Paleozoic Tectonics and Geodynamics of the De Long Islands and Adjacent Structures of the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka Fold Belt

Doklady Earth Sciences - This work presents finalized results of our paleomagnetic study of Paleozoic rocks of Henrietta, Jeannette and Bennett islands and their implications for tectonic...     

Tectonics and geodynamics of the western Central Asian Fold Belt (Kazakhstan Paleozoides)

On the basis of stratigraphical and geological data, paleogeographical and palinspastic reconstructions of the Kazakhstan Paleozoides were done; their multistage geodynamic evolution was considered; their tectonic zoning was proposed. The main stages are described: the initiation of the Cambrian and Ordovician island arcs; the development of the Kazakhstan accretionary–collisional composite continent in the Late Ordovician as a result of continental subduction and the amalgamation of Gondwana blocks with the island arcs (a long granitoid collisional belt also formed in this period); the development of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian active margins of the composite continent and its tectonic destruction in the Late Paleozoic.In the Late Ordovician, compensated terrigenous and volcanosedimentary complexes formed within Kazakhstania and developed in the Silurian. The Sakmarian, Tagil, Eastern Urals, and Stepnyak volcanic arcs formed at the boundaries with the Ural, Turkestan, and Junggar–Balkhash Oceans. In the late Silurian, Kazakhstania collided with the island arcs of the Turkestan and Ob'–Zaisan Oceans, with the formation of molasse and granite belts in the northern Tien Shan and Chingiz. This was followed by the development of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian active margins of the composite continent and the inland formation of the Early Devonian rift-related volcanosedimentary rocks, Middle–Late Devonian volcanic molasse, Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous rift-related volcanosedimentary rocks, terrigenous–carbonate shelf sediments, and carbonaceous lake–bog sediments, and the Middle–Late Carboniferous clastic rocks of closed basins. In the Permian, plume magmatism took place on the southern margin of the Kazakhstan composite continent. It was simultaneous with the formation of red-colored molasse and the tectonic destruction of the Kazakhstan Paleozoides as a result of a collision between the East European and Kazakhstan–Baikal continents.     

Geology and Metallogenesis of the Sawayaerdun Gold Deposit in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

The Sawayaerdun gold deposit, located in Wuqia County, Southwest Tianshan, China, occurs in Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian low‐grade metamorphic carbonaceous turbidites. The orebodies are controlled by a series of NE‐NNE‐trending, brittle–ductile shear zones. Twenty‐four gold mineralized zones have been recognized in the Sawayaerdun ore deposit. Among these, the up to 4‐km‐long and 200‐m wide No. IV mineralized zone is economically the most important. The average gold grade is 1–6 g/t. Gold reserves of the Sawayaerdun deposit have been identified at approximately 37 tonnes and an inferred resource of 123 tonnes. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by silicification, pyritization, arsenopyritization, sericitization, carbonatization and chloritization. On the basis of field evidence and petrographic analysis, five stages of vein emplacement and hydrothermal mineralization can be distinguished: stage 1, early quartz stage, characterized by the occurrence of quartz veins; stage 2, arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz stage, characterized by the formation of auriferous quartz veinlets and stockworks; stage 3, polymetallic sulfide quartz stage, characterized by the presence of auriferous polymetallic sulfide quartz veinlets and stockworks; stage 4, antimony–quartz stage, characterized by the formation of stibnite–jamesonite quartz veins; and stage 5, quartz–carbonate vein stage. Stages 2 and 3 represent the main gold mineralization, with stage 4 representing a major antimony mineralization episode in the Sawayaerdun deposit. Two types of fluid inclusion, namely H₂O–NaCl and H₂O–CO₂–NaCl types, have been recognized in quartz and calcite. Aqueous inclusions show a wide range of homogenization temperatures from 125 to 340°C, and can be correlated with the mineralization stage during which the inclusions formed. Similarly, salinities and densities of these fluids range for each stage of mineralization from 2.57 to 22 equivalent wt% NaCl and 0.76 to 1.05 g/cm³, respectively. The ore‐forming fluids thus are representative of a medium‐ to low‐temperature, low‐ to medium‐salinity H₂O–NaCl–CO₂–CH₄–N₂ system. The δ³⁴S_CDT values of sulfides associated with mineralization fall into a narrow range of ?3.0 to +2.6‰ with a mean of +0.1‰. The δ¹³C_PDB values of dolomite and siderite from the Sawayaerdun gold deposit range from ?5.4 to ?0.6‰, possibly reflecting derivation of the carbonate carbon from a mixed magmatic/sedimentary source. Changes in physico‐chemical conditions and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, water–rock exchange and immiscibility of hydrothermal fluids are inferred to have played important roles in the ore‐forming process of the Sawayaerdun gold–antimony deposit.     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt, Northern Tarim Basin, China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarirn Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 ram/year.     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt,Northern Tarim Basin,China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarim Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 mm/year.     

