二维地层结构和速度的走时反演

介绍了在倾斜均匀各向同性层状介质情况下,根据地震反射走时反演二维地层结构和地层速度的地震射线层析成像方法——走时反演。正演模型射线追踪是根据Fermat原理实现的,即求解满足该原理的非线性方程组得到射线与界面的交点,进而计算相应的走时。反演是先假设一初始模型,用最优化方法使射线追踪走时与观察走时的残差极小。最后计算了分辨矩阵和信息密度矩阵,以评价反演结果。对有噪情形也进行了反演。     

Teleseismic p-wave traveltime residuals and deep structure of the Aegean region

Teleseismic P-wave traveltime residuals have been measured at the Greek seismic stations with respect to the Herrin 68 tables. In spite of the large scatter, some insight into crustal and upper-mantle structure of the Aegean region can be gained. The average absolute residuals (observed minus Herrin traveltimes) are of the order of + 2 s. The most plausible interpretation is an efficient low-velocity zone in the upper mantle. Simple estimates of densities and subsequently gravity with the aid of Birch's law suggest that the Aegean region is underlain by hot expanded upper mantle, perhaps involving partial melting. The relative P residuals (observed minus Herrin traveltime differences between a station and Athens) are generally positive and can be interpreted with lateral variations of the LVZ or of the crust. The latter interpretation is supported in some cases by seismic refraction data. The azimuthal variation of the relative residuals at stations on the non-volcanic arc bears a distinct relation with the arc orientation. At Archangelos (Rhodes) where we “see” through the Benioff zone, the residuals from N to W are between -1 and -2 s and indicate a high-velocity slab sinking below the Aegean sea. At Vamos (Crete), Valsamata (Kephallenia), and Joanina (Pindus Range) the largest (smallest) residuals are along directions parallel (perpendicular) to the arc. This can be interpreted by crustal thickening under the sedimentary arc and/or by velocity anisotropy with the maximum perpendicular to the arc. On the whole, our study supports the hypothesis that the Aegean region is a trench—island-arc—marginal-sea system.     

利用实测重力垂直梯度反演长白山地区一剖面的深部构造

针对重力梯度高分辨率的特点,利用在长白山地区实测的重力垂直梯度数据,采用梯度空间参量图反演其深部构造。台阶模型试验表明: 重力梯度空间参量图能给出构造倾角和倾面的信息,结合重力梯度剖面和梯度空间参量图可以构建出地下构造的几何模型,进而对一些复杂构造进行解释。通过对比实测布格重力异常和实测重力梯度异常,重力梯度比重力异常的分辨率更高; 将梯度法应用到实测重力梯度数据的处理中,结果表明: 该方法对确定密度变化界面的水平位置和深度具有非常好的效果。     

利用重力梯度反演南海西南海盆深部构造

重力梯度异常反映的是重力异常的变化,其分辨率比重力异常高。重力梯度空间参量图能给出构造倾角和倾面的信息,结合重力梯度剖面和梯度空间参量图可以构建出地下构造的几何模型,进而对一些复杂构造进行解释。本文利用重力梯度异常对南海西南海盆进行了解释,得到大致以西南海盆北东向扩张轴为对称轴的穹隆状构造面。该构造面在西南海盆下6~15km处形成一个密度界面,此界面可能是西南海盆北西-南东向海底扩张期间地幔上隆所引起的。      

井间地震走时波形层析成像方法

提出了井间地震走时波形顺序反演方法。该方法先利用井间地震走时反演得到速度模型的低频成分 ,然后用井间地震波形反演获得速度模型的高频成分。数值模型试验和实际应用结果表明 ,该方法反演稳健 ,提高了走时成像的分辨率 ,克服了波形成像易于陷入局部极小的缺陷 ,实现了快速高分辨率成像。     

