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大气降雨是崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害主要的诱发因素之一。本次研究依据多年的地质灾害监测资料和气象数据,经过筛选和分析,选取巴东县有时间记载的274处地质灾害(崩塌、滑坡、泥石流),其中209处地质灾害的发生与降雨有关,占总数的76.3%。本文通过随机选取其中61处地质灾害与降雨量资料,进行相关性分析,确定了巴东县突发性地质灾害发生的临界降雨量和有效过程降雨量,建立了地质灾害气象预警模型,完成了地质灾害气象预警区划,为巴东县政府做好地质灾害预警工作提供了科学的依据。 相似文献
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地质灾害的发生除了地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌等内在因素外,降雨量是常见和重要的诱发因素。不同的地质环境条件,诱发地质灾害的降雨量是不同的。本文根据不同的地质环境条件,将诸暨市地质环境分为脆弱区、较脆弱区、基本稳定区和稳定区4个区域,并分别建立了临界降雨量特征曲线,为预报预警提供科学依据。 相似文献
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通过穿透降雨和树干径流自动采集系统,对油松、侧柏、刺槐三种植被截留实验数据进行了分析。结果表明,三种植被林内穿透降雨与林外天然降雨都具极显著的正相关线性关系,林冠截留量与林外降雨量呈幂函数关系,平均截留率大小关系为油松>侧柏>刺槐。相同林外降雨量下产生的树干径流量大小关系为刺槐>侧柏>油松。 相似文献
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将中国境内1980~1993年ECMWF再分析日降雨量和美国环境预报中心CMAP候降雨量按16种方案整合后,再与实测资料做相关分析得出粗略的质量评估;并应用旋转主成分分析结合复变量莫莱特小波变换分析方法就其在东亚季风区的空间模态和不同频率下变化的时间序列得出具体的质量评估。结果表明:由最好的整合资料算出的6个旋转空间模态与实测资料比较除顺序有所改变外二者惊人地相似,不仅其14 a日均降雨量和标准偏差借助遥感候降雨量较再分析数据大有改进(尤其在四川盆地),而且还保留了再分析日降雨量再现不同时间尺度下实测降雨量波动的能力。除周内波动有所不同外,与夏季风爆发和洪涝灾害关系密切的周际以上波动与实测资料大致相符或基本吻合。 相似文献
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关于年径流量系列的还原计算问题 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
受人类活动影响较大的测站流域,可以通过逐项调查蓄、用、引水量,还原计算为天然年径流量系列,但存在还原精度不高,有些项不能还原及成果使用不方便等问题。为此提出了在确定现状条件的基础上,将天然年径流量系列修正为现状年径流量系列,使区域地表水资源评价成果更加客观、实用。 相似文献
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Fenglin WANG Xumei MAO Cunfu LIU 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):280-281
One kind of climatic proxies only can describes the comparative change of temperature or rainfall, but dissolved noble gases in groundwater can be used to date groundwater, calculate temperature and rainfall, and this method can give the exact change value of three parameters in one time. Dissolved noble gases in groundwater has four sources, radioactivity-formed noble gases which are from radioactive decay of some radioactive elements in the aquifers, balance-dissolved noble gases from dissolved air in balance condition in the course of supplying, excess noble gases from excess air for groundwater-air mixing and water table changing during infiltrating, and outer-interfused noble gases from outer interfusing air in open conditions during runoff. Because the contents of radioagenic noble gases in groundwater are correlated to flowing time, such as He, the age of groundwater can be dated with 4He based on the solubility of He and the radioactive intensity of aquifers. The solubility of noble gases is the function of temperature. We can compare the contents of balance-dissolved noble gases in groundwater with the temperature-solubility experimental curves of noble gases, and calculate the forming temperature of groundwater. The contents of excess noble gases are related to the water column of infiltration which can reveal the volume of rainfall in a given period of time in