疫情背景下桂林市芦笛岩空气环境影响因素研究

当天然洞穴开发为旅游洞穴,人为活动输入到洞穴的能量与物质影响了洞穴本体环境.文章以桂林市代表性旅游洞穴芦笛岩为例,以2020年9月1日至10月8日洞穴温度、湿度、CO2以及游客人数作为重点参数,定时、定位观测洞穴环境关键要素变化及相互关系,进而探究疫情防控背景下洞穴空气环境特征及影响因素、旅游活动对洞穴环境的影响以及洞...     

On the practice of estimating fractal dimension

Coastlines epitomize deterministic fractals and fractal (Hausdorff-Besicovitch) dimensions; a divider [compass] method can be used to calculate fractal dimensions for these features. Noise models are used to develop another notion of fractals, a stochastic one. Spectral and variogram methods are used to estimate fractal dimensions for stochastic fractals. When estimating fractal dimension, the objective of the analysis must be consistent with the method chosen for fractal dimension calculation. Spectal and variogram methods yield fractal dimensions which indicate the similarity of the feature under study to noise (e.g., Brownian noise). A divider measurement method yields a fractal dimension which is a measure of complexity of shape.     

中国洞穴驼螽物种多样性与适应

文章总结了中国洞穴驼螽的种类、分布及适应进化。中国记录洞穴驼螽3属26种,其中疾灶螽属（Tachycines）（24种）物种最丰富;洞穴驼螽分布范围窄,96%（25种）的物种仅分布于模式产地,或模式产地所在的县（市）,而贵州省物种最丰富,有记录15种;喜洞穴和偶洞穴驼螽的外部形态与地表种相似,真洞穴驼螽具有适应洞穴生活的典型特征,如体色浅,复眼不同程度退化（甚至消失）,触角和尾须较长且感器类型丰富等。对洞穴生物的保护,除了保护天然洞穴外,还需进一步保护洞穴周围的环境。     

河北临城崆山白云洞溶洞地貌和沉积特征及其影响因素*

河北崆山白云洞发育在以中寒武统张夏组厚层鲕粒灰岩为主的碳酸盐岩地层中。通过对洞穴结构、形态以及沉积物特征的观测分析,结合区域地质演化、古气候演变研究,认为：（1）白云洞由3层洞穴构成,上层为大型厅堂状,中层和下层为狭窄廊道状。洞穴展布受控于NNW、NE和近EW向断裂。（2）洞穴发育形态、规模不仅与岩性和构造有关,还取决于洞穴形成时期的构造稳定性及与之耦合的气候条件,其成层分布是间歇性构造抬升的结果。（3）溶洞沉积物形态多样,其中毛细水沉积的网状卷曲石、协同沉积的玉簪对净瓶等极为罕见。（4）溶洞发育过程中历经多次坍塌,损毁严重。现今的白云洞岩石破碎,结构稳定性差,易遭破坏。研究白云洞地貌和沉积特征及影响因素,对预测其未来变化、保护洞穴旅游资源有重要意义。     

贵州双河洞晚更新世大熊猫化石高度聚集现象及其意义

贵州双河洞是亚洲第一长洞,该洞先后分辨出近30多具大熊猫个体化石,是目前世界上发现完整大熊猫化石最多的洞穴。其中一支洞中竖井下方至少聚集了10余具个体化石。以此为研究对象,结合洞道发育形态特征及化石埋藏学特征,初步推测出这些大熊猫深入该支洞内经由竖井跌落并死亡的过程,表明喀斯特洞穴可以为大熊猫提供良好的栖息场所及化石保存环境。选取一例化石表面沉积的碳酸钙样品进行了铀系法测年,表明该个体至少生活在5.1万年前;对另一例个体的牙齿化石进行AMS14C测年,发现其生活在距今2.5万年左右,推断该洞道中大熊猫主要生活在晚更新世时期。     

