A simplified computational approach for prediction of transient climatic conditions in underground mine airways

Summary A simplified approach for prediction of transient climatic conditions in an underground airway os presented. The dry surface temperature of the airway is calculated using a finite difference scheme, whereas the wet surface temperature is determined following the concept of pseudo-base-temperature of air and using the value of thermal gradient at the dry surface as obtained from the finite difference solution of the temperature profile in the dry rock. The air-current temperatures are regularly evaluated after a suitable time span so as to simulate a real-case situation, and the re-evaluated air-current temperatures are used for further calculations. For increasing age of the airway the wet surface temperature obtained by the finite difference scheme, with an appropriate value of thermal diffusivity, is compared with its value determined by the pseudo-base-temperature approach.     

中国大陆森林线空间分布特征及其与多年冻土线、气候雪线的关系

在自然植被垂直带谱上一般以暗针叶林带的上限代表森林线,它的海拔高度取决于温度及其年较差。本文主要根据我国一些地区现代暗针叶林带上限的海拔高程和102个气象台站的气象资料,计算出我国的森林线的理论海拔高度,并编绘出我国的森林线高程等值线图以及多年冻土线与森林线高差等值线图和现代气候雪线与森林线高差等值线图。在此基础上研究了我国森林线的空间分布特征及其与多年冻土线、气候雪线的关系。      

中国大陆多年冻土线空间分布基本特征

本文主要根据多年冻土与气候参数的相关关系,结合现代多年冻土分布,依据我国104个气候台站的气象数据,计算出年平均温度、年较差和多年冻土线理论海拔高度,研究我国多年冻土线空间分布特征。中国大陆多年冻土线高程明显受高度地带性和纬度地带性控制,自北向南海拔高度逐渐增大。东部地区的多年冻土线高程从东北的<1200m,至海口附近增到5700m;西北地区的多年冻土高程从阿尔泰山的2600m,至昆仑山增至4500m左右,要比东部同纬度的冻土线高出1400~800m;青藏高原的多年冻土线高程基本上稳定在4500~5000m.在此基础上,进而探讨了中国现代气候多年冻土线与气候雪线之间的关系。      

Trace element contents and correlation in surface soils in China's eastern alluvial plains

 A study investigating the contents of 13 trace elements and the correlations between these trace elements and soil parameters of the surface soils in the eastern alluvial plains of China is summarized and discussed in this paper. The results show that the contents of some elements studied differ from region to region. Close relations have been noted between all the trace element contents in the soils of the eastern alluvial plains and the relevant surface materials of erosion regions, which demonstrate the effects of parent materials, while climatic conditions and human interventions are also found to be important factors. Close relations were found between the transition elements of the Quaternary period and the chalcophile elements (except Cu). The chemical and geochemical properties of these elements are identified as beeing important inherent characteristics that affect the relations of these elements in the soils. Received: 5 June 1997 · Accepted: 2 March 1998     

Excess in precipitation as a cause for settlement decline along the Israeli coastal plain during the third millennium BC

Although the relations between climate and settlement are not straightforward, there is a general agreement that arid conditions are less favorable for human settlement in the semiarid Near East than humid conditions. Here we show that humid conditions resulted in the abandonment of settlements along the Israeli coastal plain. We first present archaeological evidence for a drastic decline in settlement along the Israeli coast during most of the third millennium BC (Early Bronze Age II-III). Then, based on archaeological and climatic evidence, we link this decline to an environmental change occurring at that time. We propose that increased precipitation intensified the already existing drainage problems and resulted in flooding, which led to the transformation of arable land into marshes and to the spread of diseases, gradually causing settlement decline and abandonment.     

