中国东部南北样带森林生态系统蒸腾与蒸散比值(T/ET)时空变化

植被蒸腾与蒸散的比值(transpiration/evapotranspiration, T/ET)表征了植被蒸腾对生态系统蒸散的贡献率,是准确量化生态系统水分利用效率的关键参数,对研究植被水分运移的生理生态机理以及碳水循环关系具有重要意义。基于站点数据验证PT-JPL模型(Priestly-Taylor JetPropulsion Laboratory Model)模拟精度,集成遥感数据和气象栅格数据模拟中国东部南北样带森林生态系统2001-2010年T/ET,并分析其时空变化及影响因子。结果表明:①PT-JPL模型适用于中国东部森林生态系统蒸散及其组分模拟,具有较高的稳定性和可靠性;②中国东部南北样带森林生态系统T/ET空间差异显著,整体呈南部低、北部高,主要由夏季T/ET空间格局主导;样带整体T/ET均值为0.69,2001-2010年呈显著缓慢上升趋势,增幅为0.007/yr(p <0.01);③T/ET季节和年际变异的主控因子不同:温度和EVI是影响T/ET季节变异的关键因子,两者均可解释T/ET季节变异的90%左右(p <0.01);而T/ET的年际变异则主要受EVI影响,解释率为53%(p <0.05)。     

中国东部南北样带森林生态系统WUE和NUE空间格局及驱动因子(英文)

From July 2008 to August 2008, 72 leaf samples from 22 species and 81 soil samples in the nine natural forest ecosystems were collected, from north to south along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC). Based on these samples, we studied the geographical distribution patterns of vegetable water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and analyzed their relationship with environmental factors. The vegetable WUE and NUE were calculated through the measurement of foliar δ 13C and C/N of predominant species, respectively. The results showed: (1) vegetable WUE, ranging from 2.13 to 28.67 mg C g-1 H2O, increased linearly from south to north in the representative forest ecosystems along the NSTEC, while vegetable NUE showed an opposite trend, increasing from north to south, ranging from 12.92 to 29.60 g C g-1 N. (2) Vegetable WUE and NUE were dominantly driven by climate and significantly affected by soil nutrient factors. Based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, mean annual temperature, soil phosphorus concentration, and soil nitrogen concentration were responding for 75.5% of the variations of WUE (p<0.001). While, mean annual precipitation and soil phosphorus concentration could explain 65.7% of the change in vegetable NUE (p<0.001). Moreover, vegetable WUE and NUE would also be seriously influenced by atmospheric nitrogen deposition in nitrogen saturated ecosystems. (3) There was a significant trade-off relationship between vegetable WUE and NUE in the typical forest ecosystems along the NSTEC (p<0.001), indicating a balanced strategy for vegetation in resource utilization in natural forest ecosystems along the NSTEC. This study suggests that global change would impact the resource use efficiency of forest ecosystems. However, vegetation could adapt to those changes by increasing the use efficiency of shortage resource while decreasing the relatively ample one. But extreme impacts, such as heavy nitrogen deposition, would break this trade-off mechanism and give a dramatic disturbance to the ecosystem biogeochemical cycle.     

