基于小波分析与Mann-Kendall法的岩溶大泉动态研究

研究地下水动态是认识地下水资源的有效手段。根据1956－2013年济南岩溶泉域大气降水及地下水水位动态监测资料,采用小波分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、突变检验法研究了58个水文年泉水位对大气降水的响应,可以看出:（1）大气降水和泉水位呈现出多尺度的变化特征,长时间尺度上两者的变化周期基本相同,变化周期为16年和12年,说明大气降水对泉水位有直接影响;（2）在1956—2013年,济南泉域地下水水位具有0.65 m·（10a）-1的年际显著下降趋势,但降水具有12.65 mm·（10a）-1的不显著上升趋势,说明在人为因素影响下泉水动态的影响因素的权重发生了变化;（3）大气降水在1999年发生突变,1999年之后年降水为增加趋势;而地下水水位突变年份为1967年,1967年以后水位持续降低,2004年以后水位快速上升,泉水位未来趋势应与降水保持一致,呈上升趋势,说明大气降水并非泉水动态的唯一影响因素;（4）通过建立不同时段的多元回归模型,表明近58年来地下水水位的主要影响因素由大气降水到人工开采之间的转换,同时验证了小波分析和Mann-Kendall法研究地下水动态的适宜性和可靠性,也为济南市的保泉提供了参考依据。      

京津冀平原区地下水水位变化主导因素的定量识别研究

自20世纪60年代以来,京津冀平原区地下水水位持续下降,制约着京津冀一体化的发展。为了识别地下水水位下降的主导因素,定量表征了影响水位动态的气候条件和人类活动的多项指标(包括降水、气温、水面蒸发、工业总产值、粮食产量、人口数量、地表径流量),并采用非参数统计检验方法(M-K法)阐明了近50年来各项指标的演化规律;在掌握研究区自然社会指标及地下水水位的动态规律的基础上,联合运用灰色系统理论和主成分回归分析方法,定量识别了地下水水位变化的主导因素。结果表明,近50年,研究区降水呈现下降趋势,气温呈现显著的上升趋势,水面蒸发呈现增加趋势,工业总产值、粮食产量、人口数量呈现增加趋势,由于山前水库修建引起的地表径流量呈现减小趋势;上述指标变化影响了研究区的地下水水位动态,其中逐渐加剧的人类活动(包括粮食产量、人口数量)构成了研究区地下水水位持续下降的最主要驱动力,对地下水水位下降的贡献度达到60.6%,气候条件对地下水水位下降的影响作用次之,其贡献度为39.4%。     

黑河干流中游地区近40年来地下水环境变化特征及其成因

长期的监测结果表明自20世纪80年代以来黑河中游张掖地区地下水环境发生显著变化。笔者应用时间序列分析、相关性分析和遥感解译等方法分析近40年来该地区地下水水位、地下水水化学、黑河出山径流量、气象要素、绿洲面积演变规律，识别地下水环境对气候变化及人类活动的响应规律。结果表明，研究区中部区域地下水水位变化与出山径流量相关性显著，与张掖地区降水量相关性差，气候变化通过影响黑河上游径流量进而对研究区中部地下水水位产生影响，研究区降水变化对地下水水位影响微弱；研究区西部、东部地下水水位变化受人类活动影响显著，东部山前区受河流弃水量持续增大影响，近年来地下水水位显著回升，西部明花乡至骆驼城一带井灌区由于地下水大量开采，地下水水位仍处于持续下降状态；研究区南部山前带河流两侧一定范围内地下水水化学特征多年保持稳定，其余地区地下水水化学特征变化显著。     

呼和浩特地区地下水动态变化特征及影响因素分析

结合地下水动态分析得出呼和浩特地区地下水水位变化的主要影响因素为大气降水和人工开采地下水,在平原区南部潜水埋藏较浅的区域,气温变化和蒸发作用对潜水动态有一定的影响;该地区潜水水位总的呈现出区域性的下降趋势,且具有明显的水平分带及地区性时段差异,迳流开采型和渗入开采型为目前该地区主要的地下水动态类型;承压水水位呈现多年持续下降状态,年下降幅度逐渐增大,地下水流向也由原来的由北向南改变为由北东向西南。     

武汉某场地地下水动态变化及其数值模拟研究

根据2015-2019年五年内8口地下水位监测井连续监测资料,结合地下水补径排条件,分析武汉某场地承压含水层地下水水位的时空变化规律及影响因素;并建立场地地下水数值模型,对计划运行的工程降水进行预报.研究表明:(1)地下水水位呈逐年上升趋势,动态规律呈现周期性、同步性、空间差异等特点;(2)地下水动态变化受工程施工和水...     

