基于迁移学习的无人机高分影像地震泥石流信息检测

地震后经常会引发大量的泥石流灾害(称作地震泥石流),容易造成极大的破坏,无人机低空遥感技术以其便捷、时效性强等特点成为一种快速获取灾害信息的手段,但其影像的光谱信息较为缺乏,较难准确地检测地震泥石流灾害信息。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于迁移学习机制地震泥石流检测方法,该方法在已构建地震泥石流灾害样本库的基础上,将卷积神经网络训练得到的特征迁移到地震泥石流灾害信息检测中,完成地震泥石流灾害信息的自动检测,并将面向对象的地震泥石流灾害信息检测结果与迁移学习支持下的检测结果进行了对比与分析。结果表明:基于迁移学习的地震泥石流灾害信息检测结果在精度上稍优于面向对象的地震泥石流灾害信息检测结果,且前者在保持地震泥石流的平滑性和完整性上要优于后者。     

《地震对策》各篇章编写稿之五 第二篇 地震对策各论 第七章 地震次生灾害对策

地震次生灾害一般指地震强烈震动后,以震动的直接或间接破坏后果为导因而引起的一系列其他灾害。在地震灾害中,次生灾害是极其普遍的、严重的。目前,地震的次生灾害主要有:火灾,毒气、细菌和放射性污染,“盲目避震”造成的摔、挤、踩等伤亡,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流,水灾,海啸等。随着城市生产力的发展,一些新的次生灾害可能出现,如高层建筑的“玻璃雨”灾害,信息储存系统的“记忆毁灭”灾害等。本文在总结我国一些地震的经验和教训的基础上,参考国外一些地震资料,按城市地震次生灾害,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流灾害,地震水灾和地震海啸灾害四个部分,概括分析了各种次生灾害的成因及特点,阐述了震前预防、震时紧急处理、震后救治的各项对策。     

1983年5月26日日本海中部7.7级地震概况

综合汇编了1983年5月26日日本海中部7.7级地震概况,这次地震引起了海啸并造成了严重灾害。本文报道了该震的震源参数、震灾和救灾情况以及该震的成因等。     

各国地震预报社会经济反应研究工作主要进展概况(综述之二)

文章是本刊1981年第12期(总第36期)刊登的各国地震预报社会经济反应研究工作主要进展概况综述的续篇,在概略提及前述的几个问题后,本文着重述及了地震虚报、地震谣言、生命线地震工程灾害预测、地震立法和地震保险等问题(关于这方面的国际活动和资料交流以及互访考察等问题将另行汇编报道)。     

地震复合灾害与应急救援对策

地震复合灾害是指以地震主震为灾害源并引发一种以上次生灾害的地震灾害。重大地震灾害都是复合灾害。复合灾害具有各构成灾害的叠加性,不同灾种之间还可能产生叠加效应。地震复合灾害与同时或连续发生的自然灾害、人为灾害构成广义复合灾害。复合灾害扩大、加剧了地震灾害灾情。减少地震复合灾害的构成灾害种数,降低、消除各构成灾害的叠加性与叠加效应,是研究地震复合灾害减灾对策的基本原则。编制城镇应急救援规划应以复合灾害的灾情严重程度为基础。构建完善的应急救援要素系统、合理估算避难人数和救援资源需求量,是复合灾害应急救援的基本对策。     

区域地震滑坡灾害定量评估研究进展和展望

地震滑坡是最常见的地震次生地质灾害之一,不仅带来环境恶化,通常还造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失,因此备受关注。为了解地震滑坡研究发展趋势,凝练地震滑坡定量评估科学问题,文章对区域地震滑坡定量评估起源、发展现状、存在的问题及未来发展进行了系统总结。研究结果表明：(1)区域地震滑坡灾害定量评估研究兴起于20世纪80年代,经过50多年学者的不懈努力,取得了丰硕的成果。区域地震滑坡灾害定量评估研究面临着新的社会需求。(2)地震滑坡是地震动力、地质特征和地貌条件等多因素耦合作用的结果,地震滑坡现象只有考虑成因机理与动力过程方可解释,地震滑坡成因机理研究主要集中于强震条件下斜坡的动力响应规律分析。(3)地震滑坡发育特征、成因机理以及数据库建设等基础研究推动了地震滑坡灾害风险定量评估研究。区域地震滑坡灾害风险定量评估包括地震滑坡危险性定量评估、地震滑坡易损性定量评估、地震滑坡危害性定量评估等内容。(4)在区域地震滑坡灾害定量评估方面,还需要进一步探索区域地震滑坡灾害形成的系统性和时空分布规律性、改进和完善区域地震滑坡灾害风险定量评估方法、开拓区域地震滑坡灾害防治战略规划。     

