Muck and Magic: A Resilience Lens on Organic Conversions as Transformation

Transformation creates space to consider the profound changes necessary for society to pursue just and sustainable social-ecological systems. Transformation involves profound and complex change, yet there are few empirical studies that analyze transformation across multiple spheres of a social-ecological system. This article aims to address this gap by applying a resilience lens to analyze transformation as a component of UK farmers’ conversions of farmland from conventional to organic status. Transformation is identified as profound shifts in farmer understanding and management of soil fertility. The analysis finds that these transformations involve interplay between changes and scalar processes across political, practical, and personal spheres of transformation. Changes in the political sphere contradictorily drive, enable, and constrain transformation across political, practical, and personal spheres. We conclude that the empirical resilience analysis of transformation across spheres of a social-ecological system generates insights into the critical processes and changes necessary for society to pursue sustainable futures.     

Community Recovery Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Toward a Theory of Cultural Resilience

Culture plays an important role in communities’ abilities to adapt to environmental change and crises. The emerging field of resilience thinking has made several efforts to better integrate social and cultural factors into the systems-level approach to understanding social–ecological resilience. However, attempts to integrate culture into structural models often fail to account for the agentic processes that influence recovery at the individual and community levels, overshadowing the potential for agency and variation in community response. Using empirical data on the 2010 BP oil spill’s impact on a small, natural-resource-dependent community, we propose an alternative approach emphasizing culture’s ability to operate as a resource that contributes to social, or community, resilience. We refer to this more explicit articulation of culture’s role in resilience as cultural resilience. Our findings reveal that not all cultural resources that define resilience in reference to certain disasters provided successful mitigation, adaptation, or recovery from the BP spill.     

弹性、脆弱性和适应——IHDP三个核心概念综述

弹性、脆弱性和适应是全球环境变化人文因素计划( IHDP) 中三个非常重要的核心概念。 由于各自学科研究传统的差异, 不同学科在使用这些概念时其含义有很大差异, 有的甚至是不可 比的。本文主要根据《Global Environmental Change》2006 年第3 期发表的IHDP 学术委员会专题 研讨会成果, 结合UNU 关于脆弱性的研究成果, 重点介绍了这三个核心概念的演变以及相互联 系等方面的最新研究进展。     

Resilience,Adaptability, and Regime Shifts Thinking: A Perspective of Dryland Socio-ecology System

Arid areas are widespread globally and support a third of the world’s population’s livelihoods. The increasing population, urbanization, land-use changes, and the climate significantly affect coupled natural and human systems and threaten environments and socio-ecological land systems. The degradation of drylands poses a severe and widespread threat to the lives of millions of people, especially in developing countries and in the global environment. This review assesses published literature on dryland socio-ecological systems to reveal current research trends and changes in research themes over time and introduces basic theories and advances in dryland socio-ecological system frameworks, resilience measurement, and regime shifts. Developing a more general but adaptable framework and a more practical strategy for long-term coordination and partnership and attaining specific insights into ecological services should receive more attention and be strengthened in future studies on drylands sustainability.     

地方产业抵御经济危机的弹性影响因素——以电子信息产业为例

作为区域经济的重要载体,地方产业抵御经济危机的弹性影响机制却鲜少有研究且尚无定论。以电子信息产业为例,利用中国工业企业调查数据库,运用回归分析的法探讨了影响地方产业弹性的主要因素。研究发现：中国电子信息产业的经济弹性存在着地域差异;地方产业内企业的异质性、龙头企业的影响力、地方产业的开放性、动态性和业务结构对电子产业的经济弹性均有显著的正向影响。在中国现阶段的经济制度背景下,轮轴式的地方产业结构可能比小企业为主的产业区更能促进当地的产业弹性。地方政府在扶持地方产业发展的过程中,不仅要保持地方产业内企业的异质性、动态性和开放性,也要注重发挥龙头企业的带领作用。     

