Hazard Perception and the Urban Geographies of Place: Insights from New York City's Financial Executives Following 9/11

Theories of place have yet to be developed to explore societal responses to terrorism in the post-9/11 city. Urban geographers have shown the relevance of place for understanding the way people live in cities, including conceptualizations of the way people perceive those places. Geographers working on environmental risk have also conceptualized perception, but only in regard to hazard perception. They have not focused on the city itself as a hazard site, nor have they studied how the contours of place affect hazard perception. Joining urban geography and risk-hazards scholarship, this study argues for a terrorism-place nexus that links terrorism hazard perception to urban place. Using survey and interview data collected from 79 financial service executives in New York City, it will be shown that terrorism has created a place-based ontological dissonance among financial executives, and we speculate about the implications for the city should these workers restore ontological order by moving away their establishments.     

金融地理与金融中心的研究进展--从专业社群运作来看

金融全球化与金融中心的发展是东亚各国关心的重要议题之一，地理学者们也从不同视角研究这些现象。从对货币与市场的讨论中，凸显出信息和社会镶嵌的重要性，同时市场活动实际发生的金融中心更是地理学关注的议题。因此金融交易与相关服务业的空间分布引发许多金融地理的研究；而金融地理也通过考察经济活动内部运作的方式，更细致地处理经济、社会、文化等层面，以解释金融活动分布的内涵。本文回顾了近今有关金融中心相关的文献，认为要分析不同金融中心，可从其中专业社群与信息间的关系切人，并尝试提出一个分析架构，涵盖制度、社会网络与论述三个层面。这个架构表明“全球”与“地方”无法分开来谈，不同尺度的力量通过行动者而交织，地方如何在大趋势中发展取决于自身创造性的活动；政府、厂商或纯经济解释并无法完全涵盖影响发展的因素。     

“That is Real America!”: Imaginative Geography among the Chinese Immigrants in Flushing,New York City

Imaginative geography is lived. It is grounded in everyday life, embedded in local context, and influences place identity and place making. By using Chinese immigrants in Flushing, New York City, as an example, this article will explore the formation of multi‐scalar imaginative geographies of the receiving nation, city, and neighborhood among immigrants in their everyday work and travel. The study demonstrates that after migration, physical distance is replaced by the social and cultural distance across which imaginative geographies are formed, reconstructed, and contested. In the case of Flushing, the easy access to ethnic resources leads to a superficial exposure to the world outside the community, thus the geographic knowledge among the Chinese immigrants largely remains imaginative. The imaginative community nurtures a sense of insider‐ness that stands in large contrast with the sense of the outsider‐ness beyond the community, reflected in daily language, racial consciousness, perceived boundaries, and the sense of place among the Chinese immigrants in Flushing.     

Mapping the Urban Debtscape: The Geography of Household Debt in Canadian Cities

Abstract

Vulnerability resulting from debt is part and parcel of the risk society and a salient characteristic of current neoliberal times under financialized global capitalism. Rising indebtedness increases the susceptibility of homeowners to housing and labor market restructuring, and if the degree of leverage is very high, can threaten the solvency, living standards, and social stability of local communities. However, very little is understood regarding how levels of household indebtedness are spatially distributed within or across cities, and how private debt maps onto the geography of race, class, housing, urban form, and other social variables, especially outside of the United States. It remains unknown whether and how higher and unsustainable levels of indebtedness might be associated with urban growth, decline, suburbanization, gentrification, immigration, racialization, and/or greying. This article examines the spatial distribution of household debt in Canadian cities at multiple scales of analysis. It analyzes how levels of household debt relate to a number of key socio-demographic and housing variables from the census, including those related to changes occurring over the 2000s. It simultaneously models the geography of debt at the metropolitan and neighborhood scales using multi-level hierarchical linear modeling methods, and in doing so, it identifies some key drivers and correlates of household debt and the scales at which they operate. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the empirical findings for understanding the role of the emerging urban debtscape in the restructuring of the social geography of the city.     

