山东湿地植被类型和演替规律的研究

山东湿地共分布有湿地高等维管植物70科277种、苔藓植物12科24种,在植物种类组成上以莎草科和禾本科植物等最为丰富。植被类型有灌丛、灌草丛、草甸、盐生、沙生、沼生和水生植被等7种。湿地植被的分布既受地理位置、气候、海拔等影响,又受制于水分、土壤和土壤含盐量等因素。湿地演替是植物群落的演替过程,即随着湿地的发育,特别是土壤水分和营养的变化,导致植物种类和群落发生改变的过程。湿地植物群落演替是气候、水文以及地貌、土壤等自然要素综合作用的结果,客观反映了湿地的形成、发育与演替过程。     

长湖湿地水生植被演替研究

在2006年调查的基础上,结合长湖湿地历史资料,对长湖湿地1985年至2006年21a间水生植被的演替进行了研究。结果表明,长湖湿地破坏严重,生物多样性下降。长湖现有14个水生群落,其中挺水群落3个,浮叶群落3个,沉水群落8个。优势群落发生了变化,从1985年的菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)群落演替为1999年的微齿眼子菜(P.maackianus)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)群落;进一步演替为2000年的苦草、微齿眼子菜群落,至2006年演替为莲(Nymphaea nelumbo)、莲 菰(Zizania na-duciflora)群落。优势群落生活型由沉水型转变为挺水型,植被覆盖度由100%减少到30.35%;群落总生物量为2202.08t(未包括挺水植物群落生物量),其中狸藻(Utricularia aurea) 轮叶狐尾藻(M.verticillatum)群丛最大为1633.48t,微齿眼子菜 日本茨藻(N.gracillima)最小为0.43t。群落单位面积平均生物量从1195.67g/m2增加到1850.53g/m2。人类的活动如过度养殖、打捞水草及污水排放等导致了长湖湿地植被面积、种类及总生物量的下降。     

洪湖湿地演替的影响因素与生态恢复对策

在自然因素（地质构造发育、气候、水文等）及人为因素（农业政策、人口压力、水利工程、环境污染等）对洪湖湿地共同作用下,洪湖湿地的自然演替发生了改变。自然因素影响下洪湖湿地生态系统有向逆演化方向演替的趋势,而不合理的人为影响因素加速了正演化过程。在系统地分析两种影响因素对洪湖湿地演替影响的基础匕,针对人为影响因素产生的不良影响,初步提出了洪湖湿地生态恢复的一些对策,包括加强立法及管理、加强污染控制、扩大湖泊面积、加强水利工程和湿地自然保护区的建设和管理、开展湿地保护教育,提高公众保护意识以及加强监测等。通过湖北省各级政府及部门的努力,有望恢复洪湖湿地良好的生态环境。     

1990年以来4个时期四川省湿地的面积、景见旨数及其变化

以1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像为数据源,在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,研究了4个时期四川省湿地的面积、景观指数及其变化。研究结果表明,与1990年相比,2015年四川省的湿地总面积减少了29 744.84 hm^2,其中,沼泽湿地面积减少了63 619.19 hm^2,河流湿地面积减少了27 742.60 hm^2;人工湿地面积增加了63 249.19 hm^2;四川省的湿地主要分布在川西北高原湿地区,最主要的湿地类型是沼泽湿地。随着时间的推移,4个时期四川省的湿地斑块数量、斑块密度和香农多样性指数在波动增大,而最大斑块指数在波动减小,面积加权平均斑块分维数变化不大;四川省的湿地向斑块破碎化、形状规则化和类型多样化方向发展。     

玛多县高原湿地变化及其驱动因素分析

利用青海省三江源区玛多县1990年前后Landsat TM影像、2000年前后Landsat ETM+影像和2010年前后HJ-1A/B卫星影像以及DEM和地形图等,建立玛多县湿地分类体系;目视解译提取湿地信息;利用湿地解译结果和湿地类型面积转移矩阵,对玛多县近20a来湿地面积的变化进行评价;结合气象数据和统计数据初步...     