山区县国土空间规划协同的弹性空间测度——以湖南省茶陵县为例

县域空间是中国城乡交融最明显的空间规划基本单元,空间发展与约束导致的用途冲突或重叠现象非常突出。论文以典型山区县湖南省茶陵县为研究对象,建立多规协同的国土空间系统弹性评价体系,运用土地利用区间优化及适宜性评价方法确定各类用地的弹性区间,预测不同土地利用类型的空间转移特征,并提出相应的弹性空间差异化管控建议。结果表明：茶陵县域国土空间系统相关社会与经济指标的弹性贡献度较小,弹性综合评价值在整体上低于湖南省平均水平。不同用地类型的弹性规划区间有明显差异,按不同用地类型弹性区间分析,园地、林地、水域、耕地、其他农用地对茶陵县发展弹性承纳贡献值依次降低,分别占总面积的3.47%、2.97%、1.02%、0.90%、0.06%。不同用地弹性空间转移具有显著的带状分布特征,呈现生态用地与农用地、建设用地与农用地、建设用地与生态用地空间等3种类型交叠,生态用地与农用地空间交叠区最大,占总面积的6.41%;其次是建设用地与农用地交叠区,占比0.97%。对不同用地类型的弹性交叠区域尤其农用地转为建设用地应加强差异化管控。弹性空间测度研究为山区县域国土空间规划用途管制提供了差异化的空间管理技术方法和实证。     

Learning and earning: relational scales of children's work

There is an important dissonance in recent studies of children's work between the global efforts to eradicate abusive forms of child labour on the one hand and, on the other hand, local settings where children's work plays an important role in social reproduction, socialization and skill acquisition. This research explores the reasons for this dissonance by eliding both the global perspectives of children's rights and the local realities of children's daily geographies. By closing the gap between global knowledge about children (from above) and children's knowledge and agency in their own environments (from below), we seek to present a relational account of children's work within the context of their daily geographies. We draw on data collected with child workers in Tijuana, Mexico to demonstrate the complex role that children's work often plays in the daily geographies of young people.     

区域经济韧性视角下老工业基地经济转型过程——以辽宁省为例

区域经济韧性为分析老工业基地经济转型过程和规律提供了新的研究视角和分析框架。论文构建区域经济韧性视角下经济转型分析框架,对2003—2018年辽宁老工业基地经济转型过程进行实证分析,探讨辽宁经济转型演变过程与阶段特征。结果发现：① 辽宁经济转型效果呈现出波动上升态势,压力抵抗水平最高但呈现下滑趋势,突破潜力水平最低。② 辽宁经济转型过程表现出周期性规律特征,2013年后处于重组?开发期,下一阶段将步入维持?释放期。③ 辽宁老工业基地压力抵抗水平东西空间分异现象明显,动力适应水平中部地区集聚特征显著,东部地区潜力突破水平低。④ 辽宁老工业基地经济转型效果呈现出中部高两翼低的空间格局,经济转型效果相似地区集聚显著。根据研究结果,针对老工业基地经济转型的规律特征,提出了未来转型发展对策建议。     

通向城乡韧性的蓝绿空间整体规划研究：概念框架与实现路径（英文）

面对气候变化影响和城市化生态环境问题,城乡韧性是区域国土空间发展的新目标。蓝绿空间是一个内在紧密联系的自然、人工绿色空间和水体的网络系统,能以一种缓和接纳与适应互动的方式来消解系统内部和外部的压力,减小气候变化影响和人工建设扰动,提供多样化的复合功能。本文通过界定城乡蓝绿空间概念内涵、复合生态功能及其与城乡韧性目标价值的契合关系,构建“韧性目标—资源识别—整体布局—差异管控”的城乡蓝绿空间整体规划概念框架,提出整合与协调的多尺度蓝绿空间规划（蓝绿廊道网络构建、蓝绿开放空间规划和蓝绿基础设施布置）和基于样条分区的管控途径,旨在提升水文生态绩效与复合功能服务,从而提高城乡韧性。     

产业多样化、创新与经济韧性 ——基于后危机时期珠三角的实证

2008年金融危机冲击对珠三角的外向型经济造成巨大冲击,城镇发展面临一系列工业经济放缓、产业人口流失和厂房住宅空置等问题。针对危机过后珠三角城市所表现出的经济韧性,文章重点研究了城市经济结构、产业创新与经济韧性的关系,通过对产业多样化、相关多样化、非相关多样化、创新与经济韧性进行测度,探讨了上述指标在时空上的分异特征,并运用回归分析方法分析了这种分异的影响因素。研究发现：1）产业结构多样化、创新对提升珠三角城市经济韧性有显著的促进作用,同时经济发展水平与经济韧性存在正向关系;2）珠三角经济韧性的时间变化和空间分布存在明显分异,受金融危机冲击影响经济韧性波动变化明显,而创新驱动战略的实施则有效提升区域创新水平;3）珠三角强大的国内市场有助于抵御经济危机冲击所带来的外部需求萎缩,在保持较高经济开放程度的同时具有较好的经济韧性;4）相关多样化与非相关多样化对珠三角经济韧性的影响是趋异的,非相关多样化能有效地分散并降低外部冲击的风险,而相关多样化则更容易导致危机向相关联部门的蔓延。     

