多元统计方法在地下水环境研究中的应用——以山西大同盆地为例

运用快速聚类法和因子分析法对大同盆地原生高砷、高氟地下水的16个水化学指标的空间变化进行了分析。结果表明,采用快速聚类法结合实际地下水性质可将研究区地下水分为6类具有不同水化学特征的地下水。从山前到盆地中心河间洼地,地下水中的砷质量浓度逐渐升高,盐碱化程度逐渐加重,水环境呈恶化趋势。因子分析法解释了研究区81.6%的水化学数据,分别提取出反映地下水盐分、砷、氟和硝态氮、Fe和Mn及微量组分Sr的5个公共因子。结合当地水文地质条件及水化学类型特征分析发现,研究区地下水经历了较强的水-岩相互作用、蒸发浓缩作用、离子交换作用,同时受人为活动影响,最终形成了现有的地下水水化学特征。两种统计方法均发现高盐分、高砷及高氟地下水分布有一定的重叠性,水化学特征相似。利用因子得分判断地下水水质特征,划分出各公共因子高值区分布情况与快速聚类法结果基本一致。     

计算机水化学模型在地下水环境评价中的应用

介绍了基于平衡常数法的水溶液平衡组分分布的计算原理及其数学模型。在此基础上,以韩城电厂周原灰场区潜水环境为背景,对计算机水化学模型在地下水环境评价中的应用进行了探讨。与传统的水化学方法相比,该方法可以获得更多的信息,从而有助于分析地下水的化学特征及地下水与所处环境之间的关系和相互作用。      

四川成都红层区浅层地下水水化学特征分析——以新津县为例

以新津地区为例,通过统计分析、离子比例系数分析、相关性分析研究了该区浅层地下水类型及水化学特征;结合piper三线图对新津地区49组水化学常量组分的分析,初步对全区不同地貌类型的地下水水样有关水化学参数进行特征分析。新津江层地下水的化学类型、循环规律及形成作用。     

阆中市思依镇地下水水化学特征分析

阆中市思依镇地处四川红层缺水地区,居民饮用水水源主要为浅层地下水,分析总结地下水水化学特征对地区供水具有重要意义。运用Piper三线图、Durov图、Scholler图等水化学分析图解,因子分析、聚类分析统计学方法确定研究区地下水水化学类型、地下水主要离子组分的分布特征,总结研究区地下水水化学特征。研究表明,研究区水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3+SO_4-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca+Mg型三类,占水样总量的94.34%;地下水多为硬水,地下水主要阳离子为Ca~(2+),主要阴离子为HCO_3-+CO_3~(2-);区内地下水化学形成过程中溶滤作用为主导作用。     

保定市一亩泉漏斗区地下水水化学特征演变及驱动机制解析

笔者等在对比分析一亩泉漏斗区地下水开采前—开采中—压采全过程地下水水化学特征基础上,综合利用数理统计分析、离子比例分析、水文地球化学模拟技术,揭示了漏斗区地下水水化学特征演化规律,解析了水化学特征演变驱动机制。结果表明,研究区地下水水化学特征演化表现出阶段性,在开采初期至压采初期,水化学类型、TDS、总硬度保持稳定,水化学类型以HCO^-₃—Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺型为主;在漏斗恢复期地下水水化学类型种类增多,TDS和总硬度显著增大,表现出向盐化和硬化方向演化趋势;1960～2010年研究区地下水水化学成分主要受脱白云石化作用、阳离子交换作用控制,呈自然演化规律;2010年以后,在漏斗恢复背景下,包气带中水岩相互作用过程加剧,地下水水化学演变受溶滤作用和离子交换作用控制,人类活动对地下水水化学特征的影响逐渐显现。研究结果可为漏斗区地下水保护与修复提供科学依据。     

新疆准噶尔盆地浅层地下水水化学类型特征及成因研究

利用舒卡列夫分类法对准噶尔盆地237组地下水样品进行了水化学分类,结合气候、地形、岩性及水位埋深等因素分析了水化学类型形成的原因。结果显示:各区域由于不同的气候、地形、岩性及水位埋深条件,分别形成了不同的地下水化学类型,气候湿润地区的地下水主要受溶滤作用影响,水化学类型以低矿化度的HCO3型和HCO3SO4型为主;气候干旱地区的地下水主要受浓缩作用影响,水化学类型以中高矿化度的Cl型和SO4Cl型为主。艾比湖水系、天山北麓诸河流域和古尔班通古特沙漠区域整体水化学类型特征符合干旱区盆地地下水化学演化规律。     