中国陆地生态系统年实际蒸散量的空间格局及其影响因素（英文）

Understanding the spatial variation in annual actual evapotranspiration(AET) and its influencing factors is crucial for a better understanding of hydrological processes and water resources management. By synthesizing ecosystem-level observations of eddy-covariance flux sites in China(a total of 61 sites), we constructed the most complete AET dataset in China up to now. Based on this dataset, we quantified the statistic characteristics of AET and water budgets(defined as the ratio of AET to annual mean precipitation(MAP), AET/MAP) of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Results showed that AET differed significantly among both different vegetation types and climate types in China, with overall mean AET of 534.7±232.8 mm yr-1. AET/MAP also differed significantly among different climate types, but there were no distinct differences in AET/MAP values across vegetation types, with mean AET/MAP of 0.82±0.28 for non-irrigated ecosystems. We further investigated how the main climatic factors and vegetation attributes control the spatial variation in AET. Our findings revealed that the spatial variation of AET in China was closely correlated with the geographical patterns of climate and vegetation, in which the effects of total annual net radiation(Rn), MAP and mean annual air temperature(MAT) were dominant. Thus, we proposed an empirical equation to describe the spatial patterns of AET in China, which could explain about 84% of the spatial variation in AET of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Based on the constructed dataset, we also evaluated the uncertainties of five published global evapotranspiration products in simulatingsite-specific AET in China. Results showed that large biases in site-specific AET values existed for all five global evapotranspiration products, which indicated that it is necessary to involve more observation data of China in their parameterization or validation, while our AET dataset would provide a data source for it.     

中国沿海生态系统的环境污染分析（英文）

近年来,随着中国经济的快速发展,空气污染和土地水污染问题备受关注。然而,中国沿海生态系统的环境污染问题也非常严重,而且并未引起足够的重视。基于中国国家统计局和中国沿海海洋环境监测收集的经济发展和海洋生态系统环境污染数据,分析了中国沿海生态环境污染总量以及渤海、黄海、东海和南海等四大海域的污染情况。经过分析,本文认为,中国沿海不同海域的沿海海洋环境污染存在差异,在海水质量、在超标污染物、入海河流水质和赤潮等沿海海洋环境特征指标方面均存在明显差异。根据研究结果,对改进中国海洋生态环境管理提出了一些政策建议。     

中国东部沿海地区四大城市群生态效率评价（英文）

Urban agglomerations in China have become the strategic core of national economic development and the main component of the new type of urbanization. However, they are threatened by a series of eco-environmental problems and challenges, including the severe overexploitation of natural resources. Eco-efficiency, which is defined as accomplishing the greatest possible economic benefit with the least possible resource input and damage to the environment, is used as an indicator to quantify the sustainability of urban agglomerations. In this work, a traditional data envelopment analysis(DEA) model with a slack-based measurement(SBM) model of undesirable outputs, was used to assess and compare the economic efficiency and eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in eastern China(UAECs) in 2005, 2011, and 2014. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the evolution of urban agglomerations were analyzed. Based on the results of a slack analysis, suggestions for improving the eco-efficiency of the four UAECs are provided. The overall economic efficiency of urban agglomerations located in the Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta displayed a V-shaped pattern(decreased and then increased). In contrast, the overall economic efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration declined during the study period. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration had a considerable loss of economic efficiency due to pollution, whereas the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was less impacted. Overall, the eco-environmental efficiency of the four UAECs declined from 2005 to 2011 and then increased from 2011 to 2014. In addition, the urban eco-efficiency in the four coastal UAECs was characterized by different evolution patterns. The eco-efficiency was higher in the peri-urban areas of the core cities, riverside areas, and seaside areas and lower in the inland cities. The core cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations were characterized by high resource consumption, economic benefit output, and eco-efficiency. In most of cities in the urban agglomerations, the emission of pollutants declined, leading to a reduction of pollutants and mitigation of environmental problems. In addition, a differential analysis, from the perspective of urban agglomeration, was performed, and concrete suggestions for improvement are proposed.     

