Legal Geographies of Catastrophe: Forests,Fires, and Property in Colonial Algeria

Forest fires in Algeria in the 1850s and 1860s suggest a link between environmentally induced catastrophes and the geographies of property and territory in the colony. In eastern Algeria, these fires helped fuel a discussion over the security and reliability of European settlers’ property rights and of the colonial state's ability to guarantee them. Following a brief analysis of forestry policy in France and Algeria, this paper analyzes some of the correspondence and official reports that emerged in the wake of major conflagrations. By the early 1860s, settlers and private forestry companies were calling the colonial state's credibility into question and demanding far‐reaching changes to the property law and land‐use regimes in place in the colony. Eventually, colonial authorities moved to help cement settlers’ property claims, eliminating enclaves and imposing new rules on “native” Algerians’ rights to use the forest. This essay concludes by suggesting that the process of making property private, in Algeria and elsewhere, is informed by perceptions of risk and by the modes of awareness inspired by environmentally induced catastrophic events.     

The impact of taphonomic processes on interpreting paleoecologic changes in large lake ecosystems: ostracodes in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi

Nonmarine ostracodes are often used as proxy indicators for the biotic response to climate as well as anthropogenic changes in large lakes. Their large numbers, small size and sensitivities to environmental conditions make them ideal for assessing how organisms respond to environmental perturbations. However, little is known about the various taphonomic processes related to preserving these organisms in the lacustrine fossil record. Without understanding the amount of time averaging associated with these assemblages, any interpretation of their biodiversity and paleoecology may be problematic.To address these issues, we conducted actualistic experiments to determine transport, time-averaging, and the amount of taphonomic bias in ostracode sub-fossil assemblages. Sand transport experiments revealed significant mixing at all sites at shallower depths and significant mixing on rocky substrates but not sandy ones. Comparisons with ostracode material collected along the experimental transects support this model and demonstrate time averaging in both the sandy and rocky substrates. Preservational models were derived from the experimental data and applied to interpreting the paleobiologic record of ostracodes from piston cores in both Lake Tanganyika and Malawi. The core record reveals assemblages that have undergone significant time-averaging, and in the case of Lake Malawi, preservational degradation. In the core examined from Tanganyika, most assemblages resemble the time-averaged experimental model with respect to species richness, percentage of articulated shells and heavy bias towards adult dead individuals. In the Malawi cores, most of the valves were preserved only as internal molds. The taphonomic signature of these samples resemble the time-averaged assemblages of Tanganyika cores, even though carapaces are not often present.Both the experimental and live/dead valve data suggest significant time-averaging and transport, smearing seasonal-yearly data in some environments involved in using ostracodes to assess biotic changes as a result of climate and or anthropogenically-induced environmental change. Ostracode species richness estimates were impacted by time averaging because transport of dead valve material occurs at high percentages in the shallow depths and on the rocky substrates, suggesting that the ostracode death assemblages in these areas will not reflect living populations. In addition, ecologic models based only upon death assemblages will be less resolved than those based upon live assemblages. A time averaging index was derived using the % dead juveniles ratio, as well as sedimentation rate and information on the population dynamics, if known.     

环境地理与人类健康研究成果与展望

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所倡导和建立了化学地理研究机构,是我国最早从事环境科学研究的单位之一,推动了环境质量调查、环境质量评价、环境背景、环境容量和环境治理等理论和技术的建立和发展;长期进行克山病、大骨节病等地方病的调查及其环境病因与防治的研究,为上述疾病的控制做出了重大贡献;创立和发展了中国的医学地理学研究体系。2000年以后,在持续开展西部地方病地理流行规律和稀土元素生物地球化学循环研究基础上,重点开展了重金属等污染物及全球环境变化的健康风险评价研究,拓展了区域碳、氮、磷等生命元素的生物地球化学循环与温室气体排放的关系研究,强化了环境污染治理和健康保护的技术研究。实现了从化学地理到环境地理、从医学地理到健康地理的转变。未来的环境地理与人类健康研究将以地理环境的化学属性为重点,以人口健康保护为核心,探讨环境保护、社会经济发展和人类健康安全在整体上协调的机制与途径。     

广东基督教教案的时空演变 (1584~1910)

教案是外来宗教文化与本土文化激烈冲突最为直接的反映。对广东基督教教案时空演变的研究,恰能直观地反映出基督教文化在广东文化扩散和文化适应的历史地理过程。研究从相关历史文献中提取数据,并运用GIS图形技术和数理统计方法进行分析,发现1584~`1910年期间,广东基督教教案大致经历了初生、多发、高潮、衰退四个时期。其空间分布具有不均衡的特性:珠三角自始至终是教案发生的中心,潮汕地区和粤东客家地区也先后成为教案的分布次中心地。地理集中指数的测算进一步印证了教案分布的这一结构特征。从文化传播的模式看,广东基督教教案的扩散属于墨渍式迁移扩散,但也明显带有以人口密度为主、行政区等级为次的等级扩散特征。形成这种分布与扩散的地域文化成因则在于广东对内封闭、对外开放的整体地理环境和各民系地域文化差异的共同作用。     

