苍山5.2级地震前的水汞、电导异常特征

1995年9月20日11时14分，在山东临沂市苍fo县发生了MSS．2级地震。地震前东水三号井的电导阳枣庄十里泉水汞出现了异常变化（井孔位置示于图1），分述如下：1．东水三号井电导异常东水三号井位于东营市胜利油田水化站院内。该十是汞压自流井，井深645．83m，含水层为上第三系llfl水镇组上段粉砂岩、细砂岩，含水层埋深460．18～G04．50：，水温21℃，水化学类型为：Clpe44SO“一29HCO、26MI．713——Na”87Ma“”7该并观测水红及其它物理参数（包括电导率、水温、流才等）。东水三号井采用DDS—ilA型电导率观测仪进行由导接的观测．…     

平凉地震台前兆异常对比分析

平凉地震台前兆观测始于1975年。随着观测技术的不断提高,最初的几个测项经过多年筛选、优化组合后仅剩附件厂人工水氡观测,现运行的其他前兆手段均为1997年以后增加或改建项目。所有数字观测项目为2001年“九五”数字化改造项目。所以对这些手段的观测效能做个评价很有必要。本文着重通过本监视区发生的几个有限地震及甘肃省玉门5．9级地震和新疆库塞湖8．1级大震前后相对应的观测手段资料出现的异常进行总结,做一初步分析。     

胜利油田地震观测井选布原则及在地震前兆预测中的应用

引言 1969年渤海发生7.4级地震，胜利油田首次发现油井动态异常，从此开始了利用油井观测地震前兆的研究工作，经过30多年的研究和分析，积累了丰富的油井动态资料。随着观测井孔自身条件、油田生产状况的改变，胜利油田的早期油井动态地震观测网出现了一些问题，有的井孔产量越来越低，甚至停产；有的观测井干扰增多，导致地震异常难以识别等，这就要求对油田的油井动态地震观测网进行研究和重新选布。 1 胜利油田构造格局 胜利油田处于华北平原东部，黄河入海口附近。构造上位于渤海湾盆地东南部的济阳坳陷内，周边均被断裂围限。北部、…     

利用“多层次跟踪法”进行大震或强震的时间预测

用“多层次跟踪法”重新分析了１９８９年－１９９１年间山西地区发生的３次ＭＳ〉５地震前山西及邻近地区的地下流体的观测数据,并对其发震时间进行了观测。结果表明３次地震前,指数相关系数均大于０．８８２７,指出利用多手段多台项的前兆异常,预测其发震时间是可行的。     

GNSS垂向分量用于地壳动态形变的研究

GNSS (GPS)对地观测技术在我国发展迅速,“中国地壳运动观测网络”和“中国大陆构造环境监测网络”等重大工程项目均将GNSS作为主要技术观测手段之一.目前GNSS用于地壳水平运动的监测比较成熟,精度高、应用广,产出了一大批基础研究和应用研究成果.     

“应变型”基线测量效果探讨

短基线测量是定点地壳水平形变测量的一种手段。《地震台站观测规范》(试行)载称:台站基线的布设,分为“断裂位移型”和不跨断裂的“应变型”两种,前者作用在于监视断裂的水平位移,后者则以观测地面的水平应变为目的。按观测方法分,短基线测量又可分为不定期测量的“流动基线观测”和每天进行测量的台站短基线。从1968年在邢台地区建立形变台以来,各台陆续布设过一些“应变型”基线场地,试图取得地震前应变变化的前兆,但十多年来收效甚微,许多人对这种手段提出了质疑。 从理论上来说,观测了三个不同方向的长度变化(线应变)就可以计算出这一地区内主应     