纳帕海湿地草本植物群落演替与水文情势关系

均匀布点开展纳帕海湿地区植物群落调查,应用DCA排序分析植物群落演替特征及其主控因子,利用Shannon-Wiener等物种多样性指数分析群落演替过程中的物种多样性变化态势;利用多期Landsat TM/ETM+影像解译获取多年平均的湿地区淹水频率空间分异特征;均匀布点采集并测定分层土样重量含水率,生成植物调查同期湿地区分层土壤含水量空间分异特征;将样方DCA第一排序轴与样方物种多样性指数进行关联分析。结果表明:本次调查记录到湿地区植物物种130种,隶属36科88属;湿地区的湿-中生植物群落占绝大多数,中生群落和严重破坏地次生群落分布较广,典型水生植物群落分布生境狭窄,可分为水生植物群落、湿-中生植物群落、中生植物群落和严重破坏地植物群落4个演替阶段;水文情势分异及变化和强干扰是纳帕海湿地植被生态演替的主控因子;现状演替态势下,湿地区的湿-中生植物物种、与人为干扰或退化有关的伴生植物物种会趋向增加,湿地进一步退化;调控水文情势和减轻家畜翻拱的强干扰破坏是实现纳帕海湿地植被生态修复的重要途径。     

湿地与全球环境变化

湿地是地球上具有重要环境功能的生态系统和多种生物的栖息地之一。湿地环境由湿地水文,湿地生物地球化学循环与生物对湿地的适应和改造构造,各种因子之间相互依赖,相互协同,构建湿地的整体功能,湿地在全球环境变化中地地位,主要表现在湿地环境自身健康水平和湿地在全球环境长期变化中的作用,一个未受异常自然和人类活动扰动的湿地环境,因其生物种属的多样性,结构的复杂性,功能的整合性和抵抗外力的稳定性,而处于较好的健     

三江平原沼泽湿地群落演替系列的土壤种子库特征

在三江平原沼泽湿地选择了漂筏苔草（Carex pseudo-curaica）-乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）-小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）、漂筏苔草-鸭绿苔草（Carex jaluensis）-小叶章以及芦苇（Phragmites australis）-小叶章-山杨（Poptdus davidiana）3个群落空间演替系列,按群落类型挖取土壤种子库样本,采用连续萌发的方法鉴定可萌发种子库的植物种类并统计种子密度,采用样方法调查群落地上部分的植物成分。结果表明,各演替系列在0～10cm土层内种子密度为433．3～2066．6粒／m^2;10～20cm土层种子密度为33．0～1375．0粒／m^2。表层土壤种子库的物种数及种子密度均大于深层土壤。随着生境中水分梯度递减,演替系列内的地上植物成分与对应的土壤种子库植物成分的相似性系数（CJ）呈逐渐减少的趋势,而土壤种子库的物种数则呈现增加趋势。演替系列内不同群落类型间以及同一群落内不同样本间的种子库物种数和种子密度差异较大,种子库分布表现出明显的不均匀性。同一演替系列内相邻群落的种子库具有数量不等的共有种,种子库的空间更替具有明显的连续性。     

洞庭湖湿地生态现状与农业开发

根据近年调查研究,分析洞庭湖湿地生态系统结构,功能特征,以及与人类活动的关系,探讨农业开发等问题。     

2000～2007年辉河湿地面积变化及其与局地气候的关系研究

辉河湿地作为内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区的主体,在维护区域生态平衡方面发挥着极其重要的作用。以辉河湿地为研究区,利用2000～2007年每一年的第97天至第289天的250m分辨率16天合成的MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,以及90m分辨率的研究区DEM数据,根据典型地物第97天至第289天期间的NDVI变化曲线特征,构建典型湿地地物信息提取模型,对辉河湿地面积进行提取。利用距研究区最近的鄂温克旗气象站2000～2007年的气温、降水量和蒸发量数据,用灰关联分析法分析了湿地面积变化与气候因子的关系。研究结果表明,2000～2007年期间,辉河湿地面积波动变化,2000年辉河湿地面积最大,为651．75km2,2006年面积最小,为441．19km2;5—9月降水量对辉河湿地面积影响最大,它们之间的灰关联度为0．82,即当地植物生长期的降水量是影响辉河湿地面积变化的主导因子。     

乌梁素海湿地环境演变

The environment evolution of Wuliangsuhai wetland since 1986 is analyzed based on the remote sensing principle. The total water area of Wuliangsuhai lake has been increased during the past 17 years. The open water area had an increasing trend before 1987, and the trend was decreasing up to 1996, then the trend has increased again since 2000; the variation of the water area with dense aquatic weed is basically contradictory to the variation of open water area. The natural reed area had been decreased before 1987, and then it has been increased. The areas of shallow water and swamp have been slightly increased, in fact, the variations are quite steady. The artificial reed area has been increased since the reed plantation was started in 1988. The relationships of the water environment, the climate, hydrology and different types of areas are discussed, and then the technological measures for sustainable development and utilization of Wuliangsuhai lake water environment are proposed.     

