乡村聚落空间优化研究（英文）

Optimizing rural settlements is an important measure to cope with rural decline, and improve the quality of rural life and attractions. This study introduces the "life quality theory". Based on the mechanisms governing the interactions between rural settlement space and life quality, this study examines how to optimize the spatial organization of rural settlements. Three aspects are evaluated – the integration of rural settlement spatial functions, optimization of spatial structure, and regulation of spatial scale – with the objective of building an optimization mode and framework for the spatial organization of rural settlements with high life quality. Our results suggest the following:(1) The settlement is the spatial carrier of life quality, which is an essential settlement component, and these two aspects influence and improve each other. Therefore, reasonable rural settlement space is an important precondition for higher life quality.(2) The spatial function types of rural settlements can be divided into those that maintain livelihoods, develop industry, and upgrade life quality. Optimizing spatial organization of rural settlements based on life quality requires promoting the maintenance of livelihood, integration of industrial development, and implantation in quality improvement.(3) There are two important components of optimizing the spatial organization of rural settlements. One is promoting the organic concentration of living, agricultural, and industrial spaces, the reasonable distribution of social intercourse, recreational, and services spaces, and the organic balance of living, production, and ecological spaces, so as to reasonably optimize the combination of internal spatial types in settlements. The other is forming a functional structure level of a "comprehensive village–featured village" and building spatial organization settlement modes connected by rural roads by relocating and adjusting the function of villages. These changes would require the destruction of underdeveloped villages, retaining normal villages, enlarging important villages, and constructing new villages.(4) As an ideal mode for optimizing rural settlements space based on life quality, the Rural Road-Oriented Development Model(RROD model) should be built at a rational scale for unit settlement and distance between settlements, leading to a fully functional RROD system with rational structure, auxiliary facility, and well-organized distribution.     

土地利用转型与乡村空间治理——机制、框架与展望（英文）

The pattern for utilization of rural space is closely related to rural transformation development(RTD). The problem of rural space utilization is an important manifestation of the uncoordinated relationship between land use patterns and rural development status during a transformation period. Considering the rural space utilization issue, this article seeks to analyze the interaction mechanisms between land use transition(LUT) and rural spatial governance and then build a rural spatial governance analysis framework based on LUT. Also, the paper explores the internal relationship between rural spatial governance and rural vitalization and discusses the research prospective of the interaction. The study found that:(1) Rural space utilization has systemic problems such as limited development space, ill-defined ownership and poor organization, which have become important obstacles for rural development.(2) The uncoordinated relationship between LUT and RTD is an important reason for the dilemma surrounding rural space utilization.(3) The LUT provides a basis for determining the timing of rural spatial governance, specifying spatial governance objectives, and clarifying rural spatial governance methods.(4) The construction of a comprehensive analysis framework of "matter-ownership-organization" of rural space based on the LUT has created conditions for the orderly promotion of rural spatial governance.(5) Rural spatial governance which facilitates the integration of urban-rural development is an important foundation for rural vitalization.(6) Interaction analysis of LUT, RTD and rural spatial governance is conducive to facilitating research on the operational mechanism of rural regional systems and to expanding the research field of rural geography.     

中国乡村治理示范村镇空间分布格局及影响因素研究（英文）

村镇治理是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的基本要求,关乎国家乡村振兴战略的实施和国家治理现代化目标的实现。本文以全国2189个乡村治理示范村镇为研究对象,综合运用最邻近点指数法、核密度估计法、网格维数分析法、空间自相关分析法,探索乡村治理示范村镇的空间分布结构与影响因素。研究表明：全国乡村治理示范村镇空间分布趋于集聚分布,空间分异较为明显;乡村治理示范村镇核密度分析在空间上呈现出多个核中心,以及由核中心向四周递减扩散而形成的呈带状分布的次级中心的分布格局;乡村治理示范村镇系统具有明显无标度区,分形特征显著;乡村治理示范村镇空间分布主要受自然和人文因素影响明显,其中自然因素中地形地貌和湖泊水系是主要影响因素;人文因素中社会经济、交通、民族文化是主要影响因素,人口分布的影响不显著。     

