifting to more ephemeral, summary methods of learning and producing knowledge, shaped by how we consume information on the Web. Thus, a strong determinant of learning might be the very technology that hosts the information, such that technology is both the arbiter of our understanding of the world and how we come to gain that understanding. Based on recent evidence that the Internet is reshaping our learning processes, I argue that geographical knowledge production and translation are not so much products of individualism but rather shaped by rapidly changing work styles that favor concise and highly accessible methods of academic production. I offer examples of changes in journal formats, academic social networking, and academic reviewing to reveal that we are catering to shorter attention spans that prefer to browse.     

竺可桢与人口问题

本文从论江浙二省之人口密度等著作中,研究了竺可桢早期人口地理学思想。     

Trump's America or the People's America? A View from the Periphery

My overarching argument in this article is that the United States is no different than any other country in the world in that its population has elected good leaders and bad. As in other places, global and national neoliberal economic reforms have affected the U.S. economy, hallowing out the manufacturing sector, shrinking government and social safety nets, and fostering income inequality. This has left various U.S. publics struggling to make ends meet and vulnerable to demagoguery. Although the country prides itself on the strength of its institutions, institutions are no more than social contracts that need to be assiduously maintained by civil society. Although there is a strong “ivory tower” tradition in U.S. academe, the republic needs scholars—acting as public intellectuals—to fully participate in civic debates if it is to have a sufficiently robust civil society that maintains and defends its democracy and institutions. This article is divided into three sections. First, I briefly review the Trump administration's proposals for international development and diplomacy, giving particular attention to these issues in the African context. Second, I present an argument for why the United States needs public intellectuals now more than ever. Third, I share some concrete advice on how geographers might better connect with various publics.     

GLOBAL IGNORANCE

ABSTRACT. Stories exposing the lack of global knowledge among American high school and college students are ubiquitous. But it is not just students who have difficulty navigating a world map. Global ignorance, in fact, is appallingly prevalent even among scholars, journalists, and public intellectuals who write about globalization and world history. Otherwise erudite and insightful authors commit such basic geographical errors that they can only mystify the public. The present article focuses on, but is not limited to, the misconceptions of Benjamin Barber, Thomas L. Friedman, John Gray, David Landes, and Paul Krugman. It further explores the reasons why the debate over globalization, in particular, generates so much nonsense, and it concludes with a call for the revitalization of world geography.     

THE SUPREME COURT'S ROLE IN CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW DISPOSSESSION*

ABSTRACT. During the nineteenth century, Indian groups throughout the United States saw their lands taken from them through a variety of means, including land cessions and allotment. The Choctaw and Chickasaw, two of the Five Civilized Tribes of the southeastern United States, endured this process of dispossession. Although the U.S. Congress promulgated much of this dispossession through treaty‐based territorial demands, the Supreme Court proved an able partner in the process by subverting treaty guarantees and expanding congressional power. The dispute over the area known as “Greer County” provides an example of the Supreme Court's role in Indian dispossession, for its ruling in 1900 extinguished the Choctaw and Chickasaw claim to most of southwestern Oklahoma, earlier treaty provisions notwithstanding.