河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地地下水位动态分析

青多水源地岩溶地下水是济源市的主要供水水源,研究其地下水位动态变化特征及影响因素对地下水资源合理开发及生态环境保护意义重大,探明蟒河口水库是否补给水源地对城市安全供水具有重要意义。依托河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地多年逐月（1994年6月—2019年12月）地下水位动态监测资料,对不同阶段、不同时段的地下水位动态进行分析,采用逐步回归分析方法定量确定水源地地下水位动态的影响因素,建立水位动态预测的逐步回归方程。结果表明:①第一阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水前）,水源地地下水位主要受降水和开采影响。其中,第1时段（1994年6月—2005年12月）,水源地开采量约2×104 m3/d,地下水位主要受降水量影响,开采量影响较小;第2时段（2006年1月—2014年8月）,水源地开采量由2.2×104 m3/d逐渐增大到约6.5×104 m3/d,地下水位受开采和降水双重因素影响,总体呈现下降趋势。②第二阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水后）,水源地开采量由2014年8月的6.5×104 m3/d增大到2019年6月的8.8×104 m3/d,岩溶地下水位不降反升,其水位主要受蟒河口水库蓄水和降水影响,开采量影响甚微。在不考虑蟒河口水库蓄水影响的情况下,应用建立的逐步回归方程对水源地地下水位进行预测,蟒河口水库蓄水后实测的水源地地下水位高于预测水位,并从水源地水文地质条件、蟒河口水库蓄水水位、水质特征等方面论证了蟒河口水库的补给效果。本研究可为水源地地下水资源评价、水资源可持续利用和管理提供科学依据,也可为类似地区地下水动态研究提供参考。     

“十一五”期间河北平原地下水动态及其影响因素浅析

根据河北平原地下水开发利用及水位监测资料,对区内地下水水位变化情况进行分析研究,认为长期过度开发地下水资源与气候变暖、降水减少两大因素相关,控制了河北平原地下水动态特征。为解决区域地下水水位下降及其相关的环境问题提供科学依据。     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地水位动态特征及水文生态效应

会仙湿地是我国最大的岩溶湿地,具有重要的生态环境功能。近年来湿地面积萎缩、退化趋势显著,生态环境逐步恶化。从湿地水文过程的角度,基于野外定点监测数据,运用统计学方法研究了会仙湿地年季水位分布特征及其对降水的响应过程,分析了湿地内地下水与地表水的转换关系,并进一步讨论了湿地水位波动对生态环境的影响。结果表明:会仙湿地地表、地下水位存在显著的空间差异性,两者均对降水响应迅速,多峰多谷特征显著。湿地中部地表水位较边缘区稳定,各区地表水域相互贯通;地下水位变化受地势、降水、岩溶发育及第四系厚度等因素影响,表现出与地表水相似的变化特征,但其水位变幅自补给到排泄区逐渐降低。区内地表、地下水转换频繁、水力联系紧密,湿地地下水常年以一稳定强度补给地表水,是会仙湿地重要的补给水源。Pearson相关性分析表明,湿地地表水位与水体电导率呈显著负相关（R=-0.780 8）,水位下降期间水体营养盐浓度增高,可能诱发水体富营养化;而湿地地下水位与浅层土壤含水量的相关性不显著,对湿地生境的扰动较小。      

枣庄市地下水动态变化特征研究

枣庄市以岩溶地下水为主要供水水源,多年的超采造成了十里泉及丁庄主要岩溶水源地下水水位大幅度下降,并诱发了地下水污染、岩溶地面塌陷等严重的环境地质问题。根据枣庄市岩溶地下水21年的监测资料,揭示了枣庄市岩溶地下水水位动态特征。岩溶地下水水位呈现季节性和多年变化特征,其中,岩溶地下水水位季节性变化特征与降水量密切相关,多年水位变化受降水和开采量的综合作用的影响。     

涑水盆地承压水下降漏斗的形成与发展趋势研究

本文根据多年地下水动态观测资料，对涑水盆地承压水下降漏斗的形成过程进村了系统研究，并运用线性与曲线两种相关分析法分析了涑水盆地承压水开采量与地下水水位及漏斗面积的关系，对不同开采条件下漏斗的扩展趋势进行了预测，提出了合理控制漏斗发展的必要性。     