Resilience and finances on Aotearoa New Zealand farms: Evidence from a random survey on the sources and uses of debt

Debt and income are keystones to financial resilience on New Zealand farms. This article utilises a survey on finance to assess farm financial health using a new model of resilience. It shows the majority of farms are financially strong. Further borrowing and development are possible. With increasing variability resulting from the longer term trade liberalisation as well as global warming impacts, the high equity will provide future resilience. On the other hand, profit levels are not high relative to the investment, but this has been the case for decades and has not caused problems due to farmer and farm family resilience.     

贫困区旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力时空分异研究——以安徽境内大别山区12个贫困县(市)为例

基于可变模糊识别模型分析2008-2017年安徽境内大别山区12个贫困县(市)社会-生态系统恢复力的时空演变过程,采用障碍度模型揭示恢复力影响因素和特征.研究表明:①时序变化上,社会-生态系统恢复力呈现稳步上升趋势,但总体仍处中低阶段.其中,社会子系统恢复力整体微升,局部年份有突变;经济子系统恢复力发展逐年提高;生态子...     

“结构-能动性”框架下短期经济韧性的动态演化与影响机制——基于新冠肺炎疫情冲击下对东莞企业的访谈

2020年初新冠肺炎疫情在全球范围蔓延,对中国中小企业的正常生产和经营造成极大的冲击。在应对疫情冲击的过程中,中国展现了强大的经济韧性,这为研究中小企业经济韧性重塑提供了契机。结构和能动性是影响区域经济韧性的两种因素,但现有研究大多聚焦于结构因素的作用,对于不同经济主体在危机中的能动性则关注较少。通过对东莞市43家中小制造企业的访谈,重点关注新冠肺炎疫情冲击下企业能动主体的响应与行动,运用能动性视角对较短时期内经济韧性的动态演化进行分析,并构建“结构-能动性”的分析框架以揭示影响经济韧性重塑的微观机制。研究发现：经济韧性并不是经济主体与生俱来的固有属性,其形成过程从冲击发生开始先后经历认知―适应―重塑3个阶段;重塑经济韧性是多重因素共同作用的结果,不仅需要个体能动性和集体能动性得到发挥,也受到产业经济、制度安排和基础设施等结构因素的影响。基于揭示能动性因素在塑造短期经济韧性关键作用,总结出3个方面的理论启示：注重短期适应与长期变革的转换;强调能动性对结构因素的塑造;关注能动主体与外部联系的耦合。     

Spatial Dimensions of Urban Commuting: A Review of Major Issues and Their Implications for Future Geographic Research*

Modern urban transportation systems continuously challenge, and are challenged by, the changing nature of 21st‐century travel demand. Today, congestion is the norm in cities of the United States, and researchers and practitioners are seeking solutions to these problems. Urban commuting is identified as contributing to the suboptimal performance of transportation systems. This paper offers a review and critique of recent research on urban commuting, emphasizing geographical dimensions of this topic. Three broad areas of research related to urban commuting are discussed. These include (1) urban sustainability, (2) land use, and (3) geographic information systems (GIS). Major themes are examined in an effort to elicit thought on future geographic research. At the conclusion of the paper, summary remarks are provided and avenues for research are outlined.     