general, and it may increase along with the pressure of aquifers when groundwater table rises greatly. So we can calculate the value of rainfall by comparing the contents of excess noble gases in groundwater samples with those in modem groundwater. Reconstruction of climatic change on a quantitative basis with the method of dissolved noble gases in Hebei plain (China) shows that the temperature changed from 3.8 to 19.7℃ in the past forty thousand years, it decreased to 3.8℃ in 16000 a B.P. but higher than 19.7℃ in 5060 a B.P. The rainfall was about 600mm during 40000 to 15000 a B.P., then decreased gradually to 410mm in 11000 a B.P., but subsequently increased to 950mm in 4400 a B.P. The change of noble gas temperature is consistent with 180 shift, and 6D varied with the change of other climatic proxy, such as rainfall. 相似文献
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降雨诱发区域性滑坡预报预警方法研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
论文以四川省雅安市雨城区为研究区,将逻辑回归模型引入区域降雨型滑坡预警预报,建立了同时考虑降雨强度和降雨过程的降雨临界值表达式.在滑坡危险性区划的基础上,研究提出了区域降雨型滑坡预警预报指标,包括临界值降雨指数R和滑坡发生指数L,并利用20台自动遥测雨量计和地质灾害群测群防网络,采用历史记录雨量和预报雨量,建立了区域降雨型滑坡预报预警体系. 相似文献
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The state of knowledge and resources available to issue alerts of precipitation-induced landslides vary across the USA. Federal
and state agencies currently issue warnings of the potential for shallow, rapidly moving landslides and debris flows in a
few areas along the Pacific coast and for areas affected by Atlantic hurricanes. However, these agencies generally lack resources
needed to provide continuous support or to expand services to other areas. Precipitation thresholds that form the basis of
landslide warning systems now exist for a few areas of the USA, but the threshold rainfall amounts and durations vary over
three orders of magnitude nationwide and over an order of magnitude across small geographic areas such as a county. Antecedent
moisture conditions also have a significant effect, particularly in areas that have distinct wet and dry seasons. Early warnings
of shallow landslides that include specific information about affected areas, probability of landslide occurrence, and expected
timing are technically feasible as illustrated by a case study from the Seattle, WA area. The four-level warning scheme (Null,
Outlook, Watch, Warning) defined for Seattle is based on observed or predicted exceedance of a cumulative precipitation threshold
and a rainfall intensity–duration threshold combined with real-time monitoring of soil moisture. Based on analysis of historical
data, threshold performance varies according to precipitation characteristics, and threshold exceedance corresponds to a given
probability of landslide occurrence. Experience in Seattle during December 2004 and January 2005 illustrates some of the challenges
of providing landslide early warning on the USA West Coast. 相似文献
