用自然正交函数分解法划分自然天气季节的研究

本文利用自然正交函数展开多年平均的亚洲600毫巴候平均环流和地面候平均温度场,通过对分解所得前几个特征向量时间系数年变化曲线的分析,得出亚洲自然天气区域一年可分为春、初夏、盛夏、秋、前冬和后冬等六个自然天气季节的结论,并确定了各自然天气季节的平均起迄时间和持续候数,对各季节内部的主要环流特征进行了天气统计学分析。     

再谈自然天气季节

东亚自然天气季节的划分,最初是以各个季节所具有的温度和降水变化的特点为标志的。随着东亚环流和天气过程研究工作的进展,逐步认识到从东亚环流和天气过程的季节变化来考虑这个问题,于是就从东亚季风的进退、自然天气周期环流型、综合天气型等等不同角度,选取不同的具体指标来划分季节。各利划分方法所得的季节平均起迄日期和长度并不完全相同,但大体上相差不远。这是因为各项指标形式虽     

达州自然天气季节及其变化

利用气温季节变化的突出特征,在划分春、夏、秋、冬等气候四季的基础上,结合本地天气特征,进一步将上述四季划分为春、初夏、盛夏、后夏、秋、冬等六个自然天气季节,并分析了这些季节在地域上的差异和时间上的变化.     

达州自然天气季节及其变化

利用气温季节变化的突出特征，在划分春、夏、秋、冬等气候四季的基础上，结合本地天气特征，进一步将上述四季划分为春、初夏、盛夏、后夏、秋、冬等六个自然天气季节，并分析了这些季节在地域上的差异和时间上的变化。     

应用K均值聚类法对东亚各自然天气季节500毫巴候平均环流的分型试验

利用自然正交函数法划分了东亚自然天气季节以后,本文应用K均值聚类法对各个自然天气季节内部的500毫巴候平均环流进行了分型试验,得到了一些有意义的结果。     

上海春季自然天气季节的若干统计事实

一、引言 上海中心气象台长期组、气候组和研究组曾根据大型环流转折特征、地面气压场配置以及华东天气的突变等,将一年初步划分为13个自然天气季节,即早春、春季、晚春、初夏、梅雨、盛夏、后夏、初秋、秋季、晚秋、初冬、隆冬、晚冬等13个自然天气季节。由于1966年取消了500mb厚度场的分析,原来划分季     

天气阶段的划分及其在预报中的应用

从长期预报着眼,季节应按天气特征来划分,这样划分的季节称为自然天气季节。在同一自然天气季节内,作为季节背景的环流形势能够持续地出现,其时段就是一个自然天气季节的长度。与天文季节不同,每年的自然天气季节的长度,出现及结束的早迟是不同的。它反映了各年天气状况的不同,这正是农业生产所需要和长期预报要解决的问题。因此,正确地划分自然季节无论对农业生产及长期预报都是十分有益的。我国自然天气季节划分曾有过     

自然天气季节

一年又一年的寒来暑往形成了春、夏、秋、冬。这四个季节通常是根据地球在绕日公转中的位置,把一年均匀地分成四个时段,称之为天文季节。天文季节不能反映实际季节的转换。在气象上,人们就考虑了一种按着大自然在各年表现的冷暖晴雨时段而划分季节,称之为自然天气季节。显而易见,由于天气变化的复杂性,这样的季节在一年之中各季长短不等,而且同一季节在不同年份长短也不尽相同,加上地理区域的差异,使得各地季节划分也不会一样。但是从天气气候变化的准定常性来看,自然天气季节尽管差异很大,但也不是难以捉摸、毫无规律的。     

长期天气预报的一种客观方案

本文叙述了用天气-统计学方法制作中长期亚洲范围内大气环流型预报的一种客观方案。本方案是以统计学方法划分自然天气季节和对每个自然天气季节内的候平均环流型进行分类为基础的,着重点在于强调以认识大气中的物理过程为基础来选择预报因子。本文的结果指出,用经验方法制作长期天气预报是可行的。     