Regional gravity analysis of the crustal structure of Tunisia

Gravity data were integrated with seismic refraction/reflection data, well data and geological investigations to determine a general crustal structure of Tunisia. The gravity data analysis included the construction of a complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map, residual gravity anomaly maps, horizontal gravity gradient maps and a 2.5-D gravity model. Residual gravity anomaly maps illustrate crustal anomalies associated with various structural domains within Tunisia including the Sahel Block, Saharian Flexure, Erg Oriental Basin, Algerian Anticlinorium, Gafsa Trough, Tunisian Trough, Kasserine Platform and the Tell Mountains. Gravity anomalies associated with these features are interpreted to be caused either by thickening or thinning of Palæozoic and younger sediments or by crustal thinning. Analysis of the residual gravity anomaly and horizontal gravity gradient maps also determined a number of anomalies that may be associated with previously unknown structures. A north-south trending gravity model in general indicated similar subsurface bodies as a coincident seismic model. However, thinner Mesozoic sediments within the Tunisian Trough, thinner Palæozoic sediments in the Gafsa Trough, and a greater offset on the Saharian Flexure were required by the gravity data. Additionally, basement uplifts under the Kasserine Platform and Gafsa Trough, not imaged by seismic data, were required by the gravity data. The gravity model revealed two previously unknown basins north and south of the Algerian Anticlinorium (5 km), while the Erg Oriental Basin is composed of at least two sub-basins, each with a depth of 5 km.     

Geodynamic evolution of Jbel Cheid (Northern Tunisian Atlas) from geophysical and geological data

Understanding the formation and the development of salt structures is very important especially because they are of significant economical interest. Detailed understanding of this process will help reservoir prediction and hydrocarbon recovery. In this work, we use a combination of geological observations along with the interpretation of geophysical data (seismic and Bouguer anomaly data) to better constrain the geology of the Jbel Cheid structure. The shape of Triassic body of Jbel Cheid (Northern Tunisian Atlas) structure and its geodynamic evolution have been determined by gravity analyses and 2.5D modeling, correlated with others geophysical data (seismic) and geological observations. Semi-automatic structural analysis was performed before modeling, to identify lateral gravity discontinuities. The complete Bouguer and residual gravity anomaly maps indicate a positive amplitude gravity anomaly over the Triassic evaporitic outcrop (Jbel Cheid) and prominent NE–SW-trending features associated with the boundary of the Triassic rocks and surrounded layers. The seismic profile shows a thickness variation of post-salt layers. Taking into account the 2.5D gravity model, seismic profile and surface data, geodynamic evolution of Jbel Cheid can be subdivided on three stages (reactive, active, and passive) which well correlated to the model proposed by Vendeville (2002).     

新疆于田及周边地区地震活动性与重力异常特征

基于最新重力场模型对2014年于田M_s7.3地震震区的重力异常特征进行分析, 并应用Crust1.0地壳模型计算得到震区的深部构造形态, 结果显示: 震中位于地壳厚度陡变带上.同2008年于田M_s7.3地震相比, 震中虽位于不同位置, 但发震机制均与深部地壳结构变化密切相关.统计研究区内历史地震活动性与重力异常之间的关系, 发现震中的自由空气异常与地形存在明显的线性相关性, 而布格异常和均衡异常的结果则明显不同.进一步地分别计算不同重力异常的水平总梯度和线性信号, 结果表明: 重力异常梯度量与地形的相关特性更明显.研究表明: M_s7.0以上大震活动与重力异常之间具有明显的统计特性学, 这可能与重力异常反映的深部结构和壳内质量分布的不均匀有关.      

POLONAISE'97 — Seismic and gravimetric modelling of the crustal structure in the polish basin

The main aim of this paper is seismic and gravimetric modelling of the crustal structure in the Polish Basin. Preliminary results of a large seismic experiment POLONAISE'97 which was conducted during May of 1997 and targeted the deep structure of the Trans-European Suture Zone in Poland are presented. Apart of five POLONAISE'97 profiles (P1÷ P5) two other deep seismic sounding profiles (LT-7 and TTZ) passing the Polish Basin are discussed. Two-dimensional P-wave velocity models of the crust for these high resolution profiles of a total length of about 3000 km are presented. The actual resolution of the crustal structure recognition gives a new possibility for the study of the gravity field's morphology. The gravity modelling along the profiles was undertaken in a general form, as the study of the mutual accordance between the geometry of seismic boundaries and gravity anomalies as a mathematical relation and it given suggestion for reformulation of the fit problem. The first results obtained using the new technique and interpretation are presented in the case of the two-dimensional density modelling of the layers for single profiles of the network and estimations of the supracrustal gravity compensation. The analysis of the residue (r.m.s.) and its gradient is proposed in this new technique instead of analysis of density values, which determination is unstable. The supracrustal gravity response was modelled as a field of equivalent masses on the level situated in the lower lithosphere.     