中国内陆湿地生态系统健康时空评估（英文）

湿地是一种独特的自然景观格局,可为人类社会提供多种重要功能和服务。随着我国经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的加剧,内陆湿地面临面积减少、湿地功能减弱、湿地生态环境恶化等一系列问题。因此,对内陆湿地的生态健康状况进行定量评估,对于生态系统的可持续发展至关重要。然而,对湿地生态系统的评估大多是针对单一湿地或流域湿地,很少有研究对国家层面的湿地进行整体健康评估。本文基于土地覆盖数据、气候数据、社会经济数据,利用压力-状态-效应-响应(PSER)模型建立了内陆湿地健康评价指标体系,该模型包含15个评价指标。结合层次分析法对2010–2018年中国内陆湿地的生态系统健康状况进行了评估,结果表明:(1)与行政区划的生态系统健康评价不同,基于网格的湿地生态系统健康评价可以提供更详尽的湿地健康信息。(2)2018年内陆湿地面积比2010年增加了16328km2,2018年湿地生态系统健康指数平均值为3.45,2010年的平均值为3.24。(3)2018年,状况较好、良好、中度和较差的湿地分别占内陆湿地的26.3%、46.4%、26.9%和0.5%。研究结果为湿地生态系统资源的保护和管理提供了实践指导,为土地利用规划和开发提供了可靠的信息。     

中国西南岩溶生态系统特征与石漠化综合治理对策（英文）

以贵州省为核心的中国西南岩溶区面临双重危机:生态恶劣,石漠化严重;人口贫困,全国1/3强的贫困县分布在该地区。石漠化综合治理需要从岩溶生态系统结构和运行规律出发,重点关注岩溶地下水的开发和可持续利用,水土保持和土壤改良,植被恢复和可适应性的经济植物选择,力求区域生态经济双赢、农民脱贫致富。     

赣江流域森林生态系统服务空间格局及其影响因素（英文）

森林是陆地生态系统的重要组分,为人类社会提供着多种多样的服务产品。明确不同类型森林生态系统服务的空间特征和驱动机制对优化森林资源管理和提升服务综合效益具有重要意义。基于InVEST模型、CASA模型和GIS技术对赣江流域森林生态系统固碳、蓄积量、水源供给和土壤保持4种服务进行了价值评估和空间制图,并分析了各类自然和社会-经济因子梯度变化与生态系统服务生产之间的联系。结果表明:赣江流域4种森林生态系统服务具有空间异质性。赣江流域周边山地和高丘区域固碳和蓄积量服务较高,林型以阔叶林和竹林为主;水源供给服务较高的区域则为赣江流域东北部,林型以松林和杉木林为主;土壤保持服务空间分布较离散,赣江流域东北部区域略高于西南部区域。生态系统服务是自然过程和人类活动共同作用的结果:随海拔或坡度增加,人类活动干扰减少,森林固碳和蓄积量服务增加,但水源供给和土壤保持服务减小;随区域人均GDP增加或总人口减少,森林固碳和蓄积量服务表现出增加趋势。未来还需进一步评估各类自然和社会-经济因子对不同类型生态系统服务的限制作用和格局影响,以更好地应对区域生态问题。     

中国东部舟山群岛的沉积物入海通量（英文）

Knowledge of the sediment flux derived from different sources is critical for interpreting the sedimentary records associated with large river sedimentary systems. For the Changjiang River system, previous studies hardly focused on the sediment load from the adjacent Zhoushan Archipelago(ZA). Based on four prediction models, aiming to improve the understanding of the sediment load from the ZA during the Holocene, we show that the predicted sediment flux of the ZA ranges from ~0.7 to 26.5 Mt·yr~(-1), with an average value of 10.7 Mt·yr~(-1), and the islands with a relatively large area or high relief contribute greatly to the total flux. This sediment load is an order of magnitude lower than that of the Changjiang River, but it is similar to those of the local small rivers. Located in the core area of the southward dispersal path of the Changjiang River plume, the ZA also influences the sediment transport into Hangzhou Bay and over the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal seas. On the Holocene temporal scale, e.g., for the period from 6 ka BP to 2 ka BP, the sediments discharged from the ZA had a considerable effect on the shelf sedimentary system. This study provides evidence for an important role an archipelago can play in terms of sediment supply and transport in coastal and inner continental shelf regions.     