青藏高原降雪的气候学分析

青藏高原上的自然天气季节和大气环流与我国东部平原极不相同,因此,高原上的降雪,无论是时空分布,或者是降雪天气系统都有很多特殊性。 本文根据1966—1975年青藏高原气象资料,阐述了高原上自然降雪的时空分布特点和形成的物理条件;归纳出有利于降雪的六种天气型式;分析了大气环流季节变化与高原降雪之间的联系。高原降雪主要集中发生在冬夏环流的转换季节。     

AN OBJECTIVE SCHEME FOR LONG-RANGE FORECASTS

An objective scheme for forecasting the long-range atmospheric circulation patterns over Asia by a synoptic-statistical method is described.The scheme is based on the division of natural synoptic season (NSS) and classification of the circulation patterns for each NSS by statistical methods.The emphasis for this scheme is laid on the selection of predictor variables on the basis of understanding the physical processes in the atmosphere.It is pointed that the long-range forecast using empirical methods is feasible.     

Impact of Change in Monsoonal Circulation Due to SST Warming on the North East Asian Monsoon: A Model Analysis Using Satellite Based Sub-Grid Hydrometeors

Over the North East Asia, extreme anomalous precipitation were observed in 2013 and 2014. During 2013 summer the precipitation was found to be higher (two standard deviation) than the climatological mean of the region; whereas during 2014, which was a borderline El Niño year, precipitation was found to be lower (one standard deviation). To understand the differences of these two anomalous years the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs) has been used. The study found that low land-surface temperature and high sea-surface temperature over ocean caused a smaller land-sea contrast of surface temperature between East Asia and North West Pacific Ocean in 2014, which could have caused an eastward shift of mean monsoon circulation in that year compared to the circulation in 2013. Due to a change in the lower level circulation and wind field over East Asia the evaporation and moisture transport patterns became very different in those two years. In 2013, this study found high latent heat flux over Eastern China, which implies an increased surface evaporation over that region, and the moisture transported to the north by the mean monsoon circulation; whereas, there was no correlated transport of moisture to the North East Asia during 2014. The precipitable water over North East Asia has a stronger correlation with the latent heat flux over southern land region than that from Ocean region in the eastern side in both the years. A new approach is proposed to estimate the sub-grid scale hydrometeors from GRIMs, overestimated in the existing model.     

梅雨期及其前后东亚地区的经向环流结构

本文分析了1983年江淮流域入梅前、梅雨期以及出梅后东亚地区各期平均的经向环流结构及其演变特征。在不同时期,印度热带季风环流和东亚热带及副热带季风环流具有显著差异。研究指出,江淮流域梅雨是亚洲夏季三个季风系统相互作用的结果,是东亚副热带季风系统中经向环流上升支中的产物,同时又与其它两个季风系统密切相关,梅雨结束则与印度热带季风环流减弱南撤、西太平洋高压加强西伸、东亚副热带季风环流北上有关。      

青藏高原热力状况对东亚夏季副热带西风急流的影响

利用1961--2004年NCEP／NCAR月平均温度5层和200hPa风场再分析格点资料,以及通过倒算法得到的热源资料,采用SVD方法研究了夏季东亚地区副热带西风急流与青藏高原平均温度场的耦合特征,考察了青藏高原热源及其与西太平洋热源差对夏季东亚副热带西风急流的影响。结果表明,夏季整个青藏高原特别是高原北部平均温度场与急流中心强度变化联系紧密,而高原东南部平均温度场主要体现了夏季西风急流位置纬向一致的南北移动;其次,夏季副热带西风急流的变化还与青藏高原西南部与菲律宾以东的西太平洋热源差变化有密切联系。     

An Assessment on the Performance of IPCC AR4 Climate Models in Simulating Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon

Observations from several data centers together with a categorization method are used to evaluate the IPCC AR4 （Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Fourth Assessment Report） climate models＇ performance in simulating the interdecadal variations of summer precipitation and monsoon circulation in East Asia. Out of 19 models under examination, 9 models can relatively well reproduce the 1979-1999 mean June-July-August （JJA） precipitation in East Asia, but only 3 models （Category-1 models） can capture the interdecadal variation of precipitation in East Asia. These 3 models are： GFDL-CM2.0, MIROC3.2 （hires）, and MIROC3.2 （medres）, among which the GFDL-CM2.0 gives the best performance. The reason for the poor performance of most models in simulating the East Asian summer monsoon interdecadal variation lies in that the key dynamic and thermal-dynamic mechanisms behind the East Asian monsoon change are missed by the models, e.g., the large-scale tropospheric cooling and drying over East Asia. In contrast, the Category-1 models relatively well reproduce the variations in vertical velocity and water vapor over East Asia and thus show a better agreement with observations in simulating the pattern of ＂wet south and dry north＂ in China in the past 20 years.
It is assessed that a single model＇s performance in simulating a particular variable has great impacts on the ensemble results. More realistic outputs can be obtained when the multi-model ensemble is carried out using a suite of well-performing models for a specific variable, rather than using all available models. This indicates that although a multi-model ensemble is in general better than a single model, the best ensemble mean cannot be achieved without looking into each member model＇s performance.     