西南三江造山带火山岩—构造组合及其意义

岩石构造组合是指表示板块边界或特定的板块内部环境特征的岩石结合。中国西南“三江”造山带的火山岩可划分为五种火山岩－构造组合：洋脊型／准洋脊型组合，岛弧及陆缘弧组合，碰撞型组合，碰撞后组合及陆内拉张型组合。阐述了各种火山岩－构造组合的特点及构造含义。对在造山带火山岩岩石－构造组合分析中经常遇到的一些问题，如“构造岩片”研究方法、地球化学判别图解的使用条件、准洋脊型火山型组合的构造含义、蛇绿岩带－火山弧的成对性、岩浆作用的同步性和滞后性、以及火山岩的深部“探针”作用等问题进行了讨论。     

中国西南特提斯构造演化—幔柱构造控制

基于对中国西南特提斯巨型造山系的时空结构和构造－岩浆事件分析研究提出．泥盆－石炭纪时期出现于昌都－思茅陆块两侧的热幔柱导致了金沙江洋和澜沧江洋成对打开，热幔柱岩浆作用沿洋脊产出苦橄玄武岩和洋岛玄武岩，并造成区域地球化学异常。二叠纪末期出现于昌都－思茅－印支中央陆块下的冷幔柱导致了两大洋向该陆块下俯冲消减，陆块两缘发育沟－弧－盆体系，构成冷幔柱的洋壳板片在２００Ｍａ时期堆积沉落，诱发板块后继俯冲，产生滞后型孤火山－岩浆岩。发育于冈瓦纳大陆北缘的德干热幔柱在株罗纪导致怒江洋和雅鲁藏布江洋相继打开，在白垩纪末期（６６Ｍａ）形成德干玄武岩省。发育于劳亚大陆南缘的峨眉热幔柱在二叠纪，导致峨眉火成岩省的形成，在早中三叠世使甘孜－理塘断裂带扩张成洋。冷幔柱的持续发生，决定了雅鲁藏布江洋和甘孜－理塘向昌都－思茅陆块方向的俯冲消减，以及来自冈瓦纳大陆和劳亚大陆陆块分别向昌都－思茅陆块南北两侧拚贴和碰撞。     

库车褶皱冲断带西段盐底辟成因机制

库车褶皱冲断带是由印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞形成的新生代再生前陆盆地,沉积古近系和新近系两套盐岩,在其西部发育盐底辟构造。根据野外地质调查、地震剖面解释以及平衡剖面制作,探讨了库车褶皱冲断带盐底辟的成因机制。库车褶皱冲断带盐底辟分为两种类型：沿喀拉玉尔滚走滑断层发育的点状盐底辟构造-盐栓;发育在吐孜玛扎地区的线状盐底辟构造-盐墙。库车褶皱冲断带西段盐上生长地层主要发生在库车组中段沉积期及以后,库车组中段发育角度不整合面,反映盐底辟的形成。盐栓受走滑作用的控制,为走滑拉张作用的产物,而盐墙受库车组中段及其后差异压实作用的控制,受挤压作用的改造。     