福建GPS观测在地震中的应用

福建省地震局GPS观测技术应用于1992年开始,起步早,发展快。本文阐述了福建省地震局在“九五”、“十五”期间以GPS观测技术为主的福建地壳运动观测网络的建设历程,重点对“十一五”期间正在进行的“福建省GNSS连续观测台网”项目进行了介绍。由于所处地理位置独特,福建GPS观测在地震研究中得到了广泛的应用。本文对福建GPS观测在地震应用中已经取得的成果进行了简述,并利用福建地壳运动观测网络的观测资料,分析了汶川8．0级地震对福建区域应力场的影响。“十一五”结束后,福建GNSS连续观测站达到41个,将成为我国大陆GNSS连续观测站最多、密度最大的省份之一,这将有力地推动地球科学创新和地震预报攻关。     

排除油田深水井动态干扰因素的一种方法

为了适应油田地下水动态观测资料的处理，有效地排除干扰，对Weiner滤波方法进行了改进，利用改进后的方法，处理了胜利油田东水-3井的观测资料，结果表明，利用该方法可以较好地消除各种干扰对地下水动态观测的影响。     

吉林省数字化地震前兆台网建设

“十五”期间吉林省地震局依托成熟的地震前兆数字化观测技术,采用现代化、网络化、智能化的信息共享平台,建成地震前兆观测系统,使吉林省前兆观测在环境条件、观测设备、测项结构、台网布局等方面有了极大的提高。观测技术和数据通信手段实现了数字化、自动化,提高了观测方法的综合性、数据应用的及时性和共享性。     

台站观测质量检查结果揭晓

1984年12月2日至12日在太原对我省地震台站的观测资料进行了检查验收.参加验收工作的有17个专业台和10个观测站,共50余人.全部资料的检查是用电子计算机进行的,对9种手段全年的观测资料进行了100%的检查.结果有91.6%的手段达到了“优良”,消灭了“不及格”的手段.这是我局实行体制改革后出现的大好局面.以下几幅照片是部分获奖单位及检查验收的情况.     

R/S analysis of earthquake time interval

Ｒ／ＳａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｔｉｍｅｉｎｔｅｒｖａｌＣｈａｎｇ－ＨａｉＬＩＵ;（刘长海）Ｙｉ－ＧａｏＬＩＵ;（刘义高）ａｎｄＪｕｎＺＨＡＮＧ;（张军）（ＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＡｎｈｕｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｈｅｆｅｉ...     

Vertical motion and diabatic heating over the Indian monsoon region during the Bay of Bengal depression of 5–8 July, 1979

The vertical velocity, , and the diabatic heating were computed at 800, 600, 400 and 200 mb surfaces using the Omega equation. The highest contribution to is from the diabatic heating produced by condensation associated with the precipitations appearing to be the main source of diabatic heating. The net radiative cooling and the thermal advection in the upper troposphere over the warm anticyclone result in diabatic cooling over the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal and adjoining northern and eastern regions.List of Symbols Used C _p Heat capacity at constant pressure - f Coriolis parameter - g Acceleration due to gravity - P Atmospheric pressure - Q Diabatic heating rate per unit mass - R Gas constant of air - S Static stability parameter - t Time - U, V Zonal and meridional wind components - Specific volume - Relative vorticity - Absolute vorticity - Potential temperature - Geopotential - Vertical velocity (dP/dt) - ₁ Adiabatic vertical velocity - ₂ Vertical velocity due to certain forcing - ₃ Diabatic vertical velocity - Isobaric gradient operator - ² Laplacian operator - J(A, B) Jacobian operator     

Spatial and temporal variations in summer precipitation in Japanese mountain areas

We examined spatial and temporal variations in precipitation measured during summer season between 1976 and 2007 for 28 stations located in mountain areas across Japan using the amount of precipitation (Pr), the mean depth of precipitation events (η), and the inverse of the mean interval times (λ). We obtained positive correlations between the period mean Pr (Pr ) and the period mean η ( ) and between Pr and the period mean λ ( ) for the 28 stations. Pr was more strongly related to than to , indicating the spatial variations in Pr that are primarily related to the variations in . In addition, Pr was more strongly related to η than to λ for most stations on the basis of data for 1976–2007, indicating that the year‐to‐year variations in Pr are primarily related to η. We also examined temporal trends in Pr, η and λ for 1976–2007 and found no systematic trends for 23 of the 28 stations, suggesting long‐term trends that are not common in mountain areas of Japan. The relationships between Pr and and between Pr and η presented in this study enable us to generate a temporal precipitation distribution pattern based on only Pr and Pr data, respectively. Furthermore, probabilistic stochastic hydrological models require precipitation characteristics as input; thus, this study contributes to the determination of hydrological cycles and their possible future changes in Japanese mountain areas and therefore to water resource management. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The mean energetic level. theory