保定市一亩泉漏斗区地下水水化学特征演变及驱动机制解析

本文在对比分析一亩泉漏斗区地下水开采前—开采中—压采全过程地下水水化学特征基础上,综合利用数理统计分析、离子比例分析、水文地球化学模拟技术,揭示了漏斗区地下水水化学特征演化规律,解析了水化学特征演变驱动机制。结果表明,研究区地下水水化学特征演化表现出阶段性,在开采初期至压采初期,水化学类型、TDS、总硬度保持稳定,水化学类型以HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+型为主;在漏斗恢复期地下水水化学类型种类增多,TDS和总硬度显著增大,表现出向盐化和硬化方向演化趋势;1960~2010年研究区地下水水化学成分主要受脱白云石化作用、阳离子交换作用控制,呈自然演化规律;2010年以后,在漏斗恢复背景下,包气带中水岩相互作用过程加剧,地下水水化学演变受溶滤作用和离子交换作用控制,人类活动对地下水水化学特征的影响逐渐显现。研究结果可为漏斗区地下水保护与修复提供科学依据。     

新疆天北经济带地下水水化学特征与循环演化研究

以天山北麓经济带呼图壁河、玛纳斯河、安集海、奎屯河四个地下水水化学演化剖面为例,从水化学类型随地形地貌的变化特征和水化学演化规律方面揭示了该区域地下水的循环演化及水化学形成机制。潜水和浅层承压水从山前到沙漠边缘水化学类型呈现出明显的分带特征,总体上表现为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca(Mg)→HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Ca→SO_4·Cl-Na(Ca)→Cl·SO_4-Na(Mg);深层承压水从山前补给后进入深层循环,和潜水及浅层承压水表现出相异的循环机制和水化学类型。通过地下水水化学演化剖面的横向和纵向对比,发现TDS由山前到沙漠边缘区变化巨大,由东到西变化规律差异性也较为明显。此外结合区域地下水水化学特征和水文地质条件,从饱和指数和苏林水化学类型两个方面进行分析,探讨天北经济带的地下水水化学循环演化和形成机制。     

济南北部地热水水化学特征及其形成机理

对地热水水化学特征及其形成机理进行研究可以为地热资源开发与保护提供水文地球化学依据.目前缺乏对济北地热田水化学形成机理的研究,限制了该地热田的开发.通过对南部岩溶冷水、地热田地热水采样,并综合运用Pipper三线图、相关性分析、离子比值法、矿物饱和指数法及反向地球化学模拟等手段,对该地热田地热水水化学形成机理展开研究.结果表明,由南向北,地下水中TDS含量及主要离子含量均有一定的上升趋势,地下水水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca型向HCO_3-Ca·Mg、SO_4-Ca、SO_4-Ca·Na型转化,表现出明显的分带特征;碳酸盐矿物、硫酸盐矿物、岩盐矿物的溶解—沉淀是控制本区地下水水化学特征的重要过程,同时伴随着钠长石、钾长石等硅酸盐矿物的溶解,南部冷水受到了人类活动的影响.     

定边县周台子水源地地下水水文地球化学特征研究

以43件地下水化学样品为基础资料,对定边县周台子水源地地下水的水化学类型,水化学成分变化规律进行了研究,得出了矿化度、pH值、氟化物、氯离子、钠离子等水源地地下水水文地球化学特征。     

Variation of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the plain area of the Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Region,China

Groundwater hydrochemistry could reveal the interaction mechanism between groundwater and the environment, which provides a scientific basis for environmental resources management. In this study, Shukaliefu’s classification method and Piper diagram were adopted to determine the hydrochemical types of groundwater in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, China. The method of “one^-vote veto” was applied to evaluate the quality of groundwater. Phreeqc software was used to calculate the saturation indices of calcite and fluorite in groundwater. By comparing groundwater quality data of 2003 and 2011, we characterized the variations in hydrochemical types and water quality types, salinization of groundwater and fluoride geochemistry of the plain area of the Tarim Basin. Results show that the primary anion in phreatic water in the plain area of the Tarim Basin changed from HCO₃ ^? to SO₄ ^2? or Cl^?. On the contrary, the primary anion in confined water changed from SO₄ ^2? or Cl^? to HCO₃ ^?. In 2003, 63.1 % of the sampling points in the study area exceeded the Class III water quality standard of China. In 2011, the proportion increased to 82.5 %. In addition, severe groundwater salinization was found at 19.7 % of the sampling points. Some of the deep groundwater samples were salinized as well. In the Aksu area at the north-west part of the Tarim Basin, F^? concentration exceeding the standard limit (1 mg/L) was found to be 55.0 % of the groundwater samples tested. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the phreatic water in the study area was severely influenced by the industrial wastewater and domestic sewage related to human activities, while the confined water was less affected. The general quality of groundwater was in an aggravation trend, and the groundwater salinization was in a severe condition in this area. The Ca²⁺–Na⁺ ionic exchange, the unsaturated fluorite and oversaturated calcite in the aquifer of the Aksu area are proposed to cause F^? enrichment in groundwater of this area.     

Evaluation of ground water quality using multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling

A methodology for characterizing ground water quality of watersheds using hydrochemical data that mingle multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling is presented. The aim of this work is to analyze hydrochemical data in order to explore the compositional of phreatic aquifer groundwater samples and the origin of water mineralization, using mathematical method and modeling, in Maknassy Basin, central Tunisia). Principal component analysis is used to determine the sources of variation between parameters. These components show that the variations within the dataset are related to variation in sulfuric acid and bicarbonate, sodium and cloride, calcium and magnesium which are derived from water-rock interaction. Thus, an equation is explored for the sampled ground water. Using Amos software, the structural equation modeling allows, to test in simultaneous analysis the entire system of variables (sodium, magnesium, sulfat, bicarbonate, cloride, calcium), in order to determine the extent to which it is consistent with the data. For this purpose, it should investigate simultaneously the interactions between the different components of ground water and their relationship with total dissolved solids. The integrated result provides a method to characterize ground water quality using statistical analyses and modeling of hydrochemical data in Maknassy basin to explain the ground water chemistry origin.     

塔里木盆地南缘浅层高碘地下水的分布及成因:以新疆民丰县平原区为例

塔里木盆地位于欧亚大陆腹地,远离海洋,地下水是塔里木盆地南缘重要的供水水源,查明该区浅层地下水中碘（I-）的分布及成因至关重要.基于新疆塔里木盆地南缘的民丰县平原区44组浅层地下水水样,综合运用水化学图解法、数理统计法和GIS技术,分析潜水和浅层承压水水化学特征、碘的空间分布及高碘地下水的成因.结果表明:民丰县平原区浅层地下水中碘的富集和贫乏共存;潜水和浅层承压水I-含量范围分别为≤730 μg/L和≤183μg/L,潜水水样中缺碘水、适碘水、高碘水和超高碘水占比分别为19.4%、69.4%、5.6%和5.6%,浅层承压水水样中缺碘水、适碘水和高碘水占比分别为12.5%、75.0%和12.5%,潜水中缺碘水和超高碘水均高于承压水.从山前倾斜平原到细土平原,地下水中I-含量呈明显上升趋势.高碘水和超高碘水水化学类型主要为Cl·SO₄-Na型和Cl-Na型.除水文地质条件和偏碱性的地下水环境外,研究区潜水碘主要受强烈的蒸发浓缩作用、第四系全新统沼泽堆积物和矿物溶解沉淀的影响,浅层承压水碘主要受矿物溶解沉淀及还原环境的影响.      

塔里木盆地地下水系统划分

在分析塔里木盆水地质条件的基础上，利用地下水系统理论对其地下水进行了系统划分．塔里木盆地为封闭的内陆干旱盆地，属一级地下水系统，根据盆地的沉积环境条件、地表水流域特征，结合地下水补径排条件，进一步划分出二、三级地下水系统．地下水系统边界和地表水流域边界基本吻合，大流域划分为二级地下水系统，在大流域中，将相对独立的小流域结合地层沉积特点划分为三级地下水系统．盆地内共划分8个二级地下水系统，其中Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ3个二级地下水系统可进…步划分出8个三级地下水系统．地下水系统边界有峡口状输入边界、输入(输出)边界、输出边界、扇问活动边界、地下水分水岭5种类型。     

Impact of recharge from a check dam on groundwater quality and assessment of suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes

Assessment of surface water and groundwater quality is necessary as it controls their usability for drinking and irrigation purposes. This study was carried out to assess the suitability of groundwater for these purposes and to understand the impact of water stored in a check dam on groundwater quality near Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from a check dam across Arani River and 13 nearby wells during October 2010, January 2011, and April 2011. These samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate concentrations. The World Health Organization and the Bureau of Indian Standards guidelines were used to assess the suitability of groundwater for the purpose of drinking. Suitability of water for irrigation was determined based on the EC, sodium adsorption ratio, US Salinity Laboratory diagram, percentage sodium, Wilcox’s diagram, Kelly’s index, and Doneen’s permeability index. About 38 % of the groundwater samples were suitable for drinking and 70 % were suitable for irrigational use. Water stored in the check dam and groundwater in the wells closer to the structure were suitable for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The study confirms that the check dam in this area improves the groundwater quality in its surroundings.     