The environment evolution of Wuliangsuhai wetland

The environment evolution of Wuliangsuhai wetland since 1986 is analyzed based on the remote sensing principle. The total water area of Wuliangsuhai lake has been increased during the past 17 years. The open water area had an increasing trend before 1987, and the trend was decreasing up to 1996, then the trend has increased again since 2000; the variation of the water area with dense aquatic weed is basically contradictory to the variation of open water area. The natural reed area had been decreased before 1987, and then it has been increased. The areas of shallow water and swamp have been slightly increased, in fact, the variations are quite steady. The artificial reed area has been increased since the reed plantation was started in 1988. The relationships of the water environment, the climate, hydrology and different types of areas are discussed, and then the technological measures for sustainable development and utilization of Wuliangsuhai lake water environment are proposed.     

The environment evolution of Wuliangsuhai wetland

1IntroductionWith the improvement of people's living standard and economic development, the demands for high quality water resources have been growing, meanwhile, water pollution has become increasingly. According to the survey, most of the rivers, lakes and reservoirs are threatened by the pollution and eutrophication. To solve the problems, and to control the deterioration of water environment of lakes of Dongting, Boyang, Qinghai, and to find the best reclamation measures, experts on lake…     

黄渭洛三河汇流区湿地景观变化

流域经济快速发展使得黄河、渭河及北洛河三河汇流区湿地景观变化显著。应用GIS/RS技术与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS,对1989、1996、2000年5月黄渭洛三河汇流区湿地景观的演变过程进行计算和分析,探讨了湿地景观格局特征的变化趋势以及湿地景观演化的驱动力因素,主要结论为:①水文因素和人文因素是汇流区景观变化的主要驱动力;②草地、盐碱地和裸地的面积在增加,而耕地和水域的面积在减少;③土地盐碱化形势依旧严峻,分别有1.38 km2的耕地、0.54 km2的草地和0.47 km2的水域演化为盐碱地;④景观指标表明湿地景观多样性和均匀性逐年升高。     

河南沿黄湿地景观格局及其动态

By using GIS and remote sensing techniques, the paper discusses how human activities have changed along the Yellow River in Henan province, China and how these altered activities have influenced the wetland landscape pattern change from 1987 to 2002. Results show that the total area of the wetland reduces dramatically compared to 1987, the total area of wetland reduces by 19.18%, the number of the patches in 2002 increases by 21.17%, the density increases by 50%, and the total perimeter increases by 1,290,491 m. Disturbed by human activities, landscape diversity index decreases from 1.1740 in 1987 to 0.9803 in 2002. During the last 20 years, the total area of the rice wetland increases, while the others decrease. Among those, the area of the bulrush wetland decreases most. In 1987, it takes 0.5% of the total area, but in 2002, it only takes 0.11%. The interpenetration of human influences on the wetland natural system has been long and close. The impacts of human activities on the spatial pattern of the wetland landscape along the Yellow River in Henan from 1987 to 2002 are great.     

Impacts of human activity and natural change on the wetland landscape pattern along the Yellow River in Henan Province

By using GIS and remote sensing techniques, the paper discusses how human activities have changed along the Yellow River in Henan province, China and how these altered activities have influenced the wetland landscape pattern change from 1987 to 2002. Results show that the total area of the wetland reduces dramatically compared to 1987, the total area of wetland reduces by 19.18%, the number of the patches in 2002 increases by 21.17%, the density increases by 50%, and the total perimeter increases by 1,290,491 m. Disturbed by human activities, landscape diversity index decreases from 1.1740 in 1987 to 0.9803 in 2002. During the last 20 years, the total area of the rice wetland increases, while the others decrease. Among those, the area of the bulrush wetland decreases most. In 1987, it takes 0.5% of the total area, but in 2002, it only takes 0.11%. The interpenetration of human influences on the wetland natural system has been long and close. The impacts of human activities on the spatial pattern of the wetland landscape along the Yellow River in Henan from 1987 to 2002 are great.     