Summary One of the important atmospheric levels, the mean energetic level (MEL), which in a sense reflects the energetics of the whole atmosphere, is defined. Its fundamental properties are shown. In order to describe the MEL correctly a new vertical coordinate is introduced and discussed. The new coordinate, , is defined as the ratio of height and temperature. The MEL is shown to be a level with constant value of . Some incorrect conclusions concerning the MEL, derived in the past, have been corrected.List of symbols used c _p specific heat of air at constant pressure - c _v specific heat of air at constant volume - e base of natural logarithms - E total potential energy - f Coriolis parameter - g acceleration of gravity - i specific internal energy - I internal energy - J enthalpy - k unit vector pointing upwards - p pressure - Q diabatic heating rate - R gas constant of the air - t time - T temperature - v horizontal velocity - v ⁽³⁾ three-dimensional velocity - w vertical velocity in thez-system - z height - temperature growth rate (T/z) - Pechala's vertical coordinate (z/T) - generalized vertical velocity in the -system (d/dt) - specific potential energy - potential energy - density of the air - Ruppert function - T(1–)^–1 - ( ) _S quantity at the sea level - ( )* quantity at the MEL     

Far-field Gravity and Tilt Signals by Large Earthquakes: Real or Instrumental Effects?

A wide set of dynamics phenomena (i.e., Geodynamics, Post Glacial Rebound, seismicity and volcanic activity) can produce time gravity changes, which spectrum varies from short to long (more than 1 year) periods. The amplitude of the gravity variations is generally in the order of consequently their detection requires instruments with high sensitivity and stability: then, high quality experimental data. Spring and superconducting gravimeters are intensively used with this target and they are frequently jointed with tiltmeters recording stations in order to measure the elasto-gravitational perturbation of the Earth. The far-field effects produced by large earthquakes on records collected by spring gravimeters and tiltmeters are investigated here. Gravity and tilt records were analyzed on time windows spanning the occurrence of large worldwide earthquakes; the gravity records have been collected on two stations approximately 600 km distant. The background noise level at the stations was characterized, in each season, in order to detect a possible seasonal dependence and the presence of spectral components which could hide or mask other geophysical signals, such as, for instance, the highest mode of the Seismic Free Oscillation (SFO) of the Earth. Some spectral components (6.5; 8; 9; 14, 20, 51) have been detected in gravity and tilt records on the occasion of large earthquakes and the effect of the SFO has been hypothesized. A quite different spectral content of the EW and NS tiltmeter components has been detected and interpreted as a consequence of the radiation pattern of the disturbances due to the earthquakes. Through the analysis of the instrumental sensitivity, instrumental effects have been detected for gravity meters at very low frequency.F.S.E. (Fondo Sociale Europeo -European Community -)     

A numerical study of the heat transfer through a fluid layer with recirculating flow between concentric and eccentric spheres

