甘肃省冬小麦产量预报综合气象模式探讨

应用卫星遥感植被指数对甘肃冬小麦产量预报惯用的气象模式进行修正。综合气象模式入选气象因子与影响我省冬小麦产量波动的主要气象因素相吻合，预报范围由代表站扩大到整个冬麦区，预报准确率有所提高。     

对冬小麦产量气象统计预报方法的认识与实践

针对冬小麦产量气象统计预报方法研究中的几个关键问题，在气象产量序列的分离与订正、趋势产量的预测、气象因子的处理等方面进行了探讨，并在淄博市冬小麦产量气象统计预报方法研究中试用，取得了较好的效果。     

河南省玉米产量预报服务系统HNMYFSS

河南省夏玉米产量预报服务系统（ＨＮＭＹＦＳＳ）是用ＱｕｉｃｋＢａｓｉｃ４．５及Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ２．５语言编制的一套立足业务实用的农业气象产量预报服务系统。该系统的数据基础是河南省夏玉米农业气象数据库。ＨＮＭＹＦＳＳ由数据库管理、趋势产量处理、因子普查、气象产量预报、产量预报、全省产量集成六大功能模块组成。各模块既紧密相连，又可独立运行，初步实现了玉米产量预报自动化和客观化，极大地提高了工作效率。     

利用调和权重法处理产量预测我省小麦产量效果好

在制作产量预报时，一般将产量分解为趋势产量与气象产量，我省的“农业产量气象预测自动化系统”中用２０余种方法求算趋势产量，作者在近几年的实践中发现，对于我省小麦产量预报而言，用调和权重法处理产量比用其它方法效果好，预测结果更接近实产，准确率高。     

农业气象作物产量预报的特点与思考

文章回顾了农业气象作物产量预报的发展历程，阐述了其业务支持体系和具有的信息丰富、传送及时、预报技术综合、业务规范的特点。深入分析了当前业务中存在的大范围作物面积难以估测、产量预报模型有待机理化和动态化以及产量预报应面向全球化等问题。从目前面临的机遇与挑战出发，提出了气象部门应充分发挥自身的资源优势，解决存在的难题，以增强农业气象作物产量预报的服务能力。     

对哈密市玉米产量预报的研究

一、问题的提出目前,在粮食作物产量预报的研究中,气象产量预报比趋势产量预报研究更广泛.由于预报方法不断更新,气象产量的预报精度有了很大提高.但是,在总体的产量预报上存在精度差,稳定性不强等问题.这是统计预报本身的缺陷;另一方面则是趋势产量的预报值不准造成的.我们知道,趋势产量     

增城香蕉产量的气象预报模型

利用增城1992—2021年香蕉种植面积、产量资料与同期气象资料,对增城香蕉产量预报方法进行研究。结果表明：(1)增城香蕉产量气象波动指数为0.278 4,占实际产量变异系数的98.32%,气象因素是影响增城香蕉产量波动的最主要因子。(2)1992—2021年中气象丰年8年(占比27%)、气象平年7年(占比23%)、气象歉年15年(占比50%);丰年气象产量波动大,歉年气象产量较为平稳。(3)日照时数、平均气温以及最大风速是影响增城地区香蕉产量的最关键气象因子。(4)预报模型对历年香蕉产量预报平均误差为8%,平均准确率达94.1%,预报准确率基本满足日常业务服务,研究成果可为日常农业气象服务及乡村振兴气象保障服务提供科学决策依据。     

渭南市冬小麦产量预报模型研究

利用1998—2012年渭南市气象与冬小麦产量数据,利用直线滑动平均模拟趋势产量,结合调和权重法预测趋势产量,采用SPSS20.0软件对气象产量进行逐步回归,得到年景和定量气象产量预测模型。统计趋势产量与气象产量合计值,得到年景(或定量)预报产量。通过验证,年景和定量产量预报准确率较高。     

用聚类分析法划分山东省农业气象产量气候区

详细介绍了用聚类分析法划分山东省农业气象产量气候区的方法。用该方法制作产量分区预报，不仅考虑了分区内农业气候条件的影响，还考虑了分区内的生产力水平和行征区的划分，从而使农业气象产量预报更具体，更准确且比较简便。     