A Nonstratified Model for Natural Fractal Curves

The stratified structure of Koch curves limits their value as models of nonstratified curves typical in nature, which may nevertheless have statistically self-similar character. Richardson plots for basic and randomized Koch curves are marked by strong, scale-periodic disruptions, and compare poorly with the smoothly sloping, compact Richardson plots derived for some natural, irregular curves. These disruptions relate to the heirarchies of dominant element sizes created in the discrete steps of Koch curve construction, with element vertices acting as attractors for divider steps. We have developed a curve-generation algorithm that adds individual bend elements to a line segment in a nonstratified manner, explicitly following the self-similar limit relation of curve length (L) to added line segment length (r). Values that may be specified include curve fractal dimension (D) and bend element shape (angle of inclination for the added segments). The procedure allows combinations of fractal dimension and element shape, which encompass the range of D values encountered for natural fractal curves. The nonstratified construction method provides useful standard curves for testing and norming of geometric analysis methods commonly applied to complex natural features. In a preliminary test of a multisampling divider method algorithm, the resulting Richardson plots consistently diverge from linear form, and are likely to lead to an overapproximation of D value.     

Karst breakdown mechanisms from observations in the gypsum caves of the Western Ukraine: implications for subsidence hazard assessment

The term karst breakdown is employed in this paper to denote the totality of processes and phenomena of gravitational and/or hydrodynamic destruction of the ceiling of a karst cavity and of the overlying sediments. It refers not only to the existence of a surface subsidence (collapse) feature but, first of all, to the internal (hidden in the subsurface) structures that precede development of a surface form. This study reports and discusses the results of direct mapping and examination of breakdown structures in the gypsum karst of the Western Ukraine, at the level of their origin, i.e., in caves. The accessibility of numerous laterally extensive maze cave systems in the region provided an excellent opportunity for such an approach, which made it possible to examine the relationship between breakdown structures and particular morphogenetic or geological features in caves, and to reveal stages of breakdown development. It is found that breakdown is initiated mainly at specific speleogenetically or geologically weakened localities, which classify into a few distinct types. The majority of breakdowns, which are potent to propagate through the overburden, relate with the outlet cupolas/domepits that represent places where water had discharged out of a cave to the upper aquifer during the period of transverse artesian speleogenesis. Distribution of breakdown structures does not correlate particularly well with the size of the master passages. Several distinct mechanisms of breakdown development are revealed, and most of them proceed in several stages. They are guided by speleogenetic, geological and hydrogeological factors. The study confirms that a speleogenetic approach is indispensable to the understanding of breakdown pre-requisites and mechanisms, as well as for eventual subsidence hazard assessment. Direct observations in caves, aimed both at speleogenetic investigation and breakdown characterization on regional- or site-specific levels, should be employed wherever possible.     

旅游洞穴网络关注度的时空特征研究——以中国最美五大旅游洞穴为例

旅游网络关注度是旅游者需求状况和行为习惯在网络上的直观表现。基于百度指数,运用变异系数、基尼系数等定量测算方法,以中国最美五大旅游洞穴为例,对中国旅游洞穴网络关注度的时空特征进行了研究。研究结果显示:旅游洞穴在网络上的关注度较高,并呈现上升的态势,月变化曲线呈双“M”形;网络关注度的省际差异明显,关注度较高的区域主要是洞穴所在的省（市）、邻近省（市）以及东部经济发达省份;旅游洞穴网络关注度的高峰、低谷与国内旅游活动的季节性差异具有耦合性,洞穴的吸引力和吸引范围具有明显的区域性。研究结论为洞穴旅游的发展提供了启示:应充分重视互联网在景区营销中的作用,将网络关注度作为景区经营管理的重要工具,加强与周边景区（点）的合作。      

Trace element behavior in the zoned metasomatic bodies of Unst,Shetland

An earlier investigation of metasomatic alteration (Curtis and Brown, 1969) is extended to trace element distribution. Most element profiles may be linked simply with diffusive mixing. Between element differentiation is slight, but certain elements are selectively concentrated in particular mineral phases.Trace elements never exhibit the spectacular unmixing shown by some major elements as monomineralic zones develop. Local equilibrium considerations still contribute materially to an understanding of overall behavior.     

