高精度CTD剖面仪电导率传感器的研究和实验

高精度CTD剖面仪是海洋863项目的重要组成部分，是海洋调查和水文观测必不可少的仪器，本文详细论述了CTD剖面仪中电导率传感器的研制方法和过程，并给出传感器现已达到的水平，提出还需要进一步进行的工作和深入研究的问题。     

姿态传感器在水深测量中的应用

姿态传感器作为高精度动态海洋测量仪器,已被广泛地与船载海洋测量设备配套使用。姿态传感器能够改正或消除船载仪器由于船体的垂荡、横摇和纵摇引起的测量误差,大大提高测量精度。举例介绍了姿态传感器在单波束和多波束水深测量中的应用,并对姿态传感器的动态补偿特性进行了探讨和分析。     

水温盐度传感器

YZY4— 1型温、盐传感器采用高稳定性的热敏电阻测量水温 ,年稳定性为 0 .0 2 5℃ ) ,采用电磁感应式传感器测量电导率。该传感器耐污染 ,能长期在海水中工作。传感器内单片机根据新盐标公式计算出盐度值。传感器内还设有自动校准电路 ,每次测量时自动修正漂移 ,使传感器具有较好的时间稳定性。单片机进行数据采集、变换、处理 ,最后以 RS2 32 C(CMOS电平 )或 485形式输出。传感器具有互换性。壳体采用进口 ABS塑料 ,耐海水腐蚀。该传感器可应用于海洋水温和盐度的现场测量 ,如在浮标、海洋站和船上作为海洋表层调查和海水污染监测用 …     

新型感应式电导率传感器技术研究

海水盐度是海洋水文测量的要素之一,测量海水盐度对海洋科学研究、海洋开发利用和军事国防都具有重要意义。海水电导率测量是进行盐度测量的重要手段,使用电导率传感器测量盐度,具有精确度高、速度快、计算海水密度可靠以及便于现场测量等优点,这种方法已成为海水盐度测量的主要手段。感应式电导率传感器是海洋调查和水文观测必不可少的仪器。文中论述了新型感应式电导率传感器的工作原理、设计方法和制作工艺,给出了传感器的测试方法以及目前达到的水平,最后对试验结果进行了分析说明,提出了需要进一步研究的问题。通过实验室测试,验证了上述设计,传感器工作正常、测量精度高、具有较高的可移植性,符合现场应用使用要求。     

海洋上层高分辨率温度链观测系统设计

为满足海洋上层温度数据高分辨率实时观测需求,本文设计出一种成本低、体积小、精度高的温度链观测系统,可搭载于调查船、浮标等多种海洋观测平台,具备高分辨海表温度数据实时观测功能。本文介绍了温度链系统架构的整体设计,阐述了温度传感器的高精度测量原理与方法,采用RS-485通信方式并设计出一套适用于温度链的软件通信协议,通过标定、均一性测试、稳定性测试验证了传感器的测量性能,研制出总长200 m的温度链观测设备,设备带有10个测温节点,传感器节点初始测量精度优于±0.005℃,温度链采样间隔最短可达2.7 s。本温度链在我国南海进行了拖曳功能测试,试验结果表明：温度链海上作业通信稳定可靠,数据测量准确,满足海洋现场观测对数据高时效、高精度、低误码率的传输要求。     

姿态传感器与换能器安装位置偏移对换能器升沉监测的影响

姿态传感器是高精度海洋测深的必备设备。但在实际使用姿态传感器测量过程中,其相对测深换能器安装位置存在着物理偏心或空间位置偏移。在简述姿态传感器的基本原理和建立测量坐标系基础上,推导了测量船在波浪中运动造成的诱导升沉公式,数值计算分析了物理偏心产生的诱导升沉影响量级和规律,提出了减弱诱导升沉影响的方法以及姿态传感器安装应用建议。     

物理海洋传感器现状及未来发展趋势

文中对目前我国物理海洋要素观测传感器技术发展现状进行了分析。在国家科技计划支持下,我国的物理海洋观测传感器技术取得了快速发展,但与国际上先进的传感器技术水平相比,国内具有自主知识产权的传感器仍有较大差距。随着未来海洋观测需求的不断发展,小型、轻重量、低功耗、高精度、高灵敏、智能化新型传感器必将是今后5~10年研究与开发的重点。     

海洋遥感四维测量应用

机载成象光谱仪遥感海洋是在轨星载海洋传感器定标校验的一种方法。本文研究了海洋航空遥感的四维测量方法，以及实现卫星、飞行遥感和船舶同步测量的重要意义。     

海底高精度重力测量系统及方法技术研究和应用

海底高精度重力测量系统及方法技术研究和应用罗壮伟，刘文锦，程振炎（地质矿产部物化探研究所）前言海洋重力测量对于海洋石油天然气资源勘查以及天然地震预报与震害预测、大地构造、军事科学研究等，都具有十分重要的意义。目前国内外海洋重力主要从事深海域重力勘测，...     

固态压阻传感器及其在海洋仪器的应用

本文简要介绍了国内外固态压阻传感器的发展概况,并着重指出应用这种体积小、精确度高的新型传感器测量海洋要素是海洋仪器传感器的重要发展方向之一。文章叙述了固态压阻传感器的结构特征。同时提出了利用这种传感器测量海洋波浪、潮汐和深度等方面的应用,并着重介绍了应用国产CYG20B型固态压阻传感器进行深度测量的结果。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.