基于自然主控因子和道路可达性的广东省乡村聚落空间分布特征及影响因素

以遥感图像分类解译数据为基础,利用核密度、道路交通可达性阻力值、Logistic回归模型,定量识别了1990-2013年的广东省全域范围内的乡村聚落空间分布特征及现状、乡村聚落空间分布的主导影响因素,并讨论归纳了乡村聚落演变及其机制研究的内容框架。结果表明：① 广东省乡村聚落空间分布具有低海拔、低坡度、邻河流、邻乡镇的空间指向性。呈现出“平原稠密,山区稀疏”的空间分布格局,形成了粤东潮汕平原和粤西湛江平原台地两大高密度核心区域,珠江三角洲外围山区的乡村聚落呈现出邻近于河流谷地和沿交通线串珠式布局特征。② 乡村聚落除具有邻近开放型道路空间指向性外,更为重要体现为到乡镇的道路交通可达性对乡村聚落空间分布影响最大,镇—村连接的交通网络完善度对乡村转型发展的意义重大,全面提升乡镇的综合生产和服务能力将是优化农村地区村镇体系的核心。③ 高程和坡度是影响乡村聚落的分布、规模、形态的两个重要的基础性影响因素。自然地理本底属性是村庄优化布局与空间重构规划建设考虑的第一要素。④ 在“互联网+”时代背景下,重构农村地区市场网络体系对接于全球市场网络体系,建构以乡镇为核心的乡村生活服务圈,有待进一步探寻“三生空间”的重构和社会文化传承与保护的理论与实践的研究。同时深化乡村聚落形态演化、乡村空间生产、乡村社会网络、群体行为、社会自治、社会文化领域等的研究将是全球化背景下中国乡村空间重构研究的核心领域。     

广东省旅游业发展的空间错位分析（英文）

本文以广东省21个地级市为研究单元,基于2015年广东省旅游经济、旅游资源及交通相关数据,运用重力模型、二维矩阵等方法,选取旅游收入指数、A级景区指数、旅游区位指数作为评价指标,定量分析了广东省旅游业发展的空间错位关系,并通过Arc GIS软件将分析结果进行可视化表达。研究发现:广东省21个地市的旅游业发展水平、旅游资源丰度、旅游区位之间存在不同程度的空间错位,旅游经济重心、旅游资源重心和旅游区位重心分别位于(113.55?E,23.00?N)、(113.69?E,23.21?N)和(113.74?E,22.86?N);从二维组合矩阵来看,旅游收入–资源丰度组合中呈现同步发展的地市为10个,旅游收入–旅游区位的组合中呈现同步发展的地市为7个,广州、深圳2市在两组组合中均处于同步–双高区,佛山、清远、阳江、中山、揭阳5市在两组组合中均处于偏离–负错位区,省内绝大多数地市的旅游发展仍呈现错位趋势。根据分析结果,结合各地市旅游发展的实际情况提出相应对策建议。     

云南省传统村落的空间分布及旅游活化研究（英文）

运用Arc GIS对云南省传统村落的空间分布研究,结合传统村落的当地实际情况,探讨与其特点相适应的发展模式。结果表明：(1)云南省传统村落呈现出非均衡聚集分布的空间结构特点,主要聚集分布于滇西北、滇西和滇南等海拔较高的市州区域,其中保山市的传统村落分布密度最高,为66.33个/万km²;其次是大理州和红河州,传统村落密度分别为44.13个/万km²和37.66个/万km²。(2)影响云南省传统村落空间分布结构的因素主要有自然地理因素、人文历史因素和交通运输因素。其中,云南省垂直落差较大的自然地理条件在客观上孕育了传统村落的人居环境,千百年来世代传承延续的农耕文明历史奠定了辉煌灿烂的传统村落人文基础,高海拔地带较为落后的交通运输条件在客观上延缓了城镇化和工业化对于传统村落的破坏。综上,这些因素都在一定程度上影响到了云南省传统村落的空间分布格局。(3)根据云南省传统村落空间分布的规律,探索具有地域特色和民族特点的传统村落旅游活化路径,根据各地传统村落资源禀赋特征的不同进行差异化发展,即分别发展农业旅游、文化旅游与生态旅游等活...     