基于气象要素的逐日玉米产量气象影响指数

利用1981—2020年5—9月气象数据与玉米产量数据,通过改进逐日降水适宜度并构建逐日气候适宜度模型,建立基于相似年逐日气象要素的作物生育期气候适宜度序列,利用气象产量与气候适宜指数建立模型,设计逐日作物产量气象影响指数以表征气象条件对作物的影响程度,基于该指数构建东北地区玉米逐日产量预报模型并分析其逐日预报准确率,用以表明该指数的准确性。结果表明:利用3个相似年预报结果加权集成综合相似年逐日作物产量气象影响指数可提高逐日预报准确率,黑龙江年尺度逐日预报准确率年际间波动小于东北其他地区。综合相似年月尺度下,随着玉米发育期的推进和实时气象数据的引入,月尺度平均预报准确率逐渐提高。东北地区玉米产量8月31日的日尺度预报准确率普遍高于7月31日;辽宁日尺度预报差异较大,但随着玉米发育期推进逐日预报产量和实际产量接近,准确率也提高。基于气象要素构建的逐日作物产量影响指数和同期气象影响指数可以定量评估不同时段气象条件对作物产量的影响程度,在一定程度上可提高农业气象业务定量化评价水平。     

Mixing heights and ventilation coefficients for urban centres in India

Monthly mean afternoon (maximum) and early morning (minimum) mixing heights have been calculated for the winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for eleven stations in India, with the assumption of a dry adiabatic lapse rate in the mixing layer. The morning mixing heights have been calculated by adding +5 °C to the surface minimum temperature except for the monsoon season for which a value of +3 °C has been utilized to account for the urban heat island effect. The spatial variation of mean maximum mixing heights over India has also been studied by isopleth analysis. The morning and afternoon ventilation coefficients have been calculated for the eleven stations under consideration. The spatial distribution of afternoon ventilation coefficients has also been studied. The optimum siting industries to minimize our pollution has been discussed.     

Long-term ensemble forecast of snowmelt runoff with the help of the physics-based models of runoff generation

Applicability of the physically based models of runoff generation has been shown for the long-term ensemble forecasts of snowmelt runoff volumes and peak discharges. For the deterministic forecast, the ensembles of runoff hydrographs have been modeled by different combinations of measured and calculated indices of the basin conditions on the date of the forecast issue and by the mean weather for the lead time of the forecast. For the probabilistic forecast, the ensembles of runoff hydrographs have been modeled either by the ensembles of weather, which were observed for the lead-time periods of different years, or by the ensembles of weather generated by the Monte Carlo method with the help of a stochastic weather generator. The criteria have been suggested to compare the effectiveness of the probabilistic forecasts of snowmelt runoff characteristics and peak discharges and the different forecasting approaches have been compared. The study has been carried out for the Seim and Sosna river basins.     

数值产品再分析诊断与图象显示在天气分析预报中的应用

本文介绍了数值产品再分析诊断(MOD)与图象显示技术在国内外研究的现状,讨论了作为天气分析预报的新技术在天气预报业务中的作用及发展趋势。文中还就北京气象中心及省级微机图象业务系统最近的工作和设想进行了讨论和评述。     

A Scheme for Objective Analysis of Wind Field Incorporating Multi-Weighting Functions in the Optimum Interpolation Method

A method of objective analysis scheme having three different weighting functions for different conditions of the wind flow has been developed for the Indian region, two of which are anisotropic and third one is isotropic. Basically Gandin’s Optimum Interpolation method is used. The “effective” distance between a grid point and observation point used for the anisotropic functions, has been applied to calculate weighting functions following Benjamin and Seaman (1985) and objective analyses were made at the 700 hPa level for three consecutive days from 6 July to 8 July 1979. The quantitative evaluation of the objectively analysed fields have been made by computing the R.M.S. errors. Ana-lyses obtained using multi-weighting functions (anisotropic) and those obtained using ordinary circular functions (isotropic-Gandin, 1963) have been compared. Also, the centres of the monsoon depressions obtained by this method have been compared with those of subjective analyses.     