汶川地震中甘肃滑塌灾害特征及减轻对策刍议

汶川地震在甘肃南部造成了极为严重的滑塌灾害。本文在武都区附近地震滑塌灾害统计研究的基础上,阐述了其主要类型和发育特征;论述了甘肃地震滑塌灾害的展布主要受地形、岩性、地震烈度、人类工程活动和植被发育程度等因素影响,在空间上分布很不均匀。地震烈度高的陇南灾区地震滑塌密度相对较大;节理发育的厚层(块状)岩层滑塌较为突出;黄土滑塌较为突出。进而提出了山区地震滑塌灾害减轻的注意事项以及甘肃省不同区域滑塌灾害减轻对策。     

山西历史地震引起的黄土灾害的分布特征

在收集、整理山西省历史地震黄土灾害资料的基础上，划分了黄土灾害的类型，总结了山西省历史地震所引起的崩塌、砂土液化、震陷和地裂的分布特征，分析了历史地震引起的黄土灾害与地震强度的关系，并对未来可能引起滑坡、崩塌、地裂和砂土液化等黄土灾害的地区进行了预测。     

地震滑坡灾害快速评估技术及对应急影响研究

地震诱发滑坡灾害在我国分布非常广泛,对1949年以来MS≥5.0级地震统计结果显示,诱发滑坡地震在全国大部分省区都有发生,尤其在西部山区,其中以云南、四川地震滑坡造成的灾害损失最为严重。     

灾评新技术在云龙5.0级地震烈度调查中的应用

通过介绍2016年5月18日云龙5.0级地震烈度调查与分布,分析了此次地震中云南地震现场灾害损失调查系统和无人机技术在地震现场调查与灾害损失计算、灾民安置与政府救灾决策中的应用情况。针对云南省地势高低起伏大、山区村落分散、交通通行条件较差以及地震灾害损失调查时间紧、任务重的情况,现场灾害损失调查系统以及无人机技术的应用在地震现场灾害损失调查工作中具有重要意义。     

Summary of Global Earthquake Disasters in 2018

According to global seismic hazards data in 2018, the paper summarizes major hazards data of the global earthquakes, describes the major seismic hazards, and analyzes the characteristics of disasters losses of hazard earthquakes in this year. Focusing on the disaster and the cause of the September 28, 2018, Indonesia earthquake, and listing the major earthquakes triggered the tsunami disasters in history. Finally, giving suggestions and measures to deal with the earthquake disasters effectively.     

新西兰2010年M7.1地震与2011年M6.3地震活动和灾害分析

本文对新西兰.2010年9月4日M7.1地震(国际标准时间)与2011年2月22日(国际标准时间)M6.3地震活动和灾害情况进行了分析,用同震位移方法计算了两次地震的地震烈度,结果表明尽管两次地震震级相差较大,但由于M6.3地震震源深度较浅,两次地震在地表的烈度相同.本文用主余震序列方法计算了两次地震的断层滑动参数,结...     

Seismic zoning of the southern slope of Greater Caucasus from the fractal parameters of the earthquakes, stress state, and GPS velocities

By complex analysis of GPS velocities, seismicity, fractal dimensions of the spatial distribution of seismic epicenters, focal mechanisms of the earthquakes, and stress state of the Earth’s crust, four seismic zones (Balaken-Zagatala, Sheki-Gabala, Shamakhy-Ismailly, and Absheron) are revealed within the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The suggested method can be used as a criterion in seismotectonic zoning; it could also be useful in the assessment of seismic hazards in the collision zones.     

Earthquake motion input and its dissemination via the Internet

Objectives of this task are to conduct research on seismic hazards, and to provide relevant input on the expected levels of these hazards to other tasks. Other tasks requiring this input include those dealing with inventory, fragility curves, rehabilitation strategies and demonstration projects. The corresponding input is provided in various formats depending on the intended use: as peak ground motion parameters and/or response spectral values for a given magnitude, epicentral distance and site conditions; or as time histories for scenario earthquakes that are selected based on the disaggregated seismic hazard mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey and are incorporated in building codes. The user community for this research is both academic researchers and practicing engineers who may use the seismic input generated by the synthesis techniques that are developed under this task for a variety of applications. These include ground motions for scenario earthquakes, for developing fragility curves and in specifying ground motion input for critical facilities (such as hospitals) located in the eastern U.S. Supported in part by the Earthquake Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation under Award Number EEC-9701471 to the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.     