中国南北过渡带东段样带植被序列与气候分界问题

国家科技基础资源调查专项"中国南北过渡带综合科学考察"将秦岭一大巴山定义为中国南北过渡带的主体,秦巴山地植被南北变化研究,对于揭示中国南北过渡带地域结构的过渡性、多样性和复杂性具有重要意义.基于植物群落实地调查数据,本文将中国南北过渡带东段分为:东秦岭北麓(EQMN)、东秦岭南麓(EQMS)、东大巴山北麓(EBMN)和...     

老挝生态系统服务消耗研究（英文）

生态系统利用强度成倍的增加使得生态系统服务与居民需求间的矛盾日益严峻。"一带一路"倡议的提出对老挝生产生活带来了极大的影响,科学评估生态系统服务消耗是探究居民对生态系统影响程度的重要手段。本研究通过收获指数和料肉比等参数对老挝1961–2013年农产品、水果和畜产品消费数据进行转换,分析得到了以下结论:(1)老挝以农田、森林、草地生态系统服务消耗为主,其中农田生态系统服务消耗占比超过80%且有下降趋势,森林生态系统服务消耗占比高于10%且有上升趋势,草地生态系统服务消耗占比不足2%且基本不变,三类生态系统服务消耗量均呈现出先增加、后波动、再增加的变化趋势;(2)老挝生态系统服务消耗在1961–2008年期间形成了"农田生态系统服务消耗一家独大"模式,在2008–2013年期间形成了"农田、森林和草地生态系统服务消耗均衡发展"模式,并且有从前一个模式向后一个模式转变的趋势;(3)老挝生态系统服务消耗模式形成及变化受供给和贸易的影响,老挝在1961–2008年期间以发展农业为主,形成了"农田生态系统服务消耗一家独大"的模式;得益于农、林、畜产品进口种类的不断丰富、贸易额的增长、进口量的增加,2008年后老挝生态系统服务消耗从"农田生态系统服务消耗一家独大"模式转变为"农田、森林和草地生态系统服务消耗均衡发展"模式。本研究为生态系统服务消耗研究提供了实证参考。     

生态系统退化的人类响应（英文）

生态系统为人类提供了必要的服务,其中大部分是没有市场价格的,因此被认为是"自然的免费赠品"而被大量使用。近年来由于快速的工业化和城市化,不断增长的人口已经使人们认识到生态系统服务也是有限的。环境退化是用来描述生态系统服务的损失或损害的常用指标,而移民往往是环境恶化的后果。那么,生态系统服务退化到什么程度才足以导致人们搬迁?本文通过对移民和环境退化相关文献的综述,力求寻求及时监测生态系统退化状况、避免人类承受生态移民痛苦、探求不同环境下人类更好地生存与发展的途径。     

中国森林叶片功能属性的纬度变化特征（英文）

Comprehensive information on geographic patterns of leaf morphological traits in Chinese forests is still scarce.To explore the spatial patterns of leaf traits,we investigated leaf area(LA),leaf thickness(LT),specific leaf area(SLA),and leaf dry matter content(LDMC) across 847 species from nine typical forests along the North-South Transect of Eastern China(NSTEC) between July and August 2013,and also calculated the community weighted means(CWM) of leaf traits by determining the relative dominance of each species.Our results showed that,for all species,the means(± SE) of LA,LT,SLA,and LDMC were 2860.01 ± 135.37 mm2,0.17 ± 0.003 mm,20.15 ± 0.43 m2 kg–1,and 316.73 ± 3.81 mg g–1,respectively.Furthermore,latitudinal variation in leaf traits differed at the species and community levels.Generally,at the species level,SLA increased and LDMC decreased as latitude increased,whereas no clear latitudinal trends among LA or LT were found,which could be the result of shifts in plant functional types.When scaling up to the community level,more significant spatial patterns of leaf traits were observed(R2 = 0.46–0.71),driven by climate and soil N content.These results provided synthetic data compilation and analyses to better parameterize complex ecological models in the future,and emphasized the importance of scaling-up when studying the biogeographic patterns of plant traits.     