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The state of knowledge and resources available to issue alerts of precipitation-induced landslides vary across the USA. Federal and state agencies currently issue warnings of the potential for shallow, rapidly moving landslides and debris flows in a few areas along the Pacific coast and for areas affected by Atlantic hurricanes. However, these agencies generally lack resources needed to provide continuous support or to expand services to other areas. Precipitation thresholds that form the basis of landslide warning systems now exist for a few areas of the USA, but the threshold rainfall amounts and durations vary over three orders of magnitude nationwide and over an order of magnitude across small geographic areas such as a county. Antecedent moisture conditions also have a significant effect, particularly in areas that have distinct wet and dry seasons. Early warnings of shallow landslides that include specific information about affected areas, probability of landslide occurrence, and expected timing are technically feasible as illustrated by a case study from the Seattle, WA area. The four-level warning scheme (Null, Outlook, Watch, Warning) defined for Seattle is based on observed or predicted exceedance of a cumulative precipitation threshold and a rainfall intensity–duration threshold combined with real-time monitoring of soil moisture. Based on analysis of historical data, threshold performance varies according to precipitation characteristics, and threshold exceedance corresponds to a given probability of landslide occurrence. Experience in Seattle during December 2004 and January 2005 illustrates some of the challenges of providing landslide early warning on the USA West Coast. 相似文献
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提高降雨型滑坡危险性预警精度和空间辨识度具有重要意义.以江西宁都县1980—2001年156个降雨型滑坡为例,首先基于传统的EE-D(early effective rainfall-rainfall duration)阈值法计算不同降雨诱发滑坡的时间概率级别;然后以各级别临界降雨阈值曲线对应的时间概率为因变量,并以对应的前期有效降雨量(early effective rainfall,EE)和降雨历时(D)为自变量,采用逻辑回归拟合出上述因变量与自变量之间的非线性关系,得到降雨诱发滑坡的连续概率值;之后对比C5.0决策树和多层感知器的滑坡易发性预测性能;最后利用降雨诱发滑坡的连续概率值与易发性图相耦合以实现连续概率滑坡危险性预警.结果显示:(1)宁都降雨型滑坡连续概率值的逻辑回归方程为1/P=1+e4.062+0.747 4×D-0.079 44×EE,其拟合优度为0.983;(2)2002—2003年的20处用于连续概率阈值测试的降雨型滑坡大都落在连续概率值大于0.7的区域,只有4处落在小于0.7的区域;(3)C5.0决策树预测滑坡易发性的精度显著高于多层感知... 相似文献
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黄土丘陵地区地质环境脆弱,每到雨季极易诱发浅层黄土滑坡,对居民的生命和财产安全构成威胁也阻碍着当地经济的发展。对浅层滑坡进行稳定性评价,不仅有助于认识浅层滑坡的发生发展过程,而且对防灾减灾和地区规划建设具有十分重要的指导意义。本研究选择SINMAP模型作为评价浅层黄土滑坡的重要工具,评价了陕西省延安市志丹县黄土丘陵区浅层滑坡的稳定性,评价结果表明:1)研究区整体稳定性程度较高,在降雨量为8.6 mm、15 mm、25 mm、50 mm和100 mm时不稳定区域(包括极不稳定、不稳定和潜在不稳定)面积分别占研究区总面积的9.12%、18.93%、23.17%、30.94%和38.67%,不稳定区域的面积不超过整个研究区面积的一半,极不稳定区域的滑坡密度最大,其次为不稳定区域和潜在不稳定区域;2)随着降雨量的增大,潜在不稳定和不稳定区域的面积会逐渐扩大,极不稳定区始终位于坡度大且水流侵蚀强烈的地方,变化幅度小;3)浅层滑坡的稳定性很大程度上依赖于当地的地形条件:坡度分布为20°~51°,高程分布范围为1302~1606 m,在坡向上阴坡的发生数量多于阳坡,西向和西北向浅层滑坡最为发育;4)流域内的滑坡多属降雨诱发的山体滑坡,确定性模型SINMAP为预测这一类滑坡提供了强大的工具,不仅评估了现有的已发生的滑坡的稳定性,也预测了未来在不同降雨条件下可能发生滑坡的地区。分析结果可为预防和减轻滑坡灾害带来的损失,合理的城市规划和道路选址等提供参考。
相似文献17.