荒漠生态质量科学框架:概念、指标、监测及评估（英文）

荒漠生态系统是地球上最大的陆地生态系统,全球四分之一的人口生活在这一区域。清晰地定义荒漠生态系统生态质量,制定反映生态质量优劣的关键监测指标,集成"星–空–地"一体化监测技术、构建综合评价模型可为干旱区生态质量监测、促进区域可持续发展提供技术支撑。荒漠生态质量是指一定时空范围内荒漠生态系统要素、结构和功能的综合特征。该研究通过集成卫星、无人机和地面传感器网络的"星–空–地"一体化监测技术,在区域和站点两个尺度上对荒漠生态系统的生态要素、生物多样性和生态功能进行连续监测,通过标准化生态质量指标数值、厘定其阈值范围,构造判断矩阵建立生态质量综合评价模型,评价荒漠生态系统质量状况。本论文阐明了构建荒漠生态质量动态综合监测技术规范与评价方法的概念框架,为实现我国荒漠生态系统生态质量综合监测、科学诊断和定量评估提供理论基础。     

The Scientific Conceptual Framework for Ecological Quality of the Dryland Ecosystem: Concepts,Indicators, Monitoring and Assessment

The dryland ecosystem is the dominant component of the global terrestrial ecosystem since arid regions occupy 45% of the earth’s land area and feed 38% of the world's population. The stability and sustainable development of the dryland ecosystem are critical for achieving the millennium development goal (MDG) in the arid and semiarid areas. However, there is still no scientific guideline for measuring and conserving the health and productivity of dryland ecosystems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop the scientific conceptual framework of defining, monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of dryland ecosystems. The ecological quality of dryland ecosystems is represented by a system of comprehensive indicators that are each extracted from the ecological elements, and structural and functional indices of the ecosystem. These indicators can be monitored by integrating satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles with ground-based sensor networks at the scale of either observational sites or regional scales. Finally, the ecological quality can be evaluated by evaluation models based on the normalized index values and their thresholds. This paper presents a conceptual framework for monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of drylands, which provides a way of advancing the monitoring, diagnosis, and evaluation of the ecological quality of the dryland ecosystems.     

大型输水工程的生态效益与社会经济效益评价——以塔里木河下游为例

基于塔里木河下游2000年、2010年、2016年3期的遥感资料,对区域内的土地类型进行分类,评估整个区域的生态系统服务价值变化特征,并应用主成分分析法等估算区域的社会经济评价分值。结果表明:①自生态输水以来,塔里木河下游地区的未利用地面积变化不大,水域面积增加最显著,耕地和建筑用地面积有所增加,林地和草地的面积有所减少。②2000～2016年,塔里木河下游生态系统各项服务功能价值有所增加,其中以提供美学景观价值和气体调节的价值增加最大,增加率分别为318.35%,312.94%;生态系统服务总价值增加率约为69.57%。③影响塔里木河下游经济发展的因素可以概括为经济地理因素与农业发展水平。     

基于遗传算法和图论法的生态安全格局构建与优化——以武汉市为例

以武汉市为例,通过分析生态系统服务价值、生态敏感性、景观连通性及生态需求识别武汉市陆地和水域生态源地,利用遗传算法获取最优生态源地。在此基础上,利用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）分别提取陆地和水域生态廊道,将生态源地与生态廊道叠加构建2017年武汉市生态安全格局。研究表明：2017年武汉市生态源地总面积约为1 917.342 km²,其中陆地和水域生态源地面积分别为780.217 km²和1 137.125 km²;利用遗传算法识别的最优陆地和水域生态源地分别为65和32个,所提取的生态廊道总长度为2 305.37 km,其中陆地和水域生态廊道长度分别为1 497.86 km和807.51 km;武汉市生态安全格局呈现“三横、三纵、三团簇”特征。此外,分别新增了8个陆地和水域生态垫脚石及5个生态源地,运用图论法对比优化前后相关指标,发现优化后可构建更完善的生态安全格局,优化方案可行。该生态安全格局构建与优化方法可为高速发展的大都市的生态安全格局研究提供更科学的参考。     

农牧交错区土地利用动态与生态效应变化--以榆阳区为例

以榆阳区1988-2003年土地数据为依据,在分析研究区土地利用的数量和结构变化特点的基础上,运用国内外学者在生态价值估算的方法与模式,结合该区的具体情况对估算方法进行修正,然后对研究区研究时段内各年度的生态系统服务功能经济价值进行了估算,并以1988年为基准测算了土地利用类型的数量和结构变化所引起的生态系统服务功能经济价值变化情况,分析了其变化的时段特点及变化原因,定量地揭示了在生态脆弱区环境与经济发展的关系。研究表明：1988-2003年,榆阳区土地利用变化所产生的环境响应总体米说是积极的,生态系统服务功能经济价值年度总量在波动中提高;营造防护林、退耕还林及农用地内部结构调整政策的实施实现了经济和环境双赢的预期效果。