Active Tectonics and Seismic Zonation of the Urban Area of Florence, Italy

—?The city of Florence possesses a concentration of cultural and artistic treasures which is unique in the world. In this sense it has a particularly high seismic exposure and a potentially high vulnerability. In order to better evaluate its seismic hazard and risk, we analyzed the seismic response of the urban area of Florence by performing a multidisciplinary study on the effects of earthquakes on the city. By a computer aided methodology we re-evaluated the seismic intensity reports of the May 18 and June 6, 1895 earthquakes in different parts of the city and compared these data with recent studies on surface geology, active tectonics and actual fault movements in the Florence basin. We concluded that more detailed studies of soil response are needed to form a basis for public policy.     

江苏地区天然地震与人工爆破识别研究

选取江苏数字地震台网记录的部分天然地震与人工爆破波形数据,通过波形对比分析、震幅比以及频谱等方面的对比发现两者之间不同之处。把这些不同的方法应用到数字地震台网实际工作中,能够快速有效地分辨出天然地震和人工爆破,为今后震相的识别提供可靠依据。     

南北地震带南段水平向地震动衰减特征

地震动衰减关系作为抗震救灾的重要依据,一直都是现代地震学研究的重点之一.本研究使用南北地震带南段区域2009-2016年共217个地震事件获得随震中距变化的水平向地震动峰值速度（PGV）和地震动峰值加速度（PGA）经验衰减关系,并计算场地响应.研究结果显示PGV衰减关系的拟合效果较PGA更好,两者的距离衰减系数会随事件矩震级增大呈线性减小;相较于大矩震级事件,中矩震级事件在近场可能产生较衰减关系理论值更大的PGV和PGA,同时衰减关系的拟合标准差会随事件矩震级的增大而减小.进行场地响应校正后的PGV和PGA更加符合经验衰减关系,PGA的场地响应影响较PGV更强但两者的趋势一致,并与该区域前人计算得到的地壳Q_s值分布对应,表明地壳介质放大或压制地震波振幅和其传递地震波能量的能力是相关联的.本文结果一定程度上揭示了南北地震带南段的地震动强度衰减特征,为未来中国西南部的抗震减灾工作提供了重要的参考.

     

Archeoseismological study in Salachik,the ancient capital of Crimean Khans

Archeological, archeoseismological, and seismotectonic studies were carried out in Salachik, the ancient capital of the Crimean Khans, on the outskirts of the modern city of Bakhchysarai, Crimea. The following damage and deformations of medieval buildings were observed: tilted building walls, shifted elements of building structures, rotation of fragments of walls and building blocks around the vertical axis, considerable deformations of arch structures, and fissures running through several rows of building blocks. These deformations are of a seismogenic nature. Traces of at least two strong ancient earthquakes were revealed in the medieval monuments of Salachik. Based on analysis of kinematic indicators, it is found that the maximum seismic intensity (VIII ≤ I ₀ ≤ IX points) was due to an earthquake occurred in the west. Based on historical seismologic data, one of the two earthquakes is dated by April 30, 1698. Also, structural damage to buildings in Salachik was caused by Crimean earthquakes in 1927. The findings can be used for a comprehensive assessment of seismic hazards on the Crimean Peninsula.     

Relocation of the 10 March 2011 Yingjiang,China, earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications

An earthquake with M_S5.8 occurred on 10 March 2011 in Yingjiang county, western Yunnan, China. This earthquake caused 25 deaths and over 250 injuries. In order to better understand the seismotectonics in the region, we collected the arrival time data from the Yunnan seismic observational bulletins during 1 January to 25 March 2011, and precisely hand-picked the arrival times from high-quality seismograms that were recorded by the temporary seismic stations deployed by our Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration. Using these arrival times, we relocated all the earthquakes including the Yingjiang mainshock and its aftershocks using the double-difference relocation algorithm. Our results show that the relocated earthquakes dominantly occurred along the ENE direction and formed an upside-down bow-shaped structure in depth. It is also observed that after the Yingjiang mainshock, some aftershocks extended toward the SSE over about 10 km. These results may indicate that the Yingjiang mainshock ruptured a conjugate fault system consisting of the ENE trending Da Yingjiang fault and a SSE trending blind fault. Such structural features could contribute to severely seismic hazards during the moderate-size Yingjiang earthquake.