昆明新机场航站区下伏溶洞地基承载力分析

溶洞地基承载力的影响因素众多。溶洞埋深、溶洞直径（跨度）、水平相邻溶洞的间距,竖向相邻溶洞的间距及溶洞断面形态等对地基的承载力影响很大。应用工程地质分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,对昆明新机场下伏溶洞地基承载力进行了分析,得出当单个溶洞埋深大于2倍直径后,上部荷载与下部溶蚀空间的关系较小。当水平相邻溶洞的间距大于1倍跨度以及当竖向相邻溶洞间距大于0．5倍跨度后,可以忽略溶洞对上部荷载的影响。溶蚀率每增加5％,上部最大荷载qmax降低幅度约6％～10％。当跨度大于3倍洞高时,上部最大荷载的降低幅度相对较小,竖向型溶洞所能承受的荷载相对较大。     

山东省东平县大洪顶山地区岩溶洞穴景观资源评价

东平县大洪顶山岩溶地貌类型属岩溶山地地貌单元,山坡顶部及陡峭坡段岩石裸露,岩溶裂隙发育,岩体切割破碎,边坡陡立。区内岩溶洞穴发育,岩溶景观资源众多。目前已发现的溶洞有6处,大洪顶山南坡3处,北坡3处,溶洞口出露位置呈NWW向展布,北部九仙洞已探测长度1862 m,南部神仙洞已探测长度2052．50 m,溶洞内岩溶景观发育不均匀,发育有石笋、石钟乳、石幔、石帽、边石等。区内岩溶洞穴发育规模宏大,景观资源丰富,属鲁西地区发育规模最大的溶洞,在北方地区具代表性、典型性、稀有性,属我国北方地区不可多得的地质自然遗产,具有良好的开发前景及旅游价值。     

Towards an understanding of joint roughness

Summary It is argued that the currently available joint models are incapable of accurate predictions of joint shear behaviour without resorting to substantial levels of empiricism. This is because these models fail to adequately quantify joint roughness, or appreciate the importance of scale. A novel approach, which uses fractal geometry to investigate joint roughness, is described. This approach goes beyond describing the symptoms of roughness and seeks to find the cause. In the application of this approach, the concepts of fractal geometry, fractal dimension and self similarity are described and used as a framework to formulate a statistically based and practical model for the characterisation of rock joint roughness. Important relationships between the fractal dimension and the more useful statistical parameters of standard deviation of both asperity angles and asperity heights are derived. These relationships not only provide a useful, working method for quantifying joint roughness, but are also shown to provide a basis for understanding the Barton empirical JRC-JCS model. In addition, the fractal model is able to provide conceptual models for the effects of normal stress on the shear behaviour of joints and the scale-dependence of joints.     

基于地面激光扫描的喀斯特洞穴制图研究

近年来,地面激光扫描在喀斯特洞穴领域的应用与研究日益广泛,其高精度测量与多样化的成果表达方式相较于传统手段优势明显。它不仅可以全方位记录洞穴要素并进行虚拟化展示,还可以构建洞道和沉积景观模型,最为关键的是毫米级的误差精度对于喀斯特洞穴空间形态计量研究有着革命性的突破,那么该如何通过海量点云精确绘制洞穴图并对洞穴要素进行制图表达成为首要解决的问题。本文以贵州潜龙洞为例,通过对三维激光点云进行处理,辅以第三方软件绘制潜龙洞平面图、剖面图和横断面图,并对洞穴要素图像化自动提取与制图表达进行探讨,对于提高洞穴制图精度、规范洞穴制图标准、科学构建洞穴地理空间数据库以及指导洞穴合理规划与开发等方面将有着重要意义。      