黑河流域中游盆地水文地球化学演化规律研究

黑河是我国第二大内流河,研究其水化学演化规律,对于区域水资源科学利用与管理、保障饮水安全和下游生态安全都具有重要作用。本文利用2014—2018年在黑河流域开展1∶50 000水文地质调查所获取的资料,研究了黑河干流和丰乐河两个典型剖面的水化学和同位素变化规律。结果表明,黑河中游盆地地下水主要来源于祁连山区大气降水补给,黑河干流区地下水氘氧同位素比丰乐河流域更为富集,反映了氘氧同位素的高程效应。在丰乐河流域排泄区发现了非现代气候条件下形成的古水,说明现在的盐湖盆地早期就是地下水滞留区。山前戈壁带含水层经长期淋滤作用,地下水溶解性总固体(total dissolved solids,TDS)较低,水化学类型以重碳酸型为主。溢出带以北下游地区TDS逐步增高,地下水类型以硫酸型、硫酸-氯型为主,具有两种地下水化学背景和演化模式:一种是石膏溶解-碳酸盐沉淀析出-氯化物溶解-缓慢的硅酸盐非完全溶解和阳离子交换反应模式;另一种在此基础上增加硫酸钠溶解演化模式。流域补给区和径流区地下水TDS升高的主要原因是溶滤作用。丰乐河排泄区地下水TDS升高的主要原因仍是溶滤作用,溶滤盐分的来源是表层的盐分,以石盐为主。黑河干流排泄区由于含水层较薄,水位埋深较浅,蒸发对地下水咸化的影响更大。     

Pollution vulnerability of the Quaternary aquifer near Cairo, Egypt, as indicated by isotopes and hydrochemistry

The present study was conducted to delineate the pollution vulnerability of the Quaternary aquifer in two areas, Imbaba and Shobra El-Khima, near Cairo, Egypt. Environmental isotopes combined with hydrochemistry were used for this purpose. The groundwater in the Imbaba area (average total dissolved solids about 900 mg/L; sodium/chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate water types) is more mineralized than groundwater in the Shobra El-Khima area (average total dissolved solids 500 mg/L; calcium and sodium/bicarbonate water type). A high nitrate content and significant mineralization in the groundwater are probably due to contamination of recharge to the aquifer by irrigation drainage, deteriorated sewage networks, and septic tanks. The deuterium and oxygen-18 compositions of the groundwater are depleted compared to Nile River water, which is the main source of aquifer recharge. This less isotopically enriched water probably represents older Nile water recharge that flooded the region before construction of the Aswan High Dam in 1963, or it is a mixture of a young water and originally deposited paleowater that was in deeper horizons at a time of cooler and more humid climate. Intensive pumping has moved the paleowater higher in the aquifer. Groundwater in the Shobra El-Khima area has higher residence time, based on the tritium concentration, than groundwater in the Imbaba area. The percentage of the isotopically depleted water equals 75% in the Shobra El-Khima and 35% in Imbaba, and the thickness of the clay cap above the aquifer is 38 m in Shobra El-Khima and 20 m in Imbaba. These factors are indicative of the rate of recharge to the aquifer and were used to evaluate the pollution vulnerability in the two areas. Electronic Publication     

Suitability assessment of deep groundwater for drinking and irrigation use in the Djeffara aquifers (Northern Gabes,south-eastern Tunisia)

