高原季风的年代际振荡及其原因探讨

一、高原季风的形成演化史高原季风是高原对大气的冷热源作用冬夏相反，从而引起的对流层中、低层冬季为反气旋环流，夏季为气旋性环流的总称。在青藏高原的隆升过程中，到渐新世初（约37Ma．B．P．）其水平尺度开始大于斜压大气地转适应的临界尺度’“，高原季风开始出现“’，全球气候经历了一次大转型，从以纬向分布为特征的准天文气候开始转向季风气候。值得提出的是，在早第三纪（如始新世），陆海分布已基本上是现代格局，海陆季风体系（东南季风、西南季风）应该已经形成，然而东亚、南亚地区非常干燥，为什么当时没有季风雨相伴呢…     

The Dynamic Plateau Monsoon Index and Its Association with General Circulation Anomalies

Based on monthly ECMWF reanalysis-Interim(ERA-Interim) reanalysis data,along with monthly precipitation and temperature data,the Dynamic Plateau Monsoon Index(DPMI) is defined.The results of a contrast analysis of the DPMI versus the Traditional Plateau Monsoon Index(TPMI) are described.The response of general circulation to northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau summer monsoon anomalies and the correlation of the DPMI with general circulation anomalies are investigated.The results show that,the DPMI reflected meteorological elements better and depicted climate variation more accurately than the TPMI.In years when the plateau summer monsoon is strong,the low over the plateau and the trough near the eastern coast of Asia are deeper and higher than normal over South China.This correlation corresponds to two anomalous cyclones over the plateau and the eastern coast of Asia and an anomalous anticyclone in South China.The plateau and its adjacent regions are affected by anomalous southwesterly winds that transport more moisture to South China and cause more precipitation.The lower reaches of the Yangtze River appear to receive more precipitation by means of the strong westerly water vapor flow transported from the "large triangle affecting the region".In years when the plateau summer monsoon is weak,these are opposite.The plateau monsoon is closely related to the intensity and position of the South Asian high,and the existence of a teleconnection pattern in the mid-upper levels suggests a possible linkage of the East Asian monsoon and the Indian monsoon to the plateau summer monsoon.     

青藏高原雪盖与东亚季风异常对华南前汛期降水的影响

应用华南25个站1954~1998年4~6月降水量资料以及有关青藏高原雪盖异常年份资料和东亚季风强度指数, 通过典型旱涝年前期对比诊断与相关分析, 指出青藏高原雪盖对华南前汛期降水的影响相当显著, 前冬春多 (少) 雪年有利于前汛期雨涝 (干旱); 典型旱、涝年前冬500 hPa中高纬环流特征显然不同, 主要表现在典型旱 (涝) 年北半球极涡强度显著偏弱 (强)、东亚大槽强度偏强 (弱); 东亚季风, 特别是冬季风的强弱变化, 对前汛期降水具有较强的指示意义。同时还发现, 在青藏高原西侧的伊朗高原及邻近地区冬季500 hPa高度升降变化, 可作为华南前汛期降水一个强的前期征兆信号。     

高原季风特征及其与东亚夏季风关系的研究

利用ERA-Interim的位势高度场、温度场和风场再分析资料,计算了1988-2017年的传统高原季风指数(Trational Plateau Monsoon Index,TPMI)和动态高原季风指数(Dynamic Plateau Monsoon Index,DPMI),分析了高原季风的空间分布特征和时间演变规律,结合东亚夏季风指数(East Asian Summer Monsoon Index,EASMI),探讨了高原季风与东亚季风的关系。研究表明:(1)高原夏季风从4月开始形成,暖性低值系统在高原上生成;6月暖性低压系统中心形成并达到最强,此时高原夏季风强度也达到最大;10月暖性闭合低压系统向东北方向移动且强度也随之减弱并退出,高原夏季风结束。(2)DPMI和EASMI具有明显的年际变化特征,在关键年高原夏季风和东亚夏季风的强度表现一致。(3)中纬度受东亚季风所影响区域的位势高度场和青藏高原区域的位势高度场均处于同一正相关区域,而且超前两个月的DPMI同EASMI的相关系数最大,表明高原夏季风对东亚夏季风具有一定的指示意义。(4)东亚夏季风经圈环流受高原温度场变化的影响而移动,高原夏季风的低压系统与高原温度场关系密切。     

青藏高原能量和水循环试验研究--GAME/Tibet与CAMP/Tibet研究进展

“全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究”(GAME/Tibet)和“全球协调加强观测计划(CEOP)亚澳季风之青藏高原试验研究”(CAMP/Tibet)的加强期观测和长期观测已经进行了8年多,并取得了大量的珍贵资料和一系列研究成果。本文首先介绍了GAME/Tibet和CAMP/Tibet试验的科学目标、研究内容、试验区概况、仪器设置、观测时间及资料采集的情况,然后介绍了这两个试验在地气相互作用的观测研究、观测与卫星遥感资料相结合估算区域陆面过程参数和对青藏高原陆面过程的数值模拟及藏北高原降水的时空变化等方面的研究进展,同时指出了目前试验研究中所存在的问题并提出了解决问题的途经。     