倒春寒的划分和预报服务探讨

本文利用预报区域1960～1995年春季逐日气象资料,分析得到了倒春寒天气的客观划分标准、气候特点、主要影响系统及其形势特征。采用较新特色的折扣回归模型,建立了三、四月份各旬倒春寒的集成预报方程;利用短期预报资料,研制出若干预报判据和消空指标,建立了短期预报回归方程,并编制出具有一定特色的预报服务系统。经1997年实际应用,倒春寒天气的预报准确率在经验预报的基础上提高20％左右。     

Surface-level moisture transport over the Indian Ocean during southwest monsoon months using NOAA/HIRS data

Surface-level moisture transport over the Indian Ocean has been computed using NOAA/HIRS data for the years 1980, 1981 and 1984. The global relation between monthly mean surface-level humidity and precipitable water (Liu, 1986) has been applied for the computation of surface-level humidity using monthly mean satellite-derived water vapour. The monthly mean surface wind fields over the Indian ocean provided by Florida State University have been used for the surface-level moisture flux computations. Our analysis indicates net positive surface-level moisture flux divergence over the Arabian Sea and negative moisture flux divergence over the Bay of Bengal. It has also been found that evaporation over the Arabian Sea is a variable quantity and forms a significant part of the net moisture budget over the Arabian Sea. The relative contribution of cross-equatorial flux and evaporation from the Arabian Sea has been studied for all three years.     

Estimating the PPH-bias for simulations of convective and stratiform clouds

The plane parallel homogeneous (PPH) approximation is known to generate systematic errors in the computation of reflectivity and transmissivity of a horizontally inhomogeneous cloud field. This PPH-bias is determined for two cloud fields, a stratocumulus and a shallow convective cloud scene, which have been simulated using a cloud resolving model. The independent column approximation has been applied as reference and a PPH analogue has been interpolated from the original cloud data. In order to correct for the bias the effective thickness approach (ETA) has been employed. For the two cloud simulations, the corresponding reduction factors have been determined.     

旋转椭球雨滴群的雷达气象方程及测雨订正

导出了雷达发射水平偏振波时适用于旋转椭球雨滴群在三种不同取向情况下的雷达气象方程,并且重新定义了相应的雷达反射率因子,确定了在用雷达测定非球形雨滴降水时的订正系数,为提高雷达定量测量强降水的精确度提供了一种瓣的理论方法。     

GMS5多通道数据与TRMM资料估测华南地区热带气旋降水

分区域建立了2000年华南及其附近海域热带气旋的TRMM降水资料和GMS5多通道数据的对应关系,分析了不同区域对应关系的异同,并根据该对应关系反演了2001年7月尤特台风登陆过程降水率和降水概率,与广东自记资料和TRMM资料有很好相关性.     

中国长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨形成机理以及监测与预测理论和方法研究

国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“我国重大天气灾害形成机理与预测理论研究”经过项目全体科学家的 5a研究 ,取得了一系列重要的研究成果 :(1)提出了基于多种实时观测资料的梅雨锋暴雨的多尺度物理模型 ;(2 )建立了梅雨锋暴雨的天气学模型 ;(3)梅雨锋是由多个不同尺度系统构成的梅雨锋系 ,它具有介于温带锋系结构与热带辐合带结构之间的副热带锋系结构 ,在长江中下游有时可表现为双锋结构。锋前的湿物理过程与锋上强对流系统发展形成的正反馈过程以及梅雨锋系的不同尺度系统的相互作用是梅雨锋维持与发展的重要机制 ;(4 )提出了多种中尺度暴雨的定量卫星遥感反演理论和方法 ,并形成一系列新的反演产品 ;(5 )成功地研究了双多普勒雷达同步探测和反演中尺度暴雨三维结构的理论和方法 ;(6 )发展了配有三维变分同化系统的中尺度暴雨数值预报模式系统 ,在 2 0 0 3年淮河抗洪救灾中发挥了积极作用。上述研究成果表明该项目已经圆满地完成了预定的目标与任务。