盐城湿地类型演化预测分析

以盐城湿地主要分布的三个县市:射阳、大丰和东台作为研究区,通过1988~2006年每隔6年的4期TM遥感影像,开展盐城湿地类型的动态变化分析,根据遥感影像解译结果,利用基于可拓物元模型的湿地演化元胞自动机(CA)模型和马尔可夫模型从空间和数据上进行湿地类型的变化预测。分析结果表明:(1)将基于可拓物元CA模型模拟预测结果与遥感分类结果进行逐个像元比较,计算得出相似程度达到 70%,因此基于可拓物元CA预测模型引入到湿地类型演化预测中是可行的。(2)基于可拓物元CA模型与马尔科夫模型的数值预测结果具有较高的相似度,表明研究区在2012年养殖场将成为盐城湿地最主要的湿地利用类型,预测结果分别达到了750.06km²和721.96km²,同时,耕地、居民用地、养殖场、米草面积总体呈增长趋势,滩地、芦苇、碱蓬和盐田呈剧烈减少趋势,米草逐渐占据优势物种,大面积的滩涂开发是盐城湿地类型变化最主要的原因。     

The spatial-temporal changes of the land use/cover in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade

The research on the land use/cover change is one of the frontiers and the hot spots in the global change research. Based on the Chinese resource and environment spatial-temporal database, and using the Landsat TM and ETM data of 1990 and 2000 respectively, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade. The result shows that during the last ten years there were three land-use types that had changed remarkably. The cultivated land decreased by 0.57% of the total cultivated land. The built-up land and water area expanded, with an increase of 8.97% and 0.43% respectively. The conversion between land use types mostly happened among these three land-use types, especially frequently between cultivated land and water area. The land-use change speed of land-use type is different. Three cities experienced the greatest degree of land-use change among all the administrative districts, which means that the land use in these cities changed much quickly. The following changed area was the west and south of the Dongting Lake area. The slowest changed area is the north and east area.     

近40 a巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊面积变化及其影响因素

 利用1973、1990、2000年和2010年4期Landsat遥感影像资料为信息源,运用目视解译和波段比值的方法得到不同时相巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊信息,分析其变化特征,结合沙漠周边降水数据,通过水量收支平衡关系对湖泊群变化因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明,沙漠湖泊在各时期发生了不同程度的萎缩。1973—2010年间,湖泊总数由94个减少到82个,共减少了12个,总面积减少了3.69 km2。其中,1973—1990年间湖泊萎缩最快。对沙漠湖泊面积进行统计分级后发现,湖泊的萎缩主要发生在面积小于0.2 km2的湖泊中,萎缩速率由快到慢;面积大于0.9 km2的湖泊面积发生不同程度的波动。湖泊群面积变化基本不受人为因素影响,也不是当地气候变化直接作用的结果,地下补给源水量变化是导致湖泊面积变化的主要因素。     

1993～2003年厦门市湿地动态变化及其驱动因素分析

通过对厦门市1993年TM遥感影像和2003年ETM 遥感影像的解译分析和数据统计,从湿地面积动态变化和湿地消长情况等方面,用单一土地利用动态度等指标对1993~2003年期间厦门市的湿地变化进行了研究。结果表明,1993~2003年期间厦门市天然湿地面积减少了2103hm2,其中有954hm2(滩涂864hm2)转变为非湿地,有1149hm2转变为人工湿地;而人工湿地面积增加了2775hm2,其中养殖场面积从1993年的5778hm2迅猛增加到2003年的9768hm2,年均增长率为6.91%,水库与水塘和盐田则分别减少了961hm2和254hm2。有27.74%、11.41%、9.33%和3.63%的养殖场面积分别是由非湿地、滩涂、盐田和水库与水塘转变而来的;有54.37%的盐田转变成了养殖场,有33.24%、30.24%的红树林转变为非湿地、养殖场,有10.35%、8.64%的滩涂转变为养殖场、非湿地。对社会经济驱动因素的分析表明,经济发展、人口增长和农业生产比较利益因素极大影响着厦门市湿地的动态变化。