青藏高原洪涝灾害的临界雨量估算（英文）

中国第二次青藏高原综合科学考察的成果指出,青藏高原水体的固液结构正在失衡,越来越多的冰川、积雪等固态水向液态水转化,这使得青藏高原洪涝灾害的风险加剧。本文以青藏高原地区历史洪涝灾害记录资料为依据,分析青藏高原地区洪涝灾害的时空分布特征,并结合区域内气象站点的降水数据,采用临界雨量法估算青藏高原各流域的洪涝灾害临界雨量,最终得出以下结论:(1)青藏高原绝大多数的洪涝灾害事件均由降水引发,平均每年发生洪涝灾害超过30次,并且洪涝灾害的年发生频次呈上升趋势;(2)青藏高原的洪涝灾害的高发区主要在河湟谷地以及横断山区,次高发区位于藏南河谷区以及河湟谷地的外围区;(3)青藏高原洪涝灾害的临界雨量值在高原的南部最高,其次是高原的东部和东南部,高原中西部及北部最低。     

海南岛热带林区生态系统评估与保护成效（英文）

Ecosystem services have become one of the core elements of ecosystem management and evaluation. As a key area of ecosystem services and for maintaining national ecological security, ecosystem changes and implementation effect evaluation are important in national key ecological function zones, for promoting the main function zone strategy and for improving the construction of an ecological civilization. This article studies the ecological zone of a tropical rainforest region in the central mountain area of Hainan Island, China. Multi-source satellite data and ground observation statistics are analyzed with geo-statistics method and ecological assessment model. The core analysis of this paper includes ecosystem patterns, quality and services. By means of spatial and temporal scale expansion and multidimensional space-time correlation analysis, the trends and stability characteristics of ecosystem changes are analyzed, and implementation effect evaluation is discussed. The analysis shows a variety of results. The proportion of forest area inside the ecological zone was significantly higher than the average level in Hainan Island. During 1990–2013, settlement gradually increased inside the ecological zone. After implementation of the zone in 2010, human activity intensity increased, with the main land use being urban construction and land reclamation. Water conservation in the ecological function zone was higher than that outside the zone. In general, it increased slightly, but had obvious fluctuations. Soil conservation inside the zone was also better than that outside. However, it demonstrated dramatic fluctuations and relatively poor stability during 1990–2013. The human disturbance index inside the zone was significantly lower than that outside, and had a lower biodiversity threat level. Especially in 2010–2013, the increased range of the human disturbance index inside the zone was significantly less than that outside.     

金沙江流域生态系统服务的权衡与协同效应评价（英文）

全球气候变化和人类活动已经威胁到流域生态系统。金沙江作为长江上游,研究其生态系统服务功能对维护整个长江流域的生态安全、促进生态可持续性具有重要意义。基于生态系统服务与权衡综合评价（InVEST）模型和修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）模型,对2000–2020年金沙江流域生态系统提供的5种生态系统服务功能：产水量（WY）、生境质量（HQ）、土壤保有量（SR）、食物供应（FS）、碳储量（CS）进行了评价,并分析了它们的时空变化特征,权衡协同关系及其驱动因素。结果表明:（1）2000–2020年间,金沙江流域的各生态系统服务总量除生境质量外都存在不同程度的波动,各生态系统服务在空间分布上基本呈现出东南高西北低的空间格局。（2）CS＿SR＿HQ和WY＿SR＿FS之间存在显著的协同关系,WY＿CS之间存在显著的权衡关系。（3）CS＿SR＿HQ的主要驱动因素是净初级生产力（NPP）和土地利用类型（LU）,WY＿SR＿FS的主要驱动因素是年降雨量（PRE）、LU和降雨侵蚀（R）,WY＿CS的驱动因素在研究期内较多变。     