Critical evaluation and geological correlation of teleseismic phase data from Indian seismological stations

We evaluated the quality of seismic phase data from Indian seismological stations through the analysis of teleseismic travel times reported during 1976–83 and infer that only WWSSN stations (NDI, SHL, POO, KOD) apart from GBA and HYB can be rated satisfactory while the majority of stations (more than 40) produce very poor quality data sets. Detailed analysis of teleseismic P-wave travel time residuals shows that while the average structure of the upper mantle beneath India has high velocity (negative residuals) there are marked lateral variations. In particular, three zones of anomalous positive residuals (low velocity) are observed: one beneath the north western part of the Deccan trap, the second covering the southernmost peninsula (granulite terrain) and a third rather localized one, to the north of Delhi coinciding with Delhi-Haridwar ridge. New Delhi exhibits strong negative residuals in the E-SE quadrant along with negative station anomaly, implying that it is underlain by an anomalous high velocity crust/upper mantle. The negative residuals observed over India, continue beneath the Himalaya till the south of Lhasa but change sign further northward, suggesting the northern limit of the Indian upper mantle structure.     

Estimation of the 2D crustal velocity structure in the Hidaka and Iburi Subprefectures, Hokkaido, Japan

Applying the iterative shooting/bisection technique for rapid forward modeling to the seismic explosion data, we could refine the crustal velocity structure model of the western part of the Hidaka collision zone, Hokkaido, Japan. We used only the precise P-wave first arrival data obtained by the Research Group for Explosion Seismology, which set up a 113.4-km-long profile in August 2000 along with 327 observation points and four shot points with TNT charges from 100 to 300 kg. We could estimate a two-dimensional inhomogeneous crustal velocity structure model with a velocity decrease in the eastern direction at a depth of 15.7 km, several portions of velocity reversals with depth and a low velocity anomaly proposed in previous studies. The root-mean-square of travel-time residuals was improved from 0.398 s for the previous structure model to 0.176 s for the present model with a reduction of 55.8%.     

Wide-angle observations of ALP 2002 shots on the TRANSALP profile: Linking the two DSS projects

Dynamite shots of the crustal-scale refraction seismic project ALP 2002 were recorded by an array of 40 seismological three-component stations on the TRANSALP profile. These observations provide a direct link between the two deep seismic projects. We report preliminary results obtained from these data. In a first approach, we verified the TRANSALP refraction seismic velocity model computing travel times for several shots and comparing them to the new observations. The results generally confirm this model. Significant first-break travel time differences in and near the Tauern Window are explained by anisotropy. Large-scale features of the model, particularly the Moho structure, seem to be continuous towards the east. Travel time residuals of wide-angle reflections indicate a slight eastward dip component of the Adriatic Moho.     

Seismic velocity structure and gravity anomalies: a comparison

The question was examined as to whether the same gravity anomaly is produced for a range of crustal velocity structures all of which produce similar seismic record sections. The results indicate that the maximum errors in the computed gravity anomalies for the various velocity structures is around 20–30 mGal for some models and is around 50 mGal for many others. A major source of error is underestimating the effect of a seismic low-velocity zone which is at one end of the correct velocity structure and which was not detected by several of the interpretations presented at a recent workshop. If no low-velocity layer is included, the error in the gravity anomaly is 30 mGal. The choice of a particular velocity-density relationship does not seem to be a serious problem in the analysis, except for the case of the low-velocity zone, as long as we use a continuous velocity-density curve.     

The composition and structure of the deep crust of the Capricorn Orogen

Understanding how the Australian continent came together requires an understanding of structure in all levels of the lithosphere. Deep seismic reflection profiles across several Proterozoic orogens have revealed entirely buried tectonic elements, termed seismic provinces. Although undoubtedly important, the nature of these seismic provinces is typically not well characterised. The Capricorn Orogen is one such region, where the upper crust is relatively well known from geological and geophysical studies, but much of the deep crust is buried beneath Proterozoic basins. Here we combine geophysical datasets, including active and passive source seismic data and gravity data, to image the density, seismic velocity and compositional structure of the deep crust of the Capricorn Orogen. Crustal structure interpreted from deep seismic reflection studies is re-scaled using velocity information from receiver function studies. This modified geometry is used to construct a density model that satisfies Bouguer gravity data. Finally, after correcting for temperature and pressure dependencies, the velocity and density information is used to generate a compositional model of the orogen. This model indicates a varied structure with at least four distinct blocks between the Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons, bounded by major shear zones. We suggest that this variation is linked to multiple accretion events during the amalgamation of the West Australian Craton.     