2000-2018年东亚地区云顶高度的时空变化特征

为了了解区域云顶高度对过去气候变化的响应,基于卫星搭载的MODIS传感器提供的2000年3月至2018年2月MOD03_08_v6.0数据,分析了东亚地区云顶高度2000—2018年的时空变化特征,并探讨其长期变化的原因。研究发现,东亚地区云顶高度呈西南高东北低的特征。云顶高度在东亚地区以0.020 km/a的变率增长,其中大陆东部云顶高度的年际变率为0.035 km/a,东部海域年际变率为0.034 km/a。在东部海域地区云顶高度的变化同海表温度的变化相关性较高,相关系数为0.68,这表明云顶高度的变化受下垫面的影响。在东亚地区30°~40°N区域内,年平均云顶高度的增加较为明显。此外,夏季云顶高度在长江中下游盆地、塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地以及四川盆地东北部呈-0.03 km/a的减少趋势,这是由于更多低云的形成降低了云顶高度;冬季云顶高度在东亚地区40°N以北呈下降趋势,而在40°N以南呈增加趋势。     

A FURTHER STUDY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN ANOMALOUS WINTER MONSOON IN EAST ASIA AND EL NINO*

The interaction between anomalous winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino is further studied in this paper.The new results still more proved a previous conclusion:there are clear interactions between El Nino and winter monsoon in East Asia.The continual westerly burst andstronger cumulus convection over the equatorial central-western Pacific caused by stronger wintermonsoon in East Asia can respectively excite anomalous oceanic Kelvin wave and stronger atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation in the tropics,then excite the El Nino event through air-sea interction.In El Nino winter,there are warmer and weaker winter monsoons in East Asia.The El Nino will still reduce the intensity of intraseasonal oscillation and leads it to be barotropic structure.     

夏季东亚副热带经圈环流特征及其对长江流域降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR 1979-2009年月平均风场资料,用质量流函数来定义东亚副热带的经圈环流指数,分析夏季(6-8月)东亚副热带经圈环流特征.结果表明,夏季东亚地区受反Hadlev环流影响,表现出与全球平均经圈环流不同的特征,用指数表征的东亚副热带经圈环流强度存在明显的年际和年代际变化.另外,利用相关性及水汽通量...     

Simulation of paleoclimate over East Asia at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP by a regional climate model

Using a regional climate model with detailed land surface processes (RegCM2), East Asian monsoon climates at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP are simulated by prescribing vegetation and employing paleovegetation respectively in order to examine land surface effects on East Asian climate system and the potential mechanisms for climate change. The RegCM2 with a 120 × 120 km² resolution has simulated the enlargement of the seasonal cycle of insolation, the temperature rising the whole year, and the reduction of perpetual snow in high latitudes at 6 ka BP. The simulation shows the East Asian summer monsoon strengthening, precipitation and P–E increasing, and the monsoon rain belt shifting westwards and northwards. Effect of paleovegetation included in the modeling reduced surface albedo and caused an increase in the winter temperature, which led to weakening of the winter continental cold anticyclone over China. The results make the seasonal characteristics of simulated temperature changes in better agreement with the geological records, and are an improvement over previous simulations of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The RegCM2 simulated the 21 ka BP climate with lowered temperature throughout the year, and with precipitation reduced in most areas of East Asia (but increased in both the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia). Low temperature over East Asia led to the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon and the shrinking of the summer monsoon. The effect of paleovegetation included in the experiment has enlarged the glacial climate influence in East Asia, which is closer to geological data than the PMIP simulations directly driven by insolation, glaciation and low CO₂ concentration.