不同降雨条件下黄土高原浅层滑坡危险性预测评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
黄土地区浅层滑坡发育非常广泛,由于其具有分布规律性差、前期变形迹象小、分布范围大、面小点多等特征,目前还无法进行有效预测,因此给黄土地区工程安全带来严重威胁。根据无限边坡模型,结合降雨入渗-土体强度衰减规律和GIS(地理信息系统)技术,构建了不同降雨条件下黄土地区浅层滑坡发育危险性评价模型,并将该评价模型应用到延河一级支流幸福川流域,预测在有效降雨量30、50、100、200 mm条件下,该流域浅层滑坡发育程度,并与当前较为流行的SINMAP模型(地形稳定性模型)进行对比。结果表明:①不稳定和潜在不稳定浅层滑坡主要分布在末级河流的两侧和源头,稳定和较稳定区域主要分布在一级河流河道两侧和塬面上;通过对比分析,SINMAP模型计算的结果与本文建立的模型在降雨强度30 mm时的计算结果较为一致。②在本文建立的模型评价结果中,随着有效降雨量的增加,Fs(稳定性系数)<1.00的不稳定区域所占比例逐渐增加,从30 mm的1.12%到200 mm的4.79%;相反,稳定区域则出现逐渐减少的趋势。③根据已发生灾害点的分布,随着有效降雨量的增加,研究区域已发生的灾害点分布在Fs<1.25的比例明显增加,从30 mm的62%到200 mm的88%,在SINMAP评价模型中,研究区域已发生的灾害点的64%分布在不稳定和潜在不稳定区域内,说明本文所建立的评价模型具有一定的精度。通过与SINMAP评价模型对比,本文建立的模型主要采用基于降雨入渗规律,而SINMAP评价模型主要基于降雨汇流过程,因此在利用过程中应根据区域特征选择利用。 相似文献
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以湖南省张家界市桑植县为研究区,在全面分析近30年降雨及滑坡数据的基础上,对滑坡及滑坡数量与降雨因子的关系开展了统计分析研究。首先确定了区域最佳有效降雨衰减系数,同时分别按滑坡规模、坡度、厚度大小统计了降雨与历史滑坡信息,得出有效降雨强度(I)与持续时间(D)散点图,由此确定各不同概率下诱发滑坡的区域有效降雨强度阈值,并进行了滑坡灾害危险性等级划分。进而,利用部分样本数据进行逻辑回归分析,得到了该研究区的滑坡发生概率预测方程,并给出了降雨强度临界值定量表达式,最后选用实际降雨诱发滑坡事件与未诱发滑坡事件进行对比验证。结果表明,文章所建立的滑坡预测模型准确性较高,预测情况与实际情况比较吻合。 相似文献
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基于WEB的浙江省降雨型滑坡预警预报系统 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
滑坡发生的最主要诱发因素是降雨.基于浙江省淳安、磐安、庆元和永嘉4个县的历史滑坡资料, 在研究降雨量、降雨强度和降雨过程与滑坡灾害的空间分布、时间上的对应关系, 建立起滑坡灾害时空分布与降雨过程的统计关系, 确定区域性滑坡的临界降雨量和降雨强度阀值的基础上, 开发出了降雨型滑坡预警预报系统, 其中采用临界降雨量模型和有效降雨量模型来进行预警预报.系统留给浙江省气象台一个传送数据的接口, 气象台将每天按时上传降雨数据, 数据保存在后台数据库MicrosoftSQLServer中.建成的系统能够自动获取数据库中的数据生成时间与降雨量实时曲线, 当降雨量达到降雨强度阀值时, 触发MAPGIS图件, 在Internet上发布区域预警预报信息, 并提供预警措施. 相似文献
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降雨量和位移是当前降雨型滑坡监测预警最常用的指标。然而,降雨量和位移监测结果只能反映降雨作用下滑坡的变形情况,不能揭示滑坡内在物理力学性状对降雨的响应。因此,除降雨量和位移监测之外,建立包括体积含水率、基质吸力等反映滑坡动态演化过程的关键指标监测体系必将成为今后更真实地把握滑坡内在演化趋势、更准确地建立滑坡综合预警判据的最有效手段。笔者对赣南地区典型降雨型滑坡进行了多指标监测及综合预警示范研究。结果表明:(1)在降雨条件下滑坡土体内部体积含水率、基质吸力和温度等多指标均产生有规律的动态响应;(2)随着降雨的持续,滑体体积含水率与基质吸力的变化均具有显著的滞后现象;(3)体积含水率和基质吸力变化速率与滑体位移具有显著的正相关性;(4)滑体温度分布变化规律受大气温度和体积含水率的共同影响。以实测数据的滑坡稳定性分析为基准,在考虑实际降雨入渗深度与滑坡稳定性的关联度上,建立了包括日降雨量、体积含水率增加速率、基质吸力减小速率以及位移速度多元指标预警方法体系,提出了基于关键指标综合预警体系及确定方法,旨在为降雨滑坡准确预警提供新模式。 相似文献