娘子关泉域岩溶地下水位变化特征及成因

利用多年观测资料,结合地下水补、径、排条件,分析娘子关岩溶地下水动态变化特征及成因。结果表明:（1）娘子关泉群流量在1980-2004年前总体表现为下降状态,2004年之后趋于稳定并略有回升;（2）岩溶地下水位动态空间上表现为地下水补给区比径流区变化大,时间上则分为两个不同时间段:1980-2004年表现为持续下降状态,2005-2014年表现为波动缓慢下降,部分地区水位小幅回升;龙庄岩溶地下水1998年1月到2004年1月水位下降22.9 m,平均年变幅3.82 m,2005年5月到2014年5月水位升高1.5 m,年均变化-0.17 m。      

Impact of Rainfall Variability on River Hydrology: A Case Study of Southern Western Ghats,India

The Western Ghats plays a pivotal role in determining the hydrological and hydroclimatic regime of Peninsular India. The mountainous catchments of the Ghats are the primary contributors of flow in the rivers that sustains the life and agricultural productivity in the area. Although many studies have been conducted in the past decades to understand long term trends in the meteorological and hydrological variables of major river basins, not much attention have been made to unfold the relationship existing among rainfall and river hydrology of natural drainages on either side of the Western Ghats which host one of the unique biodiversity hotspots across the world. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this paper to examine the short term (last three decades) changes in the rainfall pattern and its influence on the hydrological characteristics of some of the important rivers draining the southern Western Ghats as a case study. The short term, annual and seasonal trends in the rainfall, and its variability and discharge were analyzed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s estimator of slope. The study showed a decreasing trend in rainfall in the southwest monsoon while a reverse trend is noticed in northeast monsoon. Correspondingly, the discharge of the west and east flowing rivers also showed a declining trend in the southwest monsoon season. The runoff coefficient also followed the trends in the discharge. The runoff coefficient of the Periyar river showed a decreasing trend, whereas the Cauvery river exhibited an increasing trend. A high-resolution analysis of rainfall data revealed that the number of moderate rainfall events showed a decreasing trend throughout the southern Western Ghats, whereas the high intensity rainfall events showed an opposite trend. The decline in groundwater level in the areas which recorded an increase in high intensity rainfall events and decrease in moderate rainfall events showed that the groundwater recharge process is significantly affected by changes in the rainfall pattern of the area.     

人类活动对哈尔滨市高铁地下水时空分布的影响

哈尔滨市区的第四系砂砾石含水层中，原生的高铁水广泛分布。在研究地下水质的演变规律时发现，近20年内，高铁地下水在各种人为活动影响下发生了很大变化。依据市区80个地下水动态监测井点近20年的水位及水质监测资料，研究了地下水中铁浓度的变化与地下水开采强度、雨水水质变化、农业施肥、污水排放等人类活动的关系。结果表明：地下水中的铁浓度与上述人类活动均存在较大的相关性，铁浓度动态呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。     

Groundwater simulation using a numerical model under different water resources management scenarios in an arid region of China

Groundwater plays an important role in the economic development and ecological balance of the arid area of northwest China. Unfortunately, human activity, for example groundwater extraction for irrigation, have resulted in excessive falls in groundwater level, and aquifer overdraft in the oasis, disrupting the natural equilibrium of these systems. A groundwater numerical model for Minqin oasis, an arid area of northwest China, was developed using FEFLOW software to simulate regional groundwater changes under transient conditions. The vertical recharge and discharge (source/sink terms) of the groundwater models were determined from land-use data and irrigation systems for the different crops in the different sub-areas. The calibrated model was used to predict the change for the period from 2000 to 2020 under various water resources management scenarios. Simulated results showed that under current water resources management conditions groundwater levels at Minqin oasis are in a continuous drawdown trend and groundwater depth will be more than 30 m by 2020. Reducing the irrigation area is more effective than water-saving irrigation to reduce groundwater decline at Minqin oasis and the annual groundwater budget would be −0.978 × 10⁸ m³. In addition, water-diversion projects can also reduce the drawdown trend of groundwater at Minqin oasis, and the groundwater budget in the Huqu sub-area would be in zero equilibrium if the annual inflow into the oasis was enhanced to 2.51 × 10⁸ m³. Furthermore, integrative water resources management including water-diversion projects, water-saving irrigation, and reducing the irrigation area are the most effective measures for solving groundwater problems at Minqin oasis.     

Impacts of land use change and groundwater management on long-term nitrate-nitrogen and chloride trends in groundwater of Jeju Island,Korea

Impacts of land use changes and groundwater management actions on groundwater quality were evaluated at the island scale with spatiotemporal trends of NO₃-N and Cl concentrations in groundwater of Jeju Island, Korea. The temporal trends from 1993 to 2012 in the concentrations of NO₃-N and Cl from more than 3900 wells were estimated using the Mann–Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope analysis and compared with the land use change trend for the period 1995–2009. The results indicate that the upward trends in NO₃-N were associated with the expansion of agricultural lands, whereas Cl trends were considered to be affected by other factors in addition to the land use changes. In the mid-mountainous region, the deterioration in the groundwater quality by the both NO₃-N and Cl was expected due to the continuous expansion of agricultural lands. In the lowland area, the NO₃-N and Cl components showed different trends depending on the regions. In the eastern area, increasing trends in NO₃-N were observed due to the development of new agricultural areas, while the Cl concentration was observed to decrease as a result of the regulation on groundwater extraction to reduce seawater intrusion. Our study highlights that a comprehensive interpretation of trends in NO₃-N and Cl and land use changes for long-term periods can provide useful insights to prepare for suitable groundwater management plans in the whole island perspective.     

冀中山前农业区地下水位强降弱升特征与机制

针对冀中山前平原农业区浅层地下水位不断下降问题,采用时间序列异变特征和趋势分析方法,基于小时级、自记监测的地下水位动态资料,通过农业区灌溉期、非灌溉期地下水位变化程度的差异特征及机制研究,结果表明:该平原农业区浅层地下水位变化在主灌溉期呈"cm/d"级(大于1.0 cm/d)下降、非灌溉期呈"mm/d"级(小于1.0 cm/d)上升的特征,这些特征与降水量、年内降水分配状况及其影响的农业开采强度密切相关。前期降水偏枯,灌溉期地下水位下降过程线和年内水位上升过程线的大部分位于当地多年地下水位变化趋势线之下;前期降水偏丰,位于趋势线之上。农业集中开采是地下水位"cm/d"级下降特征的动因,厚大包气带是地下水位"mm/d"级上升特征形成的重要条件。     

乾安县地下水位动态变化特征及成因分析

依据乾安县2006至2016年地下水位动态监测资料,分别选择潜水观测井和承压水观测井进行研究,总结出研究区潜水地下水位动态变化特征为降雨渗入-径流-蒸发型,承压水地下水位动态变化特征为越流-径流型、径流-开采型和开采型。潜水地下水位动态变化受气象等自然因素影响明显,承压水地下水位动态变化受开采人为因素影响明显。近十年来,研究区地下水位呈现整体下降,特别是在集中开采区,地下水位降幅最大。研究结果可为地下水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

Evolution of groundwater quality in intensive agricultural zone: case of Chtouka-Massa Aquifer,Morocco

The Chtouka-Massa area in Southern Morocco has shown an increase in water scarcity during the last decades, caused mainly by withdrawal of water resources aggravated by agricultural intensification and climate change impacts. To better understand the changes of groundwater quality, a sampling campaign was conducted in many wells during March 2015 and compared to historical chemical data from the hydraulic basin agency, as well as previous studies performed at Ibn Zohr University. All data were used to assess the spatial-temporal evolution of nitrate and salinity relevant to the recent sampling. This paper describes the current state of groundwater quality in the Chtouka-Massa zone with an overview of different sources of water mineralization and the nitrate evolution in an agricultural area. Our results indicate a general increase in mineralization from the north to the south, and from the east to the west. The plain, dominated by farms, shows a relatively high conductivity (up to 2000 μS/cm), while in both costal area and Anti-Atlas Mountain the water salinity shows a gradient increase from the north to the south. However, the highest electrical conductivity is observed along the Massa River. The water type is bicarbonate, chloride, and sodium for farm samples, while from the other parts, it is mostly dominated by chloride and sodium. The spatial-temporal analysis of nitrates generally shows an increasing trend. However, the levels remain overall lower than the limit. The temporal evolution of control points set by the hydraulic agency shows a decreasing trend decline that can be explained by the improvement of agriculture practices, including the conversion towards drip irrigation mode. Different chemical tracers highlighted some processes involving the changes of mineralization of groundwater (e.g., irrigation water return, marine intrusion, and water/rock interaction). The results will be used to improve water management in this area showing water quality degradation.     

腰坝绿洲地下水位动态特征及对植被变化影响

地下水资源是干旱半干旱地区绿洲主要的供水水源,随着绿洲发展规模的不断扩大,为了满足日益增长的供水需求,加大了对地下水资源的开采导致了地质环境生态问题。本文结合实地调查、访问与统测方法,收集相关资料,测定地下水位,分析地下水位动态年内与年际变化特征,认为腰坝绿洲地下水位动态变化主要受人工开采影响,总体趋势表现为持续下降,并在开采期局部地区形成地下水位降落漏斗,受地下水位动态变化影响,绿洲防护林及周边荒漠植被处于衰退阶段,出现退化或大面积死亡现象。