A numerical study has been made of the heat transfer through a fluid layer with recirculating flow. The outer fluid surface was assumed to be spherical, while the inner surface consisted of a sphere concentrically or eccentrically located with respect to the outer spherical surface. The recirculating flow was assumed to be driven by a gas flow creating stress on the fluid's outer surface so that creeping (low Reynolds number) flow developed in its interior. The present study solves the Stokes equation of motion and the convective diffusion equation in bispherical coordinates and presents the streamline and isotherm patterns.Nomenclature a _i inner sphere radius - a _d outer sphere radius - A ₁ defined by equation (5) - A ₂ defined by equation (6) - B ₁ defined by equation (7) - B ₂ defined by equation (8) - c dimensional factor for bispherical coordinates - C constant in equation (4) - d narrowest distance between the two eccentric spheres - E ² operator defined by equation (1) in spherical coordinates and by equation (21) in bispherical coordinates - G modified vorticity, defined in equation (22) - G ^* non-dimensional modified vorticity, defined in equation (28) - h metric coefficient of bispherical coordinate system, defined in equation (18) - k _w thermal conductivity of water - K ₁ defined by equation (9) - K ₂ defined by equation (10) - N _Re Reynolds number=2a _dU/gn - N _Pe,h Peclet number=2a _dU/ - n integer counter - q heat flux - r radius - r ^* non-dimensional radius=r/a _d - S surface area - t time - t ^* non-dimensional time=t/a _d ² - T temperature - T _o temperature at inner sphere surface - T _a temperature at outer sphere surface - T ^* non-dimensional temperature;=(T–T _o)/(T_a–T_o) - u velocity - u _r radial velocity in spherical coordinates - u angular velocity in spherical coordinates - u radial velocity in bispherical coordinates - u angular velocity in bispherical coordinates - U free stream velocity - u _r ^* =u _r/U - u ^* =u /U - u ^* =u /U - u ^* =u /U Greek symbols a ₁ small displacement - vorticity, defined in equation (17) - ^* non-dimensional vorticity, defined in equation (27) - radial bispherical coordinates - _o bispherical coordinate of inner sphere - _a bispherical coordinate of outer sphere - angular coordinate in spherical coordinates - thermal diffusivity - _w thermal diffusivity of water - kinematic viscosity - angular bispherical coordinate - spherical coordinate - streamfunction - non-dimensional streamfunction for spherical coordinates, = /(U a _d ² ) - ^* non-dimensional streamfunction for bispherical coordinates, defined in equation (26)     

Electromagnetic scattering by a perfectly conducting half-plane in a conductive half-space

FollowingDmitriev (1960) a rigorous theoretical solution for the problem of scattering by a perfectly conducting inclined half-plane buried in a uniform conductive half-space has been obtained for plane wave excitation. The resultant integral equation for the Laplace transform of scattering current in the half-plane is solved numerically by the method of successive approximation. The scattered fields at the surface of the half-space are found by integrating the half-space Green's function over the transform of the scattering current.The effects of depth of burial and inclination, of the half-plane on the scattered fields are studied in detail. An increase in the depth of burial leads to attenuation of the fields. Inclination introduces asymmetry in the field profiles beside affecting its magnitude. Depth of exploration is greater for quadrature component. An interpretation scheme based on a phasor diagram is presented for the VLF-EM method of exploration for rich vein deposits in a conductive terrain.List of symbols x, y, z Space co-ordinates - Half-space conductivity - ₀ Free-space permeability - Excitation frequency (angular) - T Time - h Depth of the half-plane - a Inclination of the half-plane - E _x x-Directed total electric field - E _x ^p x-Directed primary electric field - E _xo ^p x-Directed primary electric field atz=0 directly over the half-plane - H _y y-Component of total magnetic field - H _y ^p y-Component of primary magnetic field - H _y0 ^p y-Component of primary magnetic field atz=0 directly over the half-plane - H _z z-Component of total magnetic field - H _z ^p z-Component of primary magnetic field - J _x Surface density ofx-directed scattering current - G Green's function - k ₀,K Wave numbers - u,u ₀,u ₁,u ₂ Functions - Space co-ordinate - s Variable in transform domain - Variable of integration - Normalized scattering current - Laplace transform of - N Normalized - , ₀, ₁, ₂ Functions - t Variable of integration - Skin depth - H Total magnetic field - H ^p Primary magnetic field - H ₀ ^p Primary magnetic field atz=0 directly over the half-plane - M,Q,R,S,U,V Functions - N ₁,N ₂ Functions     