中国边境地缘经济的空间差异及影响机制（英文）

Border areas are both important territorial security barriers and portals to the outside world. Considering the complicated geopolitical environment of China's inland borders, analysis of the current status and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in border areas is of great significance. Namely, this analysis is important towards leveraging traditional advantages to accelerate China's development in border and minority areas. Based on a comprehensive analysis, our study constructed a framework to analyze the geo-economy in border areas, and also introduced three indexes: local economy, export-oriented economy and local development. In addition, our study systematically described geo-economic evolution in the border areas of China. We also analyzed the mechanism of geo-economic spatial differentiation in these border areas by using geographical detectors. Our results indicated that the level of geo-economic influence in border areas has grown steadily with significant spatial differentiation. The absolute geo-economic dominance of Northeast China gradually declines over time. Areas with geo-economic advantages are highly dispersed, showing a spatial polarization pattern with several polar nuclei including Mudanjiang city(Northeast China), Baotou city(Inner Mongolia), Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture(Xinjiang), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and the city of Chongzuo(Yunnan-Guangxi area). Geo-economics in border area is mainly influenced by national policies, the development level of neighboring countries, as well as the desire of these countries to cooperate with China in bilateral trade. Favorable policies, traffic, cultural proximity and other factors also impact the geo-economics of border areas significantly. The Inner Mongolia and Tibet areas are mainly influenced by neighboring countries, while Northeast China and Xinjiang are mainly affected by Chinese policies; the Yunnan-Guangxi area is influenced by a combination of these factors. At the end of the study, we provide our recommendations for developing policies that further geo-economic advantages in complex geopolitical environments and in areas with varied development.     

中国畜禽养殖的空间分析及分区研究(英文)

The capacity of livestock breeding in China has increased rapidly since 1949, and the total output of meat, poultry and eggs maintains the world’s top first in recent 20 years. Livestock emissions and pollution is closely associated with its population and spatial distribution. This paper aims to investigate the spatial patterns of livestock and poultry breeding in China. Using statistical yearbook and agricultural survey in 2007, the county-level populations of livestock and poultry are estimated as equivalent standardized pig index (ESP), per cultivated land pig index (PCLP) and per capita pig index (PCP). With the help of spatial data analysis (ESDA) tools in Geoda and ArcGIS software, especially the Moran’s I and LISA statistics, the nationwide global and local clustering trends of the three indicators are examined respectively. The Moran’s I and LISA analysis shows that ESP and PCP are significantly clustering both globally and locally. However, PCLP is clustering locally but not significant globally. Furthermore, the thematic map series (TMS) and related gravity centers curve (GCC) are introduced to explore the spatial patterns of livestock and poultry in China. The indicators are classified into 16 levels, and the GCCs for the three indicators from level 1 to 16 are discussed in detail. For districting purpose, each interval between gravity centers of near levels for all the three indicators is calculated, and the districting types of each indicator are obtained by merging adjacent levels. The districting analysis for the three indicators shows that there exists a potential uniform districting scheme for China’s livestock and poultry breeding. As a result, the China’s livestock and poultry breeding would be classified into eight types: extremely sparse region, sparse region, relatively sparse region, normally sparse region, normal region, relatively concentrated region, concentrated region and highly concentrated region. It is also found that there exists a clear demarcation line between the concentrated and the sparse regions. The line starts from the county boundary between Xin Barag Left Banner and Xin Barag Right Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west coast of Dongfang County, Hainan Province.     

北京公共交通系统对本地与外来人口空间分布的差异影响研究（英文）

The floating population has become the main driver of urban population excessive growth in China’s mega cities.Urban transit system(UTS)is a significant factor in population spatial distributions within urban areas,especially rapid and high-capacity transit systems.This paper analyzes the causal effects of the extension of expressways and subways between 2000 and 2010 in the Beijing Metropolitan Area(BMA),focusing on the group differences between the local residents and the floating population.Due to the endogeneity of transportation improvements and population growth,Instrumental Variable(IV)regression model is applied to avoid this problem.The results show the local residents increased in the inner suburbs but decreased in the city center,while the floating population increased in the majority areas.IV regression results show that the extension of urban transit systems had statistically significant impacts on population growth across the BMA.The results also show that the extension of urban subway system had more effects on the floating population than the local residents across the BMA.It is mainly caused by the rather low fare of urban subway system.This implies that the excessive subsidy on urban subway system could result in excessive floating population growth and residential differentiation,even residential segregation.Hence,it is necessary to plan and design reasonable and scientific urban transit systems in order to advance reasonable population size and promote residential integration.Moreover,the regional analysis shows that the effects of urban transportation improvements on the local residents are not statistically significant in the inner suburbs.It implies that urban transportation improvements had limited effects on inducing people to move to suburban areas and controlling center city’s population in Beijing.Therefore,it should be stressed the differentiated effects of urban transportation improvements on population distribution in the process of urban planning and population control.     