海外中国城市地理研究进展

本文综述海外学者对中国城市地理研究的主要进展。中国城市的急速变化为城市地理研究学者提供许多理论研究与经验研究的机会。大部分海外关于中国城市地理的研究集中探讨中央和地方政府、国际资本和经济改革在城市化、城市发展以及城市空间重构中的作用。至今城市地理学与城市研究的大多数理论研究是在中国以外的实际背景下进行的。因此有必要加强在中国的实际背景下城市地理学的理论研究。各种过程与空间关系动态的研究具有很大的潜力。这包括地方化、城市主义、区域主义、城市竞争与合作过程、城市管治过程、地方、区域与全球过程的动态关系、空间与尺度的关系等。     

上海陆家嘴金融产业集群发展研究

随着我国东部沿海地区产业升级的压力增加,金融产业集群赢得了越来越多的关注.在分析大量资料以及开展问卷、面对面访谈的基础上,利用VCM曲线方法,对上海陆家嘴金融产业集群的内部联系、行业协会作用、人员交流等进行了系统的分析,陆家嘴金融企业空间集聚现象明显,企业之间的垂直联系较强,而水平联系较弱,金融从业人员之间的非正式交流很少,陆家嘴金融产业集群属于比较典型的轮轴式产业集群.为了提升陆家嘴金融产业集群的核心竞争力,需要在进一步壮大金融产业规模的同时,还应该提升外商独资企业、合资企业的地方根植性,重视金融人才的培养和引进,大幅改善金融企业水平合作联系的硬件和软件环境条件.     

1996-2015年纽约湾区生态系统服务对景观格局变化的响应

生态系统服务价值对景观格局演变的响应研究已成为地理学、生态学等领域的研究热点。以纽约湾区为研究区,利用1996—2015年土地覆被数据和数字高程数据,采用生态系统服务价值当量估算法、景观格局指数、空间自相关分析等方法,分析1996—2015年湾区景观格局的时空演变规律,定量评估研究区生态系统服务价值,探讨纽约湾区生态系统服务价值对景观格局变化的响应。结果表明：①纽约湾区景观以林地和建设用地为主,其整体变化幅度较小,20年间湿地面积减少约10.94%,而建设用地增长幅度较高,约25.91%。②纽约湾区1996—2015年间ESV总量呈逐步减少,20年间共减少57.83亿元,2000—2005年间下降幅度较大约1.69%。③湾区ESV空间异质性较强,不同地区ESV增减所对应的土地利用转移各有差异。湾区南部热点区多出现湿地增加,而北部则以水域、草地增加为主。湾区西部冷点区多为湿地转林地的现象,而中部冷点区则以建设用地增加为主。④除建设用地外,湾区其余地类均呈现人为干预越少,景观结合度、聚集度越高,越有利于提升湾区整体的生态系统服务价值的规律。⑤纽约湾区ESV强度与土地利用程度（La）的空间关联性较弱,且湾区生态环境质量逐年下降。研究结果希望对世界级大湾区环境资源利用率的提升研究具有借鉴意义。     

新文化地理学视角下的国外宗教地理学研究

在文化全球化大背景下,宗教地理研究具有越来越重要的现实意义。国外宗教地理学研究在新文化地理学思潮的影响下,促生出许多新的议题和研究方向。本文依循于人文地理学中地方、景观、现代性和尺度这4 个重要概念,梳理了国外近10 年宗教地理学研究的新进展。发现其研究议题主要集中于日益重视对“非正式神圣”场所的探讨;基于人本主义研究范式下的神圣地依恋研究;随着跨国主义兴起的宗教移民身份和认同研究;宗教文化景观所暗含的政治和象征性意义的解读;宗教的多尺度分析,以及神圣与世俗间的互动分析等等。在总结国外宗教地理研究的新态势的基础上,对宗教的定义、宗教地理学与宗教性地理学的辩证关系、宗教地理学的研究趋势等进行了探讨和反思,以期为中国包括民间信仰在内的广义宗教地理的本土研究提供新的借鉴。     