山西宁武冰洞国家地质公园典型地质遗迹资源及科学意义

所谓冰洞是指全年365天都存在冰的洞, 是一种极神秘的洞穴旅游资源。目前国内发现的冰洞只有10多处, 其中山西宁武冰洞冰量最大, 形态最好, 冰花种类最多, 是一处十分珍贵的地质遗迹资源。本文在对宁武冰洞国家地质公园进行总体介绍基础上, 对公园范围内发育的地质遗迹资源进行归纳总结并分类, 然后对宁武冰洞这一典型而独具特色的地质遗迹资源从地质地貌特点、冰洞发育及成因进行归纳探讨, 并对国内外目前所发现的10多个冰洞进行比较, 指出宁武冰洞是现在世界上已知在中纬度中高山地区保存最好, 规模最大, 冰体最多并可直接见到地质时期存有古冰的冰洞, 是一种非常特殊的、罕见的、脆弱的、不可再生的地质遗迹资源。     

北京石花洞结构特征及发育演化过程研究

北京石花洞是中国北方已探明洞穴中次生碳酸盐沉积规模最大、种类最丰富的洞穴;石花洞的景观美学价值和科学价值,在我国北方岩溶洞穴中占有重要地位。2013年7月,为了获取石花洞发育规模、空间结构等基本数据,采用国际通用洞穴测量方法,运用激光测距仪、罗盘和倾角仪,辅以Onstation洞穴绘图软件和ArcMap10软件对石花洞洞穴开展了全面的调查和测绘。结果显示:(1) 石花洞洞穴系统整体呈北西西-南东东向展布,长度为5 639 m,洞底投影面积为37 096 m2,洞底高差为172 m,洞内最高点海拔约为265 m,最低点海拔约为93 m。洞穴系统的发育演化主要受地层产状与北东向和北西向两组断层控制;(2) 石花洞洞穴系统分为五层,自上而下,各层洞道平均海拔依次为249 m, 211 m, 154 m, 111 m和95 m;(3) 最底第五层季节性地下河洞道长1 638 m,自西北向东南方向贯穿整个洞穴系统,依干湿季水文条件的差别,地下水以季节性涨落为主要特征,有多段有水通道;地下河道下游末端为叉状河道,崩塌明显,洞壁上无明显流纹发育;(4) 综合石花洞地下河走向和流向、洞穴发育控制因素和区域地层产状特征、石花洞与周边洞穴的空间位置关系,推测孔水洞是石花洞洪水期的排泄口。      

塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系断控型大气水岩溶储层结构研究

古岩溶作用能够形成极具潜力的油气储层。以断控型大气水岩溶储层结构为切入点,在塔里木盆地北缘奥陶系相似露头区调查的基础上,从形态及成因角度明确了4种结构单元,并以塔河油田四区S48单元为例,开展了地下研究。研究表明,主要形成于饱水带的地下河型洞穴规模最大,纵向发育型洞穴与孤立洞厅的差别在于高度直径比是否大于1;三者有多种组合方式,控洞断裂是重要的连接途径,3类洞穴与断裂的匹配数分别达到了2.5、1.9和1.7,洞穴发育与断裂分布有良好的耦合关系;此外,古地貌也在一定程度上控制着岩溶的发育。     

北京房山世界地质公园岩溶景观特色

北京房山世界地质公园是以岩溶洞穴景观和峰丛地貌景观为主题的地质公园。大石河流域发育中奥陶统马家沟组石灰岩,自上而下,依次发育鸡毛洞、银狐洞、石花洞和孔水洞,由一条地下暗河将其连为一个洞系,其水源补给点在大石河上游,排泄点为孔水洞。周口店猿人遗址属于中奥陶统马家沟组岩溶洞穴。拒马河流域发育中元古界雾速山组白云岩,岩溶洞穴包括云水洞、仙栖洞、龙仙宫和三清洞,均属唐县期夷平面时期的产物。拒马河流域地层平缓的中元古界雾速山组峰丛地貌区东从张坊起,西至大沙地,南临笔架山,北抵石人峰,流域面积395km~2,其中碳酸盐岩岩石面积占360km~2,山体上部的岩石被溶解,形成峰丛地貌景观。     

Saving and conserving the caves: reflections on 37 years of listings,disputes, submissions and court cases

In order of impact, the main anthropogenic threats to caves in eastern Australia are and have been for the European history of Australia: mining, inundation, vandalism, wear and tear, lampenflora, lint and dust, scientists and poorly informed decisions. Destruction of caves by natural processes is not a focus of this paper as it occurs over a geological time scale and there are few historical accounts of natural catastrophic cave failure. Saving and protecting caves are difficult due to the reliance and insistence on conservation by secrecy used by cavers and the organisations that represent them. Other issues that inhibit cave conservation are: limited public exposure, perceptions of land managers and farmers about caves, a shortage of research-based information on caves and difficulties with establishing the significance of a cave. Cave monitoring and the education of managers and cave guides are known to enhance the conservation of show caves. Actions that would help to save and conserve caves throughout Australia include: changes to planning legislation, establishment of a cave conservation organisation, introduction of specific cave protection legislation and the establishment of a Research Centre for Caves, Karst and Geoheritage.     

地下河水人工补给洞穴滴水、碳酸盐(钙)沉积特征及景观恢复探讨

岩溶旅游洞穴碳酸盐岩沉积物景观容易受到污染、风化,为了探讨受污损洞穴碳酸盐沉积物的修复方法以确保岩溶旅游洞穴的可持续发展,对广西桂林七星岩No.15支洞距洞口约150 m长洞段的滴水物化指标、现代碳酸盐岩沉积物进行了为期4年的监测分析。结果表明:（1）该洞段的滴水主要源于抽取地下河水的水柜渗漏及降水补给,地下河水和滴水的电导率、[Ca2＋] 、[HCO3-]在4个水文年中的变化趋势基本相同,雨季洞穴滴水电导率、[Ca2＋] 、[HCO3-]等显著降低,降雨稀释效应明显;（2）现代洞穴碳酸盐岩沉积具有明显的季节性变化,雨季洞穴滴水量/速率、碳酸钙沉积速率加快,最大沉积量达0.8 g／半月,洞穴入口约150 m长洞段快速滴水碳酸盐最大沉积量达2～4 g／半月,旱季碳酸盐沉积速率减少,最大沉积量仅为0.4 g／半月;（3）抽取岩溶地下水经由地表补给洞穴滴水可提高滴水的电导率、[Ca2＋] 、[HCO3-]及CaCO3饱和度,促使大量碳酸盐(CaCO3)快速沉积,实现对洞穴受风化、污染景观的修复,新沉积的碳酸钙(CaCO3)还可以将基岩裂隙和洞穴内破损、破裂的钟乳石重新“粘结”起来,利于洞穴的稳定性。      

云南石林洞穴发育特征

石林位于滇东喀斯特高原南部,喀斯特极其发育,以发育了典型的石林地形而闻名遐迩,倍受国内外喀斯特学者的关注。洞穴是本区广泛发育分布的一种喀斯特地下形态,类型多样。依据它们的剖面形态、成因和所处的地貌部位差异,将其划分为罅状洞穴、水平洞穴和倾斜洞穴三个类型。洞穴在发育分布上受到区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制,表现出洞穴分布的相对集中性、洞穴发育对地层的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性等特征。洞穴发育规模绝大多数为中小型洞穴;洞穴多为现代地下洞河,埋藏浅且多天窗,并且洞穴的发育延伸方向明显受裂隙构造的控制。通过对石林地区喀斯特洞穴发育条件、洞穴发育类型、分布特征和洞穴发育的古地理环境特征分析,论述了石林地区洞穴的发育特征。