中国乡村重构——理论、方法和研究展望（英文）

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development,by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems.It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system.This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elaborating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of"elements-structure-function",and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring,economic restructuring and social restructuring.Besides,the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern,mechanism,regional models,rural planning technology system and standard,policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring,in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.     

Rural settlement spatial patterns and effects: Road traffic accessibility and geographic factors in Guangdong Province,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Based on land use classification data of remote sensing images, using kernel density, the minimal cumulative resistance model of road traffic accessibility, and a...     

Rural vulnerability in China:Evaluation theory and spatial patterns

An indicator system is constructed and applied for comprehensive measurement of rural vulnerability in China's counties.Through the selection of five representative transects we explore regional differences in,and driving forces of,China's rural vulnerability.The re-sults show that (1) The rural vulnerability of counties in China is generally within the threshold range of low to medium,and exhibits obvious spatial differences.Along the "Bole-Taipei Line",there is a spatial pattern of north-south differentiation.Villages in the northeast part of the counties have low vulnerability,while those in the southwest are relatively vulnerable (2) Ex-ternal environmental phenomena are the leading factors that induce rural vulnerability.Spe-cifically,the rural ecological subsystem composed of ecological exposure,ecological sensi-tivity,and ecological adaptation is the principal determinant of rural vulnerability.The rural economic subsystem composed of economic exposure,economic sensitivity,and economic adaptation is also a core determinant of rural vulnerability.The social subsystem composed of social exposure,social sensitivity,and social adaptation is also an important determinant of rural vulnerability.(3) According to the principle of adapting measures to local conditions,different regions should seek to reduce regional embeddedness and path dependence.We should strengthen the prediction and monitoring of sources of disturbance in rural areas,and scientifically control the sensitivity of the system itself.Then the adaptive capacity of the rural system can be improved pursuant of promoting sustainable development.     

Impacts of traffic accessibility on ecosystem services: An integrated spatial approach

The continuous degradation of ecosystem services is an important challenge faced by the world.Improvements in transportation infrastructure have had substantial impacts on economic development and ecosystem services.Exploring the influence of traffic accessibility on ecosystem services can delay or stop their deterioration;however,studies on its impact are lacking.This study addresses this gap by analysing the impact of traffic accessibility on ecosystem services using an integrated spatial regression approach based on an evaluation of the ecosystem services value (ESV) and traffic accessibility in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration (MRYRUA) in China.The results indicated that the ESV in the MRYRUA continuously decreased during the study period,and the average ESV in plain areas,areas surrounding the core cities,and areas along the main traffic routes was significantly lower than that in areas along the Yangtze River and the surrounding moun-tainous areas.Traffic accessibility continued to increase during the study period,and the high-value areas centred on Wuhan,Changsha,Nanchang,and Yichang were radially dis-tributed.The global bivariate spatial autocorrelation coefficient between the average ESV and traffic accessibility was negative.The average ESV and traffic accessibility exhibited signifi-cant spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity.Spatial regression also proved that there was a negative association between the average ESV and traffic accessibility,and scale ef-fects were evident.The findings of this study have important policy implications for future ecological protection and transportation planning.     

县域农村居民点空间格局与可达性——以江苏省射阳县为例

基于全国第二次土地利用调查数据,借助GIS 软件平台,运用核密度估算、最近邻距离指数、探索性空间数据分析、栅格成本加权距离算法等模型分析江苏省射阳县农村居民点空间格局与可达性。研究表明：在可达性成本上,镇中心半小时经济圈为5 km,成本从中心沿公路网向外围呈增长态势;村中心半小时经济圈半径为1 km,呈现“满天星”分布格局;耕作成本一般为5 min,西部村庄可达性高于东部。在点格局上,农村居民点分布集聚,呈现“西密东疏”的空间格局特征。在规模空间格局上,农村居民点规模普遍较小,具有“太极”状结构。在可达性空间格局上,镇中心平均可达性呈现“双管”结构,高值区在射阳县西部和中部形成条带状分布;村中心平均可达性空间上类似“树枝”结构,呈现中西部高值集聚和东部低值连片分布的格局;耕作平均可达性具有南部高值、东部低值连片和中部高值集聚特征。空间可达性可划分为可达性高值区、可达性中值区和可达性低值区三级,射阳县可达性以中值为主,具有圈层状和“公路沿线”布局特征。     