关于亚洲夏季风爆发的动力学研究的若干近期进展

资料分析显示,与850 hPa风场相比,地面风的变化能更好地表征亚洲各季风系统的特征。基于地面风的季节性反转和降水的显著变化所构建的亚洲夏季风(ASM)爆发指数和等时线图表明:亚洲热带夏季风(TASM)在5月初首先在孟加拉湾(BOB)东南部爆发后不是向西传播,而是向东经中印半岛向东推进,于5月中到达中国南海(SCS),6月初到达热带西北太平洋。印度夏季风的表面低压系统源于近赤道阿拉伯海地区,于6月初到达印度西南部喀拉拉邦,印度夏季风随之爆发。亚洲副热带夏季风(STASM)5月初在西北太平洋日本本州东南的海区发生后向西南伸展,于6月初与南海季风降水区连接,形成东北—西南向雨带,夏季风在中国东南沿海登陆,日本的“梅雨”(Baiu)开始。6月中该雨带向北到达长江流域和韩国,江淮梅雨和韩国的“梅雨”(Changma) 开始。本文还回顾了亚洲热带夏季风爆发的动力学研究的若干近期进展。春季青藏高原和南亚海陆分布的联合强迫作用使海表温度(SST)在BOB中东部形成短暂但强盛的暖池,在高层南亚高压的抽吸作用下,常伴有季风爆发涡旋(MOV)发展,使冬季连续带状的副高脊线在孟加拉湾东部断裂,导致亚洲热带季风首先在BOB爆发。BOB东/西部有东/西风型垂直切变,利于激发/抑制对流活动,并增加/减少海洋向大气的表面感热加热,从而使得亚洲夏季风爆发的向西传播在BOB西海岸遇到屏障。季风爆发逐渐向东伸展引发南海和热带西太平洋夏季风相继爆发。季风降水释放的强大潜热使南亚高压发展西伸,纬向非对称位涡强迫显著增强;在阿拉伯半岛强烈的表面感热加热所诱发的中层阿拉伯反气旋的共同作用下,位于阿拉伯海近赤道的低压系统北移发展成为季风爆发涡旋,导致印度季风爆发。由此可见,历时约一个月的亚洲热带夏季风爆发的三个阶段(孟加拉湾、南海和印度季风爆发)是发生在特定的地理环境下受特定的动力—热力学规律驱动的接续过程。     

热带海温变化与高原季风发展

利用NOAA长波辐射OLR，NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料，探讨了热带太平洋、印度洋海温等环境场变化与高原季风发展的联系。揭示了春季孟加拉湾和南海以及西太平洋暖池附近海表增温、赤道东太平洋降温有利于高原夏季风发展。分析了高原季风强弱年同期和前期SST场、风场和OLR场演变特征。结果表明，高原季风强弱年热带环境场存在明显差异。高原夏季风发展时SSTA从春季到夏季, 孟加拉湾经南海到西太平洋SST呈正距平, 赤道中东太平洋SST负距平发展, 表现为La Ni?a特征。反之，高原夏季风减弱时SSTA在孟加拉湾和南海地区SST呈负距平，东南太平洋SST正距平发展。表现为El Ni?o特征。     

Satellite Monitoring of the Surface Water and Energy Budget in the Central Tibetan Plateau

The water and energy cycle in the Tibetan Plateau is an important component of Monsoon Asia and the global energy and water cycle. Using data at a CEOP （Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period）-Tibet site, this study presents a first-order evaluation on the skill of weather forecasting from GCMs and satellites in producing precipitation and radiation estimates. The satellite data, together with the satellite leaf area index, are then integrated into a land data assimilation system （LDAS-UT） to estimate the soil moisture and surface energy budget on the Plateau. The system directly assimilates the satellite microwave brightness temperature, which is strongly affected by soil moisture but not by cloud layers, into a simple biosphere model. A major feature of this system is a dual-pass assimilation technique, which can auto-calibrate model parameters in one pass and estimate the soil moisture and energy budget in the other pass. The system outputs, including soil moisture, surface temperature, surface energy partition, and the Bowen ratio, are compared with observations, land surface models, the Global Land Data Assimilation System, and four general circulation models. The results show that this satellite data-based system has a high potential for a reliable estimation of the regional surface energy budget on the Plateau.     

Different Asian Monsoon Rainfall Responses to Idealized Orography Sensitivity Experiments in the HadGEM3-GA6 and FGOALS-FAMIL Global Climate Models

Recent work has shown the dominance of the Himalaya in supporting the Indian summer monsoon(ISM),perhaps by surface sensible heating along its southern slope and by mechanical blocking acting to separate moist tropical flow from drier midlatitude air.Previous studies have also shown that Indian summer rainfall is largely unaffected in sensitivity experiments that remove only the Tibetan Plateau.However,given the large biases in simulating the monsoon in CMIP5 models,such results may be model dependent.This study investigates the impact of orographic forcing from the Tibetan Plateau,Himalaya and Iranian Plateau on the ISM and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) in the UK Met Office's Had GEM3-GA6 and China's Institute of Atmospheric Physics FGOALS-FAMIL global climate models.The models chosen feature oppositesigned biases in their simulation of the ISM rainfall and circulation climatology.The changes to ISM and EASM circulation across the sensitivity experiments are similar in both models and consistent with previous studies.However,considerable differences exist in the rainfall responses over India and China,and in the detailed aspects such as onset and retreat dates.In particular,the models show opposing changes in Indian monsoon rainfall when the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau orography are removed.Our results show that a multi-model approach,as suggested in the forthcoming Global Monsoon Model Intercomparison Project(GMMIP) associated with CMIP6,is needed to clarify the impact of orographic forcing on the Asian monsoon and to fully understand the implications of model systematic error.     

用CloudSat/CALIPSO资料分析亚洲季风区和青藏高原地区云的季节变化特征

利用2006年9月至2009年8月的CloudSat/CALIPSO资料,分析了东亚季风区(EAMR)、印度季风区( IMR)、西北太平洋季风区(WNPMR)和青藏高原地区(TPR)的云最和云层垂直结构(包括云层的垂直位置、物理厚度、相邻云层间的垂直距离和雷达反射率垂直分布)及其季节变化特征,进一步分析了亚洲季风区低云...