Magnetic interpretation of dyke anomalies using derivatives

The horizontal and vertical derivative profiles of magnetic anomalies of dykes show some interesting properties. The points of zero derivatives and the points where the derivatives are equal are conjugate point pairs. A method of interpretation of dyke anomalies is suggested, which utilizes the distances between these points.Notation F Magnetic anomaly in total intensity - Z Depth to top of the dyke - 2T Width of the dyke - Geological dip of the dyke - I Effective intensity of magnetisation in the plane of profile - Dip of effective magnetisation vector in the plane of profile - Strike angle of the dyke - i Magnetic dip - Q – - Q _f –+arctan (sin coti) - I _f      

Quasi-static thermal deformations of a sphere by radiation from a point source

Summary In this paper the quasi-static temperature and stress distributions set up in an elastic sphere by radiation from a point source at a finite distance from the centre of the sphere and out-side it, have been discussed. The temperature boundary condition has been taken in the general form involving an arbitrary function of time. The final solutions have been obtained in terms of series involving Legendre polynomials. Numerical calculations have been done on IBM 1620 Computer and a desk calculator. The results have been represented in graphs.Notation the del operator - u the displacement vector - T the excess of temperature over that at state of zero stress and strain - , Lamé's constants - /2(+) Poisson's ratio - coefficient of linear expansion - 2(1+) - a radius of the sphere - d distance of the point source from the centre of the sphere - d _o a/d - K coefficient of thermal conductivity - h heat transfer coefficient of the surface     

Water uptake and equilibrium sizes of aerosol particles at high relative humidities: Their dependence on the composition of the water-soluble material

Equilibrium water uptake and the sizes of atmospheric aerosol particles have for the first time been determined for high relative humidities, i.e., for humidities above 95 percent, as a function of the particles chemical composition. For that purpose a new treatment of the osmotic coefficient has been developed and experimentally confirmed. It is shown that the equilibrium water uptake and the equilibrium sizes of atmospheric aerosol particles at large relative humidities are significantly dependent on their chemical composition.List of symbols A proportionality factor - a _w activity of water in a solution - c _{p v} specific heat of water vapour at constant pressure - c _w specific heat of liquid water - f relative humidity - l _w specific heat of evaporation of water - M _i molar mass of solute speciesi - M _s mean molar mass of all the solute species in a solution - M _w molar mass of water - m ₀ mass of an aerosol particle in dry state - m _i mass of solute speciesi - m _s mass of solute - m _w mass of water taken up by an aerosol particle in equilibrium state - m total molality=number of mols of solute species in 1000 g of water - m _i molality of solute speciesi - m _k total molality of a pure electrolytek - O(m ²) remaining terms being of the second and of higher powers ofm - p ⁺ standard pressure - p total pressure of the gas phase - p pressure within a droplet - p ₁,p ₂,p ₃ coefficients in the expansion of M - p _1i, p_2i, p_3i specific parameters of ioni - p _s saturation vapour pressure - p _w water vapour pressure - R _w individual gas constant of water - r radius of a droplet - r ₀ equivalent volume radius of an aerosol particle in dry state - T temperature - T ₀ standard temperature - T ₁ temperature of the pure water drop in the osmometer - v _w specific volume of pure water - z _i valence of ioni - _i relativenumber concentration of ioni in a solution - correction term due to the adsorption of ions at liquid-solid interfaces - activity coefficient of solute speciesi in a solution, related to molalities - I bridge current - T temperature difference between solution and pure water drop in the osmometer - exponential mass increase coefficient - _w specific chemical potential of water vapour - _w specific chemical potential of water - ⁰ _w specific chemical potential of pure water vapour - ⁰ _w specific chemical potential of pure water - ₀ density of an aerosol particle in dry state - _w density of pure water - surface tension of a droplet - ₀ surface tension of pure water, i.e., at infinite dilution of the solute - osmotic coefficient - _k osmotic coefficient of a solution of a pure electrolytek - _k osmotic coefficient of a solution of a mixed solute - _M fugacity coefficient of water vapour - ^s _{i=1 i} z ² _i This work is part of a Ph.D. thesis carried out at the Meteorological Institute of the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz.