“There is No Program Without Farmers”: Interactive Radio for Forest Landscape Restoration in Mount Elgon Region,Uganda

Increase in ownership and use of radios and mobile phones in Uganda may present opportunities for interactive and efficient agricultural extension services. Yet the impact of interactive radio on rural development has rarely been evaluated. In a participatory project, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature together with Farm Radio International and stakeholders from local government, radio, and community-based organizations promoted the increased use of forest landscape restoration activities though interactive rural radio programs, including innovative methods to reach populations not covered by radio. An evaluation found that 98% of people who listened to most or all of the broadcasts carried out one of the practices, whereas 84% of those who had listened to only one episode had used one of the practices. Inclusion of a wide range of community stakeholders from project inception was vital for presenting the project and embedding it within local institutional contexts.     

Diversity in Knoxville: An applied perspective

This study contributes to the literature on applied urban geography by examining spatial patterns and processes of changing racial/ethnic diversity within the intra-urban context of Knoxville metropolitan statistical area. Knoxville embraces a diverse economic set up with opportunities in high-tech research and development, manufacturing, tertiary/service-sectors, construction, as well as entertainment industry. This serves well for its continued population growth, including minorities during 1990–2009. This paper explores how the neighborhood-level socioeconomic, demographic, and built-environment characteristics relate to tract-level racial/ethnic diversity, measured by multi-group diversity score and its components. Tools such as isarithmic surface density maps, correlations, principal components and regression analyses are used to examine processes of change. Results indicate that diversity in 1990 associates with negative change whereas diversity in 2000 associates with positive change. Though overall diversity sprawls and increases during 1990–2009, diversity among non-White declines during 2000–2009 and shows spatial confinement. Regressions suggest complicated mosaics of changing neighborhoods, providing evidence of invasion-succession, filtering and resurgence of ethnic-enclaves in specific neighborhoods. Concerning the six counties of the MSA, Knox is the most diverse whereas Union the least, though the share of Hispanics tops in Loudon and Asians in Knox. In terms of strategic planning, findings from this research can be used in creating equitable and sustainable urban communities that can improve the overall well-being of people by reducing racial/ethnic and socio-economic disparities that might occur as undesirable consequences of fast increasing diversity.     

轨道站点合理步行可达范围建成环境与轨道通勤的关系研究——以北京市44个轨道站点为例

轨道站点步行可达范围内建成环境因素与轨道交通通勤行为之间的关系越来越受到人们的重视。从潜在通勤者的角度出发,划定轨道站点的合理步行可达范围,以北京市44个轨道站点为例,利用大数据方法从“宜出行”程序中提取站点合理步行范围内的相对人口数据,结合2017年9月10个工作日早高峰时段的轨道站点刷卡数据得到该站点的相对乘车率。基于数据的非正态分布特征构建GARCH模型,分析早高峰站点合理步行范围内建成环境因素与站点相对乘车率的关系。结果表明：① 始发轨道站点与站点乘车率存在显著正向关系,而站点所在线路的换乘概率与站点乘车率具有非常明显的负相关性;② 轨道站点的出入口数量与乘车率显著正相关;③ 小区—站点的路径转折数和步行范围内的交叉路口数等可步行性特征对轨道交通通勤行为无显著影响,步行范围的公交车站密度与站点乘车率正相关;④ 合理步行范围内的用地混合度与乘车率存在显著的负相关性;⑤ 合理步行范围内的路网密度以及早高峰拥堵道路比与乘车率之间在不同程度上呈现正向关系;⑥ 共享单车订单数与轨道交通通勤行为之间的关系并不明确;⑦ 相比手机信令数据,“宜出行”定位数据的精度更高,适用于分析微观尺度下的实时人口分布及变化。     

基于Ripley’s K函数的南京市ATM网点空间分布模式研究

运用Ripley’s K函数的相关理论,以南京市ATM网点为研究对象,分别从平面与网络空间两种视角,在中心城区范围与主城区范围两种空间尺度上,通过单变量\begin{array}{c}K\end{array}函数法分析ATM网点的分布模式,通过双变量\begin{array}{c}K\end{array}函数法分析ATM网点与地铁站点的空间关联情况,最后对计算结果进行评价与分析。研究表明,ATM网点在南京主城区与中心城区均呈现出较强的集聚状态;在一定的距离范围内,ATM网点与地铁站点之间也有较强的依赖关系。同时,对于沿着路网分布的地理空间点状对象而言,利用网络\begin{array}{c}K\end{array}函数法进行空间点模式分析比用平面\begin{array}{c}K\end{array}函数法更加符合实际情况。     

Access to locally-oriented television broadcasting in a digital era

Defined as the connection between media and communities, localism has been a cornerstone of U.S. broadcasting policy since the late 1920s. Among other ways, the principle of localism has been advanced through Federal Communication Commission licensing rules favoring small radio and television stations that carry local news, sports, and other programming serving community needs and values. However, in recent years changes in federal policy coupled with the emergence of new broadcasting technologies such as enhanced cable and satellite-based television have profoundly altered the relationship between broadcasting and local communities. Increasingly, community-centered television content has been replaced with syndicated programming targeting a national audience. In this paper we examine socioeconomic factors most closely associated with over-the-air, pay-to-view cable, and satellite television broadcasting with the objective of uncovering how access to community-based programming can be characterized on the basis of socioeconomic factors and geographic location. Using the Nielsen Corporation's Designated Market Areas (DMAs), we identify hot and cold spots of reception by reception type and then use hierarchical clustering to identify geographic regions based on the relationship between select socioeconomic traits and the primary method used within households for receiving television signals.     

AFV refueling stations and the complexity of freeway intersections: the scale dependency of network representation

As interest for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) in urban areas continues to build, there has been a corresponding focus on the development of methods that can locate initial refueling stations on regional transportation networks in an optimal manner. Recent studies suggest that the behavior of early adopters of AFVs is consistent with the objectives of flow-capturing station location models. One outstanding issue with the further use of these models to locate AFV stations is the relationship between the relatively coarse geographic representation of regional transportation networks used in flow-capturing models and the complexity of the sites they recommend, which are often nodes that represent freeway intersections. Since AFV refueling stations cannot be built directly at freeway intersections, a network GIS method entitled the freeway traffic capture metric (FTCM) is developed to identify locations on proximate local street networks that can effectively capture all traffic passing through a freeway intersection. The FTCM considers deviation from a shortest travel path specifically through a freeway intersection as its metric of convenience for all possible travel routes that pass through it, computing a score for each candidate site on the nearby local street network. The FTCM is tested on nearly 45,000 candidate sites within one mile of 72 freeway intersections in greater Los Angeles, California. Locations that can capture all traffic passing through the nearby freeway intersection are shown to generally be near the intersection’s center, but not necessarily next to freeway entrances or exits. In total, 6.7% of possible station locations near these 72 freeway intersections are convenient for all traffic passing through them, and 22 out of the 72 freeway intersections lack such a site altogether. This indicates that there is high likelihood of inconsistency between regional modeling results and station location effectiveness if this scale dependency between coarse representations of transportation networks and the complexity of local street networks near freeway intersections is not considered when building initial AFV stations near these locations.     

Cottagers in an Urban Field

The use of rural areas by the urban population is an important organizing principle in the study of the rural hinterland of urban centers. One of the important land uses identified within the urban field is recreation. This paper focuses on cottage property ownership in one part of the urban field, the rural-recreational countryside. Using three case studies from Canada, it was found that cottage properties account for a large proportion of local residential property. Although most cottage properties are owned by urban residents, up to one-quarter are owned by local residents. Using a questionnaire survey, it was also found that cottage owners are more likely to be older, better educated, and have higher incomes than rural residents.     

南极长城湾浅海底栖生物群落分析

本文采用 1 987年 1 2月 - 1 988年 3月南极长城湾浅海区底栖生物的三航次 1 9个定量采泥站和 4个拖网站的调查资料。根据环境特征、种类组成的多样性和种间个体分配的均匀度 ,采用了聚类方法将调查区分为三个底栖生物群落分布区。并对各群落的结构作进一步分析 ,分为高多样性、中多样性和低多样性三种结构类型。并研究了群落结构与环境因素的关系 ,指出底栖生物的群落结构与底质类型和沉积物稳定性的关系最为密切 ;在深度梯度度不大的海区 ,底栖生物群落结构与深度梯度没有明显关系。     

北京城区流动人口扩散格局及驱动机制

基于街道/乡镇尺度人口普查数据,利用GIS空间分析和数理统计方法,从规模、占比、密度和集聚度等4个层面分析北京城区流动人口扩散特征,并揭示其驱动机制。研究发现, 2000~2010年北京城区流动人口规模和密度增加,但流动人口占常住总人口比重和流动人口空间集聚度下降,流动人口呈现明显的空间扩散态势。 北京城区流动人口呈“核-边扩散”格局,城市核心区流动人口规模、密度、占比和空间集聚度不断下降,城市边缘区流动人口规模、密度、占比和空间集聚度逐步上升。 北京城区流动人口的“核-边扩散”格局是经济因素的直接推动、城建因素的间接推动、交通因素的硬性诱导、制度因素的软性诱导等共同作用的结果。     

深圳轨道交通对城市空间结构的影响——基于地价梯度和开发强度梯度的分析

大运量的城市轨道交通系统在一定程度上决定了城市的布局结构和土地利用格局。从时空两个维度出发,基于地价和开发强度两个要素,探讨轨道交通影响下的深圳市空间结构动态演变过程。通过描述性分析和空间计量模型实证发现,轨道交通站点周边地价和开发强度在受到距市中心或组团中心距离影响而空间衰减的同时,呈现出明显的站点导向性。轨道交通对城市空间结构的影响在时间上是超前的,规划方案的公示和轨道系统的建成运营均塑造了土地价格梯度和容积率梯度。并且,由于城市建设和历史原因,深圳原特区内外在轨道交通的影响下,地价和开发强度呈现了差异化的增长趋势。研究结果对理解轨道交通对城市空间结构影响及政府财政效应评估等具有积极意义。     

北京轨道交通换乘站点对办公空间集聚的影响

随着城市轨道交通建设的不断推进,其对城市空间布局与重构的影响越来越显著,剖析交通与城市经济活动及其功能区集聚之间的关系一直是地理学研究的重要内容。以北京城市商务办公空间为研究对象,重点分析2008 年前后商务办公空间格局和集聚程度随轨道交通变化情况,并进一步探讨不同发展阶段轨道交通换乘站点对商务办公空间集聚程度的影响机制。结果表明：① 办公集聚区等级随着轨道交通换乘站点等级的提升而提升。轨道交通换乘站点对办公区位选择有正向的引导作用,使得办公集聚区的规模和等级有不同程度的提升,集聚效应更为显著。② 北京轨道交通换乘站点周边所形成的办公集聚区在数量和规模上存在明显的区域差异。在500 m、800 m以及1500 m半径范围内,随着换乘站点辐射范围的扩大,其涵盖的高等级办公集聚区的数量也呈现增多现象。③ 轨道交通换乘站点的功能属性对办公集聚区的形成具有一定的空间引导作用。④ 历史惯性、距离衰减、外部效应和主导功能差异是影响轨道交通换乘站点周边、不同半径范围内办公集聚区数量和等级的主要作用因素。     

COMMUNITY ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW SEA BENTHOS IN GREAT WALL BAY, ANTARCTICA

The data used in this paper were acquired at 19 quantitative dredging stations and 4 trawling stations during the three crusies of the 4th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition for investigating the shallow sea benthos in Great Wall Bay, in the period from December 1987 to March 1988. Based on environmental characteristics, diversity of species composition and the eveness of interspecific distribution of individuals, cluster methods were used to divide the investigated area into three benthic community distribution areas. The structures of the various communities were further divided into 3 structure types, namely, high diversity, intermediate diversity and low diversity types. From the study of the relationship between community structure and environmental factors it was pointed out that there was an extremely close relationship between benthic communities structure and the stability of the bottom types and sediments, whereas in sea areas where the depth gradient is not large, there is no obvious relat     

基于客流特征的北京地铁站点类型识别

地铁站点是城市各种社会经济活动的关键节点,不同类型的地铁站点在城市中的区域条件、交通功能、土地利用类型等方面均存在差异,科学的站点分类有助于了解城市功能分区及评价轨道交通基础设施建设状况。本文基于2013年3月份14天工作日地铁刷卡客流量数据,运用引入客流特征的时间序列聚类方法,对北京市195个地铁站点进行分类。研究表明：①地铁站点客流量存在时空差异,也是城市功能分区时空差异的表现之一。②通过引入客流特征的时间序列方法,将地铁站点分为居住导向型、就业导向型、职住错位型、错位偏居住型、错位偏就业型、混合型、综合型及其他型8种不同类型。③利用地铁站点客流量数据,是将空间行为和实体空间进行关联比较的有效途径。     

基于历史制度分析的珠江三角洲非国有经济演化

采用历史制度的分析视角,对珠江三角洲城市东莞和佛山在改革开放后非国有经济部门发展结构和演化过程进行分析,试图揭示两个城市在发展模式和路径上形成差异的内在逻辑。东莞和佛山在改革开放初期选择了不同的集体经济组织方式重组生产资源和发展地方经济,而在改革开放后期,佛山地方政府主导的城镇集体工业转制要远远慢于东莞的乡村集体工业,并采用了次优的内部企业转制策略推进改革。分析表明：珠三角的东莞和佛山在非国有经济部门发展路径上的分叉点在于经济主体对地方特定的历史禀赋和社会网络的利用方式,而初始的非国有经济结构对改革后期的发展进一步构成路径依赖,导致两个城市各异的转制速度和方式。     

乌鲁木齐近50年气温变化与城市化发展关系

采用线性倾向估计、累积距平、M—K检验法,利用乌鲁木齐地区市区及近郊气象站近50年的年平均气温数据,分析了乌鲁木齐地区气温的年代际变化及突变;采用相关分析方法与趋势拟合等方法,生成乌鲁木齐年平均温度与指征其城市化6项指标的函数关系图。结果发现：（1）近50年乌鲁木齐地区的年平均气温缓慢上升,城区气温高于郊区,城区站增温率为0．2℃／10a,郊区站为0．245℃／10a,总增温率为0．225℃／10a。（2）采用Mann—Kendall检验法分析得出年平均气温在2000年发生了由低到高的突变。（3）乌鲁木齐市城市人口、GDP、全社会固定资产投资总额、建成区面积、能源消耗与年平均气温有着显著的相关性,表明城市化进程与气温变化有密切关系。     

基于POI数据的巨型城市消防站空间优化——以北京市五环内区域为例

消防站的空间布局事关城市发展与城市安全。本文以北京市五环内中心城区为研究区,使用44.34万条POI数据和道路网等相关数据,考虑易燃易爆、人群脆弱等不同特征的火灾风险因子,采用核密度分析、SAVEE模型等方法,识别出研究区内的火灾风险空间分布,进一步借助“位置—分配”模型和网络分析,并结合优化目标对研究区内消防站进行空间优化。主要研究结论为：①按照火灾风险从高到低排序,前10%的火灾风险区域主要集中在CBD—三里屯、北京古玩城—双井、王府井、南锣鼓巷—雍和宫等区域。②现有消防站对全部44.34万个POI请求点5分钟响应时间内的覆盖率为96.46%,总体覆盖效果较好,但在研究区西北和西南部的世纪城—闵庄一带覆盖不足。③综合考虑高火灾风险区、重要火灾风险因子、POI总体覆盖率和个体消防站覆盖面积相关标准等因素,经多次迭加运算分析得到最终需新增15个消防站点。优化后的各指标均有较大提升,可满足研究区的消防需求。     

北京市出租车运量分布的时空格局及生成机制

出租车是城市交通的重要组成部分,对其精细化的管控需要理解运量分布的时空特征和生成机制。通过北京市出租车大数据,采用系统聚类法将其15分钟时间片段归并为空间分布相似的时段,刻画出运量分布的时空格局,进而采用地理加权回归模型分析了生成机制。本研究揭示的出租车运量分布变化的时间点并不完全对应传统的整时点;各时段运量均呈现空间集聚的特征,但集聚的位置、面积明显不同,工作日不同时段运量集聚程度的差异较周末更大;不同时段出租车运量的影响因子有所差异,其中商业设施、房价、地铁和公交站密度、道路密度等因子通常较为显著。研究结果对时空上更精细的出租车运量预测、出租车分区分时段的政策管制和规划管理具有启示意义。     

The Public Is Intellectual

This article is a discussion and critique of public intellectualism in the present. Rather than reify a self-aggrandized form of public intellectualism within academia that centers individualized intellectual development and that encourages a greater flow of findings outward to communities, I highlight black women public intellectuals who have used their skills, talents, and station within the university and society in novel ways. Moreover, I suggest that scholars take seriously the questions, research methods, and analyses emerging from the general public, particularly from within communal and political organizations. These encouragements are illustrated by highlighting three political education workshops that have been developed across the United States.     

基于社区的湿地合理利用和可持续管理——来自洞庭湖区西畔山洲垸的案例分析

过去十年来频繁发生的几次极端洪涝灾害事件引发了人们对洞庭湖地区湿地资源保护、湿地生态系统服务与人类发展和社区生计之间关系的持续争论。本文根据2000-2008年间所获取的1683份系统问卷调查数据,从定量和定性的角度重点分析了洞庭湖区西畔山洲垸内的湿地合理利用和可持续管理等最佳实践及其社会经济效益,得出如下研究结论：（1）退田还湖后,在西畔山洲垸开展的基于社区的湿地资源合理利用活动在恢复、保护湿地的同时,大幅提高了社区经济收入和福利水平,同时又降低了社区应对粮食短缺、贫困、洪灾等方面的脆弱性,增强了社区可持续发展的自然资源基础;（2）社区妇女、年长的农民以及低收入群体从这些实践活动中获益较大;（3）自2000年开展上述合理利用活动以来,参与这些活动的家庭收入持续增加,比没参加活动的家庭获得了更高的收入,也拥有了更多的财产,而即使在2001年这些由外部主导的替代生计活动停止资助以后,其仍然对社区内的收入提高具有显著的累积贡献作用;（4）区域内社会组织结构发生积极变化,社区基层组织从无到有,社区参与共管、自治能力以及社区居民的环保意识都得到了大幅提高,社区自我发展的能力已经形成。目前,越来越多的周边社区居民已经加入有机柑橘、有机蔬菜等有机农业生产活动或对加入表示出极大的兴趣;（5）生计水平提高的原因可以归结为当地社区的自我驱动和积极参与、国家政策机遇、公私合作的伙伴关系（PPP）的建立、社区基层组织建设以及适应性管理方法的应用等。     

城市小汽车拥有及使用决策研究述评

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