内陆区域中心城市金融产业集聚的演化机理——以郑东新区为例

基于演化和制度经济地理学,构建了区位机会窗口、金融机构衍生、区域产业分叉、制度厚度“四位一体”的分析框架,以郑州为案例,以郑东新区金融产业集聚区为对象,通过问卷调查和深度访谈,研究了中国内陆区域中心城市金融产业在特定空间的集聚过程与演化机理。研究发现：在金融产业集聚起步阶段,郑东新区开发建设为金融业发展打开了区位机会窗口;在快速发展阶段,金融机构衍生是金融业集聚和集群化发展的重要内生动力;在全面提升阶段,区域产业分叉是金融业态创新和高端要素集聚的主导力量;在郑东新区金融业集聚演化的全过程中,持续改进的政府支持与制度安排使制度厚度不断加厚,自增强机制使制度空间的粘性作用不断增强。与制造业的企业衍生、产业分叉过程不同,金融业集聚演化缺乏从大学实验室、科研机构、已有产业衍生和分叉出以技术为纽带的相关企业的实践,但对制度空间的粘性作用有更强的依赖。     

Culture,capital and the big screen: tracing the changing dynamics of gentrification in the films of Woody Allen

This paper undertakes an analysis of the shifting dynamics of gentrification through the lens of the films of Woody Allen. With his focus upon the spaces of residence and high-end consumption for the upper and middle classes, the paper argues that Allen’s films can be used as a lens to examine the changing dynamics of gentrification in contemporary (Western) cities from something deemed almost novel in the 1970s, to a dominant approach to urban transformation in the early twenty-first century. In so doing, the paper demonstrates the constant tension between the desire to carve out a particular urban idyll and that of a sense of loss perceived by gentrifiers themselves of the rate of change taking place in the contemporary city.     

关于我国城市统计区重建的地理学研究

本文从我国现行的城市统计区的地域特征分析入手,通过对国内外有关城市统计区建立的理论与方法的比较研究,指出了我国现行城市统计区划中存在的问题及其重新建立的必要性,从实质性和可比性的角度,提出基于“日常生活圈”的我国城市统计区重建的理念,并对基于“日常生活圈”的我国城市统计区的基本构造、建立方法和可行性进行了讨论。     

Hydrological Research and the Status of Physical Geography Journals: Increasing the Impact of Physical Geography in the Academy

Physical geographers are often confronted with the decision of whether to publish in geography or nongeography journals. The present study seeks to quantify the number of articles with a significant hydrology content published in geography versus hydrology journals by physical geographers from 1997 to 2002 using the ISI Web of Knowledge electronic database. Of 690 articles published in the 10 selected geography and hydrology journals during the period of study, over four‐fifths were published in hydrology journals. Based on our interpretation of the data, the comparatively smaller audience in geography and the risk of acquiring fewer citations compels physical geographers to publish in hydrology journals for increased visibility. A critical mass of physical geographers should consider publishing some of their work in physical geography journals to elevate the status of geography in the academy.     

纽约时尚产业的空间组织演化及其动力机制

时尚产业作为后工业时代城市发展的新方向而备受瞩目。纽约是公认的全球时尚之都之一,在多方力量的共同推动下,从最初的"血汗工厂"发展至今,其中的经验值得借鉴和学习。产业的发展伴随其空间组织的演化,最终影响城市结构形态。本文对纽约时尚产业经历的四个发展阶段:成衣兴起阶段、产业集聚阶段、设计显露阶段、时尚进化阶段的产业形态和空间组织进行了归纳,并从政府、行业协会、企业和个人四个行为主体出发,探讨了这一过程的动力机制。最后还对中国城市的时尚产业发展提供了政策建议。     

走进新时代的中国城市地理学——建所70周年城市地理与城市发展研究成果及展望

本文回顾了中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所70年城市地理与城市发展研究的变迁历程,并将其划分为缓慢探索阶段(1949-1980年)、积极参与阶段(1981-1990年)、快速拓展阶段(1991-2000年)和逐步深化阶段(2000年以来)4大阶段,系统总结了城市地理科研工作者在中国设市预测与规划调整、中国城镇体系规划...     