面向国土空间规划的乡村空间治理机制与路径

城乡国土空间统-用途管制背景下,乡村空间治理成为国土空间治理体系的重要组成部分.从乡村空间治理的理论内涵出发,构建了乡村空间治理理论分析框架,探讨了乡村空间治理作用于国土空间规划的内在机制和可行路径.结论 如下:①乡村空间治理是以乡村空间为治理对象,通过规划和协商等方式,实现乡村空间用途有效管制,空间权利有序配置,凸显...     

中国风景名胜区交通可达性及市场潜力空间测度

基于旅游系统的区域开放性,从省内、省际两个角度出发,对国家级风景区的省内、省际交通可达性和市场潜力进行探讨。研究发现：① 风景区离散或集聚的规律性分布,使整体可达性区域差异性明显,呈现由东向西递减,由南北两侧向中间递增的分布格局。② 省内交通可达性优势区集中在东部沿海,省际交通可达性优势区集中在中原地区,与省内交通可达性相比,省际交通区域差异性更加明显,与航空可达性相比,铁路可达性对省际交通可达性的影响更大。③ 整体市场潜力呈现“带—团”状聚集式分布,基本形成了以东部沿海经济带为主的“带状”高市场潜力区,中部团状聚集式的较高市场潜力区,以及西部偏远低市场潜力区的空间分布格局。与省内市场潜力相比,省际市场潜力区域差异性更大,不同区域、种类的风景区省内、省际市场潜力优势不同。④ 旅游实际市场与市场潜力发展核心区空间错位明显,实际市场核心区主要集中在长江流域,市场潜力核心区则相对靠北,集中在中原及京津冀地区。     

高铁新时代下中国铁路交通可达性分布格局及其均衡程度的研究

基于交通可达性指数对2009—2016年期间中国主要城市的交通可达性及其区域差异进行了比较分析,整体上所有主要城市的交通可达性均得到了大幅提升。从范围上来看,无论时间可达性还是经济可达性,东部城市都高于中部和西部城市。高铁建设导致经济活动向区域中心城市的集聚,经济可达性的分布呈现出显著的以各区域中心城市为核心的“中心-外围”结构。但集聚外溢效应同样存在,这种外溢效应主要集中在中心城市的近邻地区,向周边中等规模以上城市扩展。这些现象说明我国区域间交通成本仅仅出现了中等程度的下降,由此导致区域经济集聚程度的提高,尚处在交通成本与区域经济差距之间“倒U字曲线”的中前期阶段。     

河南农区经济发展差异地理影响的小尺度分析

对中国第一农业大省河南的乡镇数据分析表明, 地理因素对农区经济发展具重要影响。 在较低经济发展水平的乡镇, 地形和农业资源条件具有显著的影响; 而在相对较高经济发展 水平的乡镇, 地理位置以及与此相伴生的基础设施条件的影响更为显著。模型分析表明, 地 形显著影响乡镇的人均收入, 而且随着收入的增加, 其影响程度递减。人均土地面积显著影 响非农产业发展水平较低的乡镇的人均收入。对非农产业比重低于20%的乡镇, 人均土地每 增加1 hm², 人均收入就增加约96 元。地理位置影响着相关农区经济的发展, 尤其是对收入 较高的农区的影响十分明显。全省高收入乡镇的70%集中在河南中部地区, 正好与中原城市 群的空间范围相吻合。就单个乡镇而论, 离县城的距离显著影响高收入乡镇的人均收入。地 理因素对欠发达农区经济发展影响处于变动之中。随着经济水平的提高, 传统地理因素(如 地形、农业资源因素等) 的影响逐渐被对经济积聚有明显影响的地理临近性等要素的影响所 取代。因此, 不能简单的认为地理因素对经济发展的影响在下降。     

Rural restructuring in China: Theory,approaches and research prospect

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development, by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems. It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system. This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elaborating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of “elements-structure-function”, and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. Besides, the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern, mechanism, regional models, rural planning technology system and standard, policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring, in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.