The multilayered Djeffara aquifer system, south-eastern Tunisia, has been intensively used as a primary source to meet the growing needs of the various sectors (drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes). The analysis of groundwater chemical characteristics provides much important information useful in water resources management. Detailed knowledge of the geochemical evolution of groundwater and assessing the water quality status for special use are the main objective of any water monitoring study. An attempt has been made for the first time in this region to characterize aquifer behavior and appreciate the quality and/or the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. In order to attend this objective, a total of 54 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during January 2008 for the major cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium), anions (chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate), trace elements (boron, strontium and fluoride), and physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, total dissolved salts and electrical conductivity). The evolution of chemical composition of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas is characterized by increasing sodium, chloride and sulfate contents as a result of leaching of evaporite rock. In this study, three distinct chemical trends in groundwater were identified. The major reactions responsible for the chemical evolution of groundwater in the investigated area fall into three categories: (1) calcite precipitation, (2) gypsum and halite dissolution, and (3) ion exchange. Based on the physicochemical analyses, irrigation quality parameters such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percentage of sodium, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, and permeability index (PI) were calculated. In addition, groundwater quality maps were elabortaed using the geographic information system to delineate spatial variation in physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater samples. The integration of various dataset indicates that the groundwater of the Djeffara aquifers of the northern Gabes is generally very hard, brackish and high to very high saline and alkaline in nature. The water suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes was evaluated by comparing the values of different water quality parameters with World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values for drinking water. Piper trilinear diagram was constructed to identify groundwater groups where the relative major anionic and cationic concentrations are expressed in percentage of the milliequivalent per liter (meq/l), and it was demonstrated that the majority of the samples belongs to SO₄–Cl–Ca–Na, Cl–SO₄–Na–Ca and Na–Cl hydrochemical facies. As a whole, all the analyzed waters from this groundwater have revealed that this water is unsuitable for drinking purposes when comparing to the drinking water standards. Salinity, high electric conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and sodium percentages indicate that most of the groundwater samples are inappropriate for irrigation. The SAR vary from medium (S2) to very high (S4) sodicity. Therefore, the water of the Djeffara aquifers of the northern Gabes is dominantly of the C4–S2 class representing 61.23 % of the total wells followed by C4–S3 and C4–S4 classes at 27.27 and 11.5 % of the wells, respectively. Based on the US Salinity Classification, most of the groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation due to its high salt content, unless certain measures for salinity control are undertaken.     

城市化对岩溶水系统化学组分演化的影响——以重庆市南山老龙洞地下河为例

为研究城市化作用下的岩溶区地下水水质演变状况,基于2008-2012年对老龙洞地下河的pH值、电导率、水温、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、PO43-等水物理化学指标的连续监测,分析了老龙洞地下河流域水质的演变趋势,并对2011年8月的单场降雨条件下地下河水质的动态变化进行主成分分析(PCA)。结果表明,在城市化过程中,地下河水Na+、Cl-、PO43-、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-等离子浓度受人类活动影响而明显上升,NO3-、SO42-浓度则因为城市化效应增强和农业活动强度的降低而下降。老龙洞地下河水补给来源复杂,其中碳酸盐岩地质背景、人类活动及水土流失对地下河水质变化起着决定作用。城市化水平的提高、区域环境的变化,使得老龙洞地下河的水质也处于不断变化中,从硝酸盐、硫酸盐的年际变化看,地下河水质已有较大改善。      

A geochemical assessment of coastal groundwater quality in the Varahi river basin, Udupi District, Karnataka State, India

The Varahi Irrigation project site is located at 13°39′15″N (latitude) and 74°57′E (longitude) in Hole Shankaranarayana village, approximately 6 km from Siddapura, Kundapura taluk, Udupi district. A total of 59 groundwater samples were collected from dug and tube wells in November 2008 to evaluate hydrochemistry and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The physico-chemical parameters estimated include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential (Eh), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), temperature, major cations and anions, besides irrigation quality parameters like boron, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), % Na, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), chlorinity index, soluble sodium percentage (SSP), exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR), non-carbonate hardness, potential salinity (PS), permeability index (PI), Kelly index (KI), magnesium hazard (MH), magnesium ratio (MR), index of base exchange. Chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate concentrations classified the groundwater samples into normal chloride, normal sulphate and normal bicarbonate water types, respectively. The Salinity (Class I; 98.3%), Chlorinity (Class I; 100%) and Sodicity (Class 0; 96.6%) indices suggest the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The Wilcox diagram illustrates that 96.6% of the samples belongs to excellent to good category, while the US Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram indicates the low salinity/low sodium content in 86.44% of samples (C1S1). Positive index of base exchange in majority of the samples (91.52%) indicates direct base exchange reaction or chloro-alkaline equilibrium in the study area. The positive value of RSC in majority of samples signifying higher concentrations of HCO₃ over alkaline earths indicates that groundwater are base exchange-softened water as there is an exchange of alkaline earths for Na⁺ ions. Majority of water samples fall in the precipitation dominance field based on Gibbs’ ratio.