地理、网络与信任:金融危机背景下的生产网络演化

网络演化是演化经济地理学研究的重要内容和新近热点之一。在当前的理论探讨中主要强调路径依赖和惯例对网络演化的强化作用,对于信任这个关键要素缺乏深入探讨。本文通过深度访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法,对比金融危机前后广东省纺织服装行业生产网络的空间结构,揭示信任与生产网络演化之间的互动机制。研究发现:信任是维系生产网络稳定性的基本要素之一,信任的强弱程度主要受合作类型(市场关系)、地理接近(空间关系)和社会文化接近根植性(社会关系)等因素影响。金融危机作为一种负面外部冲击,重构了广东省服装行业的生产网络。在这个过程中,较强信任关系的网络连结(潮汕地区)得以保留,并在危机过后进一步强化;而部分较弱信任关系的网络连结(珠三角地区)发生断裂,且在经济回暖之后被潮汕地区的网络所取代。     

Making market rationality: material semiotics and the case of congestion pricing in New York City

What were politicians, planners, and activists able to make of market concepts and market devices as they crafted congestion pricing plans in the context of New York City’s regional governance structure, its transportation infrastructure, and its physical geography? The answer challenges typical assumptions about the use of market mechanisms in restructuring urban space. Market mechanisms and market rationality created a platform for political debate about citywide mobility and its costs. From 2003 to 2014, through five formal plans, advocates and detractors opened up a political space for debating the interests of actors, from drivers, to pedestrians, to the local and global environment to citywide mobility. Market rationality was a provisional assemblage into which actors sought to embed values like sustainability and fairness. These values became more important in each new plan as advocates sought to address the political vulnerabilities of the one that had come before. The changes from plan to plan show challenges, liabilities, and possibilities for using market tools to address ecological and justice issues.     

The Status of Geography in the Social Studies Curricula of Canadian Schools

Abstract

Successful curriculum development that will have impact upon individual American classrooms remains the key to maintaining the momentum of Geography for Life: National Geography Standards 1994. Teachers and students must be able to translate the national geography standards from the national stage to the local classroom setting to become geographically informed people. One example of this development for elementary urban geography is the Main Street lesson plan. It encourages observation and analysis required by Standard 4: The geographically informed student knows and understands the physical and human characteristics of places. After testing in a variety of Missouri classrooms, instructors thought that Main Street was a unique way of studying urban places and allowing students to gain a greater understanding of place.     

New dynamics of rent gap formation in New York City rent-regulated housing: privatization,financialization, and uneven development

ABSTRACT

To explain newfound investor interest in rent-regulated multifamily housing in New York City since 2001, this paper analyzes the transformation in ownership and management of the Riverton Houses, a large rent-regulated housing complex in northern Manhattan. The paper finds new dynamics of rent gap formation at work; rather than depressed capitalized rent attracting investment, increasing potential rent provides a new mechanism for opening rent gaps. The Riverton Houses case shows how three factors increase potentials rents: 1) changes in rent control law that provide new avenues to increase rents, 2) new financial actors and institutions that have higher expectations for risk and return, and 3) longer-term processes of uneven development at the urban scale. Altered rent gap dynamics under processes of privatization, financialization, and uneven urban development complicate the geography of reinvestment beyond a reinvested core and gentrifying periphery. Instead, the urban frontier is drawn recursively within urban space.     

新时代地理复杂性的内涵

20世纪以来,经地理学者不断探索和努力,地理学已经形成了其特有的学科特征。首先从认知方法和思维角度,阐述了新时代地理学所面临的困境;从新技术、新秩序、新数据、新方法以及新动因等方面,诠释了地理学的新时代特征。其次,针对地理区域性的新内涵和地理综合性研究所需的新方法,提出了复杂性研究是地理学成功的新路径,并认为复杂性是地理学研究的第三特征。再次,重点讨论了地理研究存在的空间复杂格局、时间复杂过程和时空复杂机制,进而解释了地理复杂系统的基本概念,并就地理复杂系统的核心问题提供了相应的研究方法。最后,提出了新时代地理学面临的新挑战和新要求。