The Rise and Fall of the Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude,Fugue, Coda,and Sequel

The Cycle of Erosion formulated by the American geographer William Morris Davis in the 1880s remained the dominant paradigm in geomorphology well into the 20th century, before it waned in response to improved understanding of Earth's crustal and surface behavior. The Davisian model sought to explain landforms in terms of structure, process, and stage. Following initial rapid tectonic uplift, landforms were presumed to evolve on a quiescent crust through stages of youth, maturity, and old age, to culminate in a peneplain. A new cycle would be initiated by landform rejuvenation in response to a changing base level of erosion. This model was a reflection of its time, of the cycle mania of the 19th century, which in turn was founded on Hutton's limitless "succession of worlds" and dissatisfaction with earlier notions of landscape origins constrained by limited Earth time. Davis's model was derived from ideas regarding orogenic cycles favored by Dana and Le Conte, and of prolonged subaerial denudation toward base-level observed by Powell and Dutton. The model's supremacy was challenged from time to time, notably by the Pencks (father and son) and by alternative cyclic denudation models that invoked pediplanation and etchplanation rather than peneplanation. The relevance of the Davisian model declined after 1940 in response to a growing awareness of Earth's crustal mobility, changing climates and geomorphic processes, and refined dating of geologic time. The subsequent quantitative revolution in geomorphology, with its emphasis on measurement of form and process aided by rapidly improving technologies, and based in part on lingering antecedents, sounded the death knell for the Davisian model but also triggered something of a theoretical hiatus. In recent years, resurrection of the concept of isostasy, defined by Dutton but ignored by Davis, has led to the formulation of a more realistic but more complex model, briefly introduced here, in which landforms may be viewed as responses to more-or-less continuous interaction between tectonic activity, subaerial denudation, and isostatic adjustment.     

'Gluttony or sloth': critical geographies of bodies and morality in (anti)obesity policy

In many countries, obesity is high on public health policy agendas, and geographical research has begun to engage with obesity. However, obesity is a highly contested term, and recent debates about geographers' engagement with policy, and critical discussions of the presence of bodies in medical geography, bear great relevance for developing a critical perspective on dominant 'obesity discourse'. Through a critical reading of a recent UK policy document, this paper considers the presence of bodies in (anti)obesity campaigns, calling for a more critical approach to the medicalization of body size to be central to future geographical work on obesity.     

Mawson and Mirnyy Stations: the spatiality of the Australian Antarctic Territory, 1954–61

This article focuses on the spatiality of the Australian Antarctic Territory in the important 1954–61 period. Attending particularly to three key components of polar spatiality—geopolitics, international territorial law, and the built environment—the article analyses the development of the Territory as a unique Australian space. The 1954–61 period is particularly significant: during this period, the International Geophysical Year brought an unprecedented number of people to Antarctica; the continent's first permanent colonies were constructed; and, despite Cold War tensions, the 1961 Antarctic Treaty established the spatial configurations and rules which continue to govern the continent today. The article focuses particularly on two key stations in the Territory constructed during this period: Australia's Mawson Station and the Soviet Mirnyy Station. Mawson is a legal colony, designed to cement Australia's claim to 42 per cent of the Antarctic continent; Mirnyy, in contrast, is an anti-colony, designed to reject Australia's claim. How the individual spatialities of these two stations articulate to the broader politics of Antarctic territoriality—and particularly Australia's claim to the Australian Antarctic Territory—is the focus of this article.     

African Refugee Communities in Southeast Queensland: forces of concentration and dispersion

Black African refugee communities are a relatively recent addition to the Australia landscape. Between 2001 and 2007, over 5000 refugees from various African nations resettled in Queensland. There are very few data about African refugee settlement geography in Australia and no previous study delineating African refugee settlement within the State of Queensland. This research addresses the knowledge gap by examining the geographic distribution and secondary migration patterns of eight African refugee communities in Southeast Queensland. The research adopted a multi-method approach, mapping quantitative data from an existing secondary database and comparing these to qualitative primary data to determine geographical distribution. Additional qualitative data were used to establish secondary migration patterns of the case study communities. Results show noticeable discrepancies between existing secondary datasets and primary data collected from the communities. These inconsistencies are significant because settlement service providers who use the secondary data to budget, plan and deliver essential settlement services might be underestimating the size of the African communities and missing some settlement locations altogether. The results also reveal a tension between the main socio-cultural forces of concentration and housing forces of dispersion that are driving secondary migration in the communities. A policy recommendation to mitigate the potentially negative effects of residential dispersion on settlement outcomes includes the strategic location of service hubs in key suburbs, such as Moorooka, to which the communities are already drawn.     