湘黔汞矿带旋扭构造动力作用与成矿规律

湘西黔东地区,在古生代沉积盖层中,北北东向保靖-铜仁断裂带的东侧,发育一系列北东向平移逆冲压扭性断裂构造带,它们均具有相似的变形特征和动力学机制,构成一个大型压扭性旋扭构造系统。旋扭构造控制了湘黔汞矿带的分布,其中北东向断裂带控制了汞矿带内各矿田的展布,而由北东向断裂带所派生的次级张扭性断裂裂隙带,则控制了单个矿体或矿床的产出和定位,特大型和大型汞矿床均产于旋扭构造的应力强区内。     

鲁西新太古代洋板块地质及板块构造活动遗迹

鲁西地区是我国新太古代经典的花岗岩-绿岩带出露地区之一,前人已积累了丰硕的构造地层、同位素地质年龄、地球化学及成矿作用等方面的资料,并对这一时期的地球动力学特征进行了讨论.通过研究“洋板块地质”的思路综合前人已获得的区域地质调查研究资料,表明泰山岩群镁铁质火山岩演化是一套由科马提岩-拉斑玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩、钙碱性玄武岩及安山岩等两类岩石组合复合而成的火山岩系,反映了相对早期形成与洋内地幔柱有关的科马提岩向相对晚期与弧有关的钙碱性玄武岩-安山岩的演化过程;新太古代初期形成岛弧型英云闪长岩带到新太古代中期形成分异型奥长花岗岩,则反映了俯冲过程中的花岗岩演化特点;新太古代晚期硅质高镁玄武岩（高镁玄武安山岩）的确定则是活动大陆边缘岩浆弧的产物;泰山岩群中红宝石（刚玉）的发现,进一步指示其形成的背景与新太古代板块构造俯冲作用有关,为鲁西存在新太古代洋板块地质遗迹提供了地质学证据.      

西秦岭地区造山型与卡林型金矿床

西秦岭金矿床分为卡林型和造山型两类。卡林型金矿床麇集于南秦岭和松潘—甘孜造山带的东北部。三叠纪和早侏罗世的同构造花岗闪长岩广泛分布于西秦岭中部和南部、松潘—甘孜盆地以及扬子克拉通边缘。造山型脉状金矿床主要分布于西秦岭造山带中的脆韧性剪切带内。大部分粗粒金主要赋存在网格状石英细脉和角砾状围岩中的黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、毒砂和少量贱金属硫化物中和以分散状分布在蚀变围岩中。同位素资料表明晚三叠世 -中侏罗世与扬子克拉通俯冲有关的作用控制了造山型金矿床的形成。     

东秦岭褶皱带河南段发现超大型金红石矿床

首次确认区内金红石的主要矿化层位为毛集群左老庄组一段地层,主要矿化集中区位于南召云阳—方城清河间30 km地段,并在宽坪群中也发现了新的矿化层位和矿化类型.首次发现大型粗粒易选矿体,突破了前人“呆矿”的结论.预测区内50 m以浅范围内金红石资源总量大于5 000万吨,为一世界级的超大金红石矿产地.     

东秦岭褶皱带河南段发现超大型金红石矿床

首次确认区内金红石的主要矿化层位为毛集群左老庄组一段地层 ,主要矿化集中区位于南召云阳—方城清河间 30km地段 ,并在宽坪群中也发现了新的矿化层位和矿化类型。首次发现大型粗粒易选矿体 ,突破了前人“呆矿”的结论。预测区内 5 0m以浅范围内金红石资源总量大于 5 0 0 0万吨 ,为一世界级的超大金红石矿产地。     

Geology, Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Mafic-ultramafic Rocks of Mesoproterozoic Phulad Ophiolite Suite of South Delhi Fold Belt, NW Indian Shield

A thick sequence of mafic-ultramafic rocks, occurs along a major shear zone (Phulad lineament), running across the length of Aravalli Mountain Range for about 300 kms. It has been suggested, that this sequence may represent a fragment of ophiolite or a rift related metavolcanic suite made up of basalts and fractionated ultramafics. The geological and tectonic significance of the complex is assessed using field relationships, petrography and geochemistry. Structurally, the lowest part of the complex comprises a discontinuous band of plastically deformed harzburgite (mantle component) followed by layered cumulus gabbroic rocks (crustal component). A complex of non-cumulus rocks comprising hornblende schists, gabbros, sheeted dykes and pillowed basalts structurally overlies layered gabbros. Huge bodies of diorite intrude volcanics.