Lower crustal fluid distribution in the northeastern Japan arc revealed by high-resolution 3D seismic tomography

The Ou Backbone Range strikes northwards through the central northeastern Japan arc and is bounded on both sides by the active reverse Uwandaira and Sen'ya faults. We have applied a traveltime inversion method (seismic tomography) with spatial velocity correlation to active and passive seismic data in order to investigate a three-dimensional (3-D) velocity structure. The data set contains 33,993 P- and 18,483 S-wave arrivals from 706 natural sources and 40 blasts, as well as 2803 P-wave traveltime data from 10 explosions detonated during the 1997 controlled source experiment. The traveltime inversion reveals a zone beneath the Ou Backbone Range in which P-wave velocities (V_P) are approximately 6–8% lower than the average velocity at equivalent depths. The low V_P and a low V_P to S-wave velocity (V_S) ratio (V_P/V_S) of about 1.65 suggest the presence of aqueous fluids in the middle crust.     

局部异常体井间地震走时层析成像研究

通过数值模拟试验 ,验证了利用井间地震走时层析成像方法技术可以分辨线性尺度为1个像元宽度的目标 ;讨论了表层低速带对基岩中异常体地震走时层析成像分辨率的影响 ;给出了高分辨率探测局部异常体井间地震走时层析成像方法技术 ,即最佳的观测系统、有效的数据采集技术、精细的数据预处理和优化的正反演算法。通过实际工程应用表明 ,该方法技术具有良好的效果     

基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度

针对重力归一化总梯度常规计算方法中向下延拓计算的不稳定性,提出了基于泰勒级数迭代法进行快速稳定向下延拓的重力归一化总梯度场( GH 场) 计算模式。水平圆柱体模型试验表明: 该方法的GH 场表现为单一高值特征,而且极大值位置与模型体质心位置相吻合。非均匀( 含油气) 球冠模型表明: 在油气含量较低时,Fourier 级数法和Fourier 变换法无法识别出“两高夹一低”的储油特征,而本文方法可以清晰地识别。这充分说明基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度计算方法不仅提高了计算结果的稳定性,而且还提高了异常的分辨率。     

Crustal structure in the Matsushiro Earthquake Swarm area

The crustal structure of the Matsushiro area, Central Japan, was studied in two profiles, A and B, with the explosion seismic method to obtain a better understanding of the physical processes of the Matsushiro Swarm Earthquakes. The layer with a velocity of 6.0 km/sec is extremely shallow and becomes deeper west of Chikuma River and around the southeastern end of profile B; there exists a faultlike structure in the most active area. The comparison of hypocenter distributions with the crustal structure shows that almost all swarm earthquakes have their hypocenters below the 6.0 km/sec layer and are confined to the region where this 6.0 km/sec layer is shallow. The velocity gradient in the 6.0 km/ sec layer is determined with certainty by the time-term analysis.

In the seismically most active region the anomalous structure is derived not only from the traveltime analysis but also from the amplitude studies; that is, the velocity and the Q-value are smaller than in other regions.     

重力数据处理中几种断裂构造识别方法的组合应用

为了提高使用重力数据推断断裂构造的有效性,先以"田"字形小子域滤波法突出重力梯级带异常,再分别联合水平总梯度模、解析信号振幅及水平方向导数进行二次处理.通过理论模型试验,比较单方法及不同组合方法的处理效果,并将组合方法应用到金羊盆地实测重力数据的处理中,推断研究区的断裂构造格架.与地震剖面划分的断裂进行比对,证明了利用组合方法划分断裂构造的有效性.研究结果表明,已有断裂构造识别方法的组合应用能够更清晰地刻画地质体的边界,在应用重力数据推断断裂构造方面具有非常好的实用性.     

层析反演静校正

表层模型层析反演是一种非线性模型反演技术,它利用地震初至波射线的走时和路径反演介质速度结构,不受地表及近地表结构纵横向变化的约束。根据正演初至时间与实际初至时间的误差,修正速度模型,经反复迭代,最终达到要求的误差精度。求取静校正时采用射线法计算炮点到检波点的旅行时,从而得到基准面校正量。