社会重构下的温泉旅游地兴衰研究——以从化温泉为例

采用历史文献分析、实地考察与深度访谈相结合的定性研究方法,对从化温泉这一典型案例地进行深入研究。研究发现,旅游需求重构对于温泉旅游地的发展具有重要影响,旅游重构过程因为改变了温泉水的使用方式及其产出效应,而温泉水使用量又成为判断温泉地是否进入成熟期的饱和标准,因此,旅游需求重构的过程对于温泉旅游地进入生命周期的后半阶段划分起到了延缓作用。     

西方经济地理学之演变及海峡两岸地理学者应有的认识

近半个世纪以来 ,西方主流经济地理学产生了巨大的变革。除了受到世界性生产制度及新科技发展之影响外 ,其学术思潮也从早期的叙述性及二战后的科学的预测性 ,经历了制度转向及文化转向 ,进入了 80年代以后的新经济地理学时期。西方主流经济地理学理论的开展 ,是以先进的资本主义社会为基础的 ,在发展中国家不是全然适用。我们不应将中国大陆及台湾仅仅视为测试西方理论的试验场。应以实况为基础 ,开发适合国情的理论 ,建立我们特有的学术身份 ,并用它来批判主流理论之不足 ,与主流对话 ,变成主流的一部分。这应是我们学术国际化的主要目标。     

东非国家小城镇形成与发展的潜力——基于最大熵模型分析

21世纪以来,小城镇已成为东非快速城市化的重点区域。论文对坦桑尼亚、乌干达2个东非典型国家的城市进行了等级划分与数量统计,确定以10万人以下的城镇、小城市为研究对象。选取7个自然环境变量与6个社会经济变量,结合城市数据,构建最大熵模型。利用模型得到的平均生境适宜性指数(HSI)判别小城镇形成适宜度、划分潜力区,并与人口密度进行对比分析。研究发现：(1)距区域性主要交通干线距离、距全国性主要交通干线距离、归一化植被指数(NDVI)与距大城市距离对两国城镇、小城市的贡献率均较高;不同国家不同规模城市有其特有的高贡献率变量。(2)随城市规模增大,交通干线贡献率下降,自然环境变量贡献率上升。(3)坦桑尼亚北部HSI值整体高于南部,HSI高值区城镇呈团块状,小城市呈条带状。乌干达全境HSI较低,HSI高值区城镇以坎帕拉为起点呈放射网状,小城市为碎片状。两国HSI高值区基本位于路网、河流湖泊附近。(4)坦桑尼亚人口密度普遍小于乌干达,潜力区总面积则大于乌干达。潜力区与人口密度关系主要分为3种：比周边人口密度大,为历史悠久、经济实力强、靠近大中城市地区;与周边人口密度相近,为快速发展中的地区;比周边...     

“The mangrove preserves life”: Habitat of African survival in the Atlantic world

Mangroves emerged a crucial habitat for Africans and their descendants during the transatlantic slave trade. Europeans avoided mangroves because of the deadly fevers that frequently claimed the lives of those who ventured there. Many were felled by lethal falciparum malaria, against which Africans alone carried genetic resistance. The transatlantic slave trade spread the disease‐causing plasmodium to New World Anopheles mosquitoes through infected bloodstreams, extending African mangroves’ pestilential reputation to the Neotropics. On both sides of the Atlantic, an environment Europeans feared provided Africans food, basic necessities, and sometimes, refuge from slavery. In Neotropical mangroves Africans largely replaced declining Amerindian populations, who were also immunologically vulnerable to the introduced plasmodium. Today, African descendants in Old and New World mangroves demonstrate longstanding human use of this ecosystem. Comparison of shellfish gathering and gendered collection patterns in mangroves recognizes Amerindian and African influences in Neotropical mangroves and illuminates the connections to transatlantic diasporic history. The discussion considers how a more‐than‐human geography shaped “place‐based knowledge” of mangrove swamplands that remained marginal to European territorializing during the colonial period. African and Afro‐descendant place‐making underscores the ways people, plants, insects, microbes, shellfish, and tides framed geography and diasporic identity at the periphery of the Atlantic world.     