不同森林生态系统对全球气候变化和经济活动响应的比较分析（英文）

本文对俄罗斯、蒙古和中国范围气候变化对不同生态系统(寒带、热带)空气记录分布的影响进行研究,并将这些生态系统对全球气候变化的响应进行比较分析,其中空气记录来自研究范围的关键区域。研究发现,森林生态系统对气候变化具有一定的响应。伴随着气候变化,社会经济活动对生态系统的影响显著。研究结果表明,气候驱动力和人类直接影响对森林和草原生态系统如何施加影响有待进一步研究。     

植被功能型、气候和土壤氮素对中国东部南北样带叶片氮浓度空间格局的影响

我们通过采集中国东部南北样带（NSTEC）上112个样点的102种植物叶片样品,分析了植物叶片氮浓度对植被功能型（PFTs）以及环境因素的响应特征。研究结果表明：（1）植物叶片氮浓度均值为17．7mg.g^-1,最大值和最小值分别出现在落叶阔叶植物和常绿针叶植物中。对乔木而言,叶片氮浓度表现为落叶植物〉常绿植物,阔叶植物〉针叶植物;乔木和灌木的叶片氮浓度显著高于草本植物,而乔木和灌木之间则无显著差异。（2）叶片氮浓度与年均温度（MAT）呈现凸型二次曲线关系,与年均降水量（MAP）则呈现显著的线性负相关关系,与土壤氮素浓度（Nsoil）则线性正相关,并且这种关系并不随着植被功能型的改变而改变。（3）PFTs,气候和Nsoil共同解释植物叶片氮浓度空间格局变异的46．1％,其中PFTs,气候和Nsoil可分别独立解释植物叶片氮浓度空间格局变异的15．6％,2．3％,4．7％。该研究结果表明,气候和土壤氮素对植物叶片氮浓度的影响主要是通过作用于生态系统中的物种组成,而非直接作用实现的。这种基于较大区域尺度上的野外观测分析有助于我们准确的理解植被功能型和环境因素对叶片氮浓度变异的影响机制。     

丝绸之路经济带与俄罗斯东部经济的绿色增长（英文）

丝绸之路经济带(SREB)为俄罗斯的发展提供了新的机遇,特别是其东部地区,可以通过更大规模、多层次的国际合作获得新的发展机会。俄罗斯东部地区自然资源丰富,资源开采是其传统的重点产业。在SREB的背景下,环境安全成为俄罗斯东部地区新的焦点问题。本文提出了一种"诊断"工具以判断一种区域经济发展模式是否根据绿色经济的理念进行。我们采用基于生态强度的不同指标,研究了俄罗斯东部边境地区在丝绸之路经济带形成的初始阶段的生态-经济发展趋势,认为如果针对中国的生产链实施合作,那么俄罗斯经济增长的质量将会得到明显的改善。     

锡林郭勒草地样带土地承载力研究：基于膳食需求视角（英文）

粮食安全问题是国民经济社会发展重要问题,从土地资源承载力角度研究区域粮食供给和需求情况,能够为区域资源可持续提供新的借鉴。本研究利用农牧户问卷调查数据、统计数据、土地利用数据等,构建土地资源承载力(LCC)评估框架,针对锡林郭勒草地样带上典型草地牧区、沙地牧区和农牧交错区三个典型区的居民食物供给和需求问题,选取热量、蛋白质和脂肪三个食物营养指标,对土地资源承载力平衡问题进行研究。研究发现:(1)沿锡林郭勒草地样带由北向南食物供给呈现出以肉类和奶类为主,向粮食、蔬菜水果供给为主的转变;(2)沿草地样带由北向南居民食物摄入热量逐渐增多,而蛋白质和脂肪摄入呈现牧区多、农区少的特点;(3)锡林郭勒草地样带上整体土地资源资源承载力处于富余状态,然而典型草地牧区土地承载力高于其余两个典型区。本研究可为区域食物营养可持续发展提供实证参考。