Geochemical classification suggests that all non-cumulus mafic rocks are sub-alkaline basalts except one variety of dykes which shows mildly alkaline character. The sub-alkaline rocks are tholeiite to calc-alkaline with boninite affinity. Tectono-magmatic variation diagrams and MORB normalised patterns suggest a fore arc tectonic regime for the eruption of these rocks.

The mafic rocks of Phulad Ophiolite Suite are zoned across the strike in terms of their distribution from west to east. The hornblende schists and basalts are exposed at the westernmost margin followed by gabbros and dykes. The alkaline dyke occurs at the easternmost part. The rocks of Phulad suite are juxtaposed with shallow water sediments in the east followed by platformal sediments and then continental slope sediments in the further east indicating gradual thickening of the crust from west to east and an eastward subduction. The geochemical interpretation presented in this study, together with discussion of lithological association is used to decipher the tectonic evolution of the Mesoproterozoics of NW Indian shield.     

东秦岭褶皱带河南段发现超大型金红石矿床

首次确认区内金红石的主要矿化层位为毛集群左老庄组一段地层,主要矿化集中区位于南召云阳—方城清河间30 km地段,并在宽坪群中也发现了新的矿化层位和矿化类型.首次发现大型粗粒易选矿体,突破了前人“呆矿”的结论.预测区内50 m以浅范围内金红石资源总量大于5 000万吨,为一世界级的超大金红石矿产地.     

构造地质学的进展与学科发展特点

构造地质学堪称"地质学中的哲学"。可分为中小尺度的"狭义"构造地质学和大地构造学。近年来,中小尺度的"狭义"构造地质学研究已不局限于单个构造的几何学、运动学和动力学分析。而是表现为:①广度上,区域构造分析正在与年代学、三维反射地震、GPS观测等技术相结合,实现构造事件和过程的定量化厘定、盆地构造的数字化描述、地壳形变的全空间长期实时监测;发展构造建模(物理模拟和数值模拟)技术;应用地球物理的成果丰富构造变形研究的实例;②深度上,探寻构造变形的流变学机理,并从若干研究点上认识深部地壳的构成、韧性变形带及相关构造作用的过程和效应。大地构造学研究正在新的知识体系和地球物理探测技术的推动下深入到地幔范围以及大陆构造领域。认识板块构造作用下壳幔物质的循环过程,追溯大陆构造分裂与拼合的演化历史,探索新的岩石圈—地幔动力学模式和"板块"运动模式。当前的构造地质学具有以技术、产业和社会需求、人才为导向的发展特点。学科的发展要求我们把握新技术、新资料,适应经济产业发展和国计民生的需求,加强年轻一代地质人才的培养,提升自主创新能力。     

断层相关褶皱在塔里木盆地玛东地区的应用

玛东褶皱-冲断带是世界上保存最好的早古生代褶皱冲断带之一,也是塔里木油气勘探的重点区域之一。褶皱-冲 断带浅部构造由于遭受强烈剥蚀,为玛东褶皱-冲断带的构造样式和变形机制研究带来巨大的挑战。断层相关褶皱理论定 量化建立了断层形态和褶皱形态几何学和运动学的关系,是一种有效的利用断层形态来推测褶皱形态的方法,为恢复玛东 地区被剥蚀区域的构造形态提供了可能。文中详细介绍了断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱的几何学和运动学特征,并将其应 用于玛东地区的典型构造中,建立2 种玛东地区构造变形模式。最后结合工业地震剖面和钻井资料,认为玛东地区的主要 构造样式是断层转折褶皱, 并分析了构造样式对油气圈闭的影响。