科学地理学的理论基础及其研究内容与学科性质

在科学与技术是不同的知识形态,科学史研究的地理思潮转向,地理学向“软”的一面转向并关注社会,科学史研究的地理思潮倾向于关注“社会→地理→科学”关系的历史解释,地理学家在科学史的地理解释思想上的贡献等理论基础上,拙文主要阐述科学地理学这一新学科在建构“科学—地理—社会”关系体系上的独特性:①建构关注过去的、现在的及未来的“社会→地理→科学”关系;②践行“以任务带动学科”和“任务学科并重”的地理学发展方略,主要建构“科学→地理→社会”关系;③聚焦于科学活动因素的区域性,注重区域相关性分析方法论。基于这种独特性和地理学方法论精髓,科学地理学研究的内容体系包括:①科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构;②科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构与地理环境、经济、技术、社会、文化等结构要素的时空结构及其相互关系;③科学研究及其组织与传播对自然景观、社会景观、文化景观等的影响;④科学研究及其组织与传播对“人地关系地域系统”演进的影响。科学地理学的理论基础、建构“科学—地理—社会”关系的独特性和研究内容决定了科学地理学的交叉性、综合性和区域性,这与地理学特征是一致的,促进着现代地理学微观上的“深”化发展和宏观上的“综合”发展。     

战略耦合对区域经济韧性的影响研究——以广东省为例

战略耦合与区域经济韧性分别为关系经济地理学派与演化经济地理学派的关键变量,在当下已有的研究中,前者缺乏区域长期演化的动态视角,后者忽视区域外部的经济联系对区域内部的影响,二者缺乏理论对话;同时,战略耦合在当下缺乏定量研究,成为两个学派之间进行融合的阻碍之一。因此,以广东省21个城市为例,基于回归分析、地理探测器等方法,从区域经济中外资的出口主导、生产主导、技术主导3个维度来测度战略耦合程度对区域经济韧性的影响,以此尝试推动两个学派的互动。研究结论：① 证实战略耦合对区域的经济韧性有着显著的影响,其中外资的生产主导影响最为显著,其次是外资的技术主导,影响最小的是外资的出口主导;② 中国港澳台地区投资与其他外资对区域经济韧性的作用机制存在根本性差异,体现在区域韧性变动的过程中,二者在技术主导和生产主导维度上的影响效果相反;③ GDP、FDI、出口总额等传统的全球化程度的测度指标不适合作为测度战略耦合对区域经济韧性影响的重要变量。本研究通过方法的创新,实现了对战略耦合的一次完整的定量测度,进一步实现了关系经济地理学派与演化经济地理学派在方法上的一次理论互动,为全球生产网络后续更加深入的量化研究奠定了基础。     

激进地理学的形成和演变——以《异端的传统》为例

当前国内对激进地理学的研究相当有限。从方法论角度,通过选取激进地理学的代表作《异端的传统》为案例,在分析其背景的基础上,从激进地理学的理论、实践以及它与马克思主义的关系等方面总结和提炼了激进地理学的发展历程与要点,评价了该文的方法论涵义,并总结了它对中国地理学方法论研究的启示。该案例剖析表明,激进地理学是资本主义危机和实证主义地理学存在内在缺陷的背景下产生;其理论前提在于地理学家固有的种族-阶级属性使地理学成为科学实证和文化属性相结合的产物;激进地理学家主要通过创办刊物、建立团体、开展运动树立了激进主义学派,使它由"异端"成为传统;马克思主义是多数激进地理学家的理论选择;批判和自我批判基础上的重构可能是当今和未来地理学方法论创新的主要途径。中国应该积极开展激进地理学和马克思主义地理学的理论研究和实践活动。     

汽车产业集群网络演化与驱动机制研究——以奇瑞汽车集群为例

产业集群的理论本质在于专业化集聚基础上的地方化结网。基于对奇瑞汽车集群跟踪研究,获取了2005年、2010年、2014年的企业关系数据,刻画了企业网络演化过程及驱动机制。发现：① 1997~2014年,奇瑞汽车集群网络经历了“松散型网络-紧凑型网络-开放型网络”演化过程,网络密度和聚类系数不断增强,平均最短路径不断缩小,其中产业联系网络发育最为成熟,社会交流网络次之,创新合作网络发育最不完善;② 奇瑞汽车集群网络演化机制本质上是路径依赖机制（政府作用、关系资源）,关系选择机制（战略择定、市场选择）及学习创新机制（技术交流）共同作用的结果。在松散型网络、紧凑型网络和开放型网络阶段,路径依赖机制、关系选择机制和学习创新机制分别发挥主导性作用;③ 奇瑞主导型集群网络正逐渐从地方集群网络向跨区域、跨集群网络发展,这与全球汽车产业网络整体发展相一致。