恒河深海扇东北区域晚第四纪气候和海平面变化对沉积作用的控制

通过对恒河深海扇沟道间均质细粒沉积物的氧同位素地层划分,本文讨论了晚更新世以来冰川—气候旋回和海平面变化对印度洋北部大陆坡地带各种活跃的沉积因素（陆源和碳酸盐物质的沉积通量、浊流活动的强度和频度、粘土矿物分布、碳酸盐浓度和钙质生物壳的溶解度）的控制作用和因素间的相互关联。     

Landslide Developmental Characteristics and Response to Climate Change since the Last Glacial in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River,NE Tibetan Plateau

The upper reaches of the Yellow River in northeastern Tibetan Plateau are geohazards areas. The evolution of the Yellow River, chronology of some landslides, and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of super large scale and giant landslides within the region are summarized using paleoclimate evidence, and the relationship between the intensive landslide period and climatic changes since the Last Glacial period is analyzed. It is concluded that(1) Super large scale and giant landslides are distributed widely within the region, particularly in the Qunke-Jianzha basin.(2) The chronological sequence of landslides is established by dating the slip zones of landslides and analyzing the relations between landslides and their overlying or underlying loess formations. Five landslide development periods are determined: 53–49 ka BP, 33–24 ka BP, 10–8 ka BP, 5–3.5 ka BP, and the present.(3) These correspond closely to warm and wet periods during the last 100,000 years, i.e., two weak paleosol development stages of Malan loess deposited during the last Glacial period in the Chinese loess Plateau, L1-4 and L1-2 that belong to the marine oxygen isotope stage 3, the last deglacial period, the Holocene Optimum, and the modern global warming period.(4) Landslide triggers may be closely linked to warm and wet periods related to rapid climatic transitions.     

Relations between dune generations in the Gran Desierto of Mexico

Multiple generations or genetic units of dunes characterized by different morphologies, sand grain size and sorting, and degree of post-depositional alteration of sediments occur in the Gran Desierto sand sea of Mexico. Dune generations are separated by super bounding surfaces. Episodic accumulation of dunes is a result of a complex response of different sediment sources to regional climatic and eustatic changes. Based on examples from three parts of the sand sea, relations between different generations of dunes suggest that there are two end-member modes of sand sea accumulation: (1) stacking or superposition of dune generations, and (2) accumulating mosaics of dunes of different morphological units. The mode of accumulation is determined by sand supply and accumulation rate: stacking occurs where sand supply is high and/or the sand sea area is restricted by topography; accumulation of mosaics is the preferred mode of accumulation where sand supply is low.     

Cenozoic Environmental Changes in the Northern Qaidam Basin Inferred from n-alkane Records

Cenozoic climatic and environmental changes in the arid Asian interior, and their possible relations with global climatic changes and the Tibetan Plateau uplift, have been intensively investigated and debated over past decades. Here we present 40-Myr （million years）-long n-alkane records from a continuous Cenozoic sediment sequence in the Dahonggou Section, Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, to infer environmental changes in the northern basin. A set of n-alkane indexes, including ACL, CPI and Paq, vary substantially and consistently throughout the records, which are interpreted to reflect relative contributions from terrestrial vascular plants vs. aquatic macrophytes, and thus indicate depositional environments. ACL values vary between 21 and 30; CP1 values range from 1.0 to 8.0; and Paq values change from 〈0.1 to 0.8 over the past 40-Myr. We have roughly identified two periods, at 25.8-21.0 Ma （million years ago） and 13.0-17.5 Ma, with higher ACL and CPI and lower Paq values indicating predominant lacustrine environments. Lower ACL and CPI values, together with higher Paq values, occurred at 〉25.8 Ma, 17.5-21.0 Ma, and 〈13.0 Ma, corresponding to alluvial fan/river deltaic deposits and shallow lacustrine settings, consistent with the observed features in sedimentological facies. The inferred Cenozoic environmental changes in the northern Qaidam Basin appear to correspond to global climatic changes.     

Climatic changes in the Chalbi Desert,North Kenya

The Chalbi flat, located 60 km outside the rift to the east, forms a moist, salt-clay encrusted playa which also functions as an inland sink for alluvial fans. Residual lacustrine beds, including freshwater carbonates and travertines, crop out along its higher periphery. Mammalian bones of lacustrine and terrestrial elements, and K/Ar dating of the capping lava suggest a lake or a swamp environment 2–2.5 million years ago. Radiocarbon dating of Melanoides tuberculata and Planorbis and a sediment assemblage composed of clotted micrite, calcareous molds, root marks and stromatolites point to an additional early Holocene Chalbi lake or swamps 11000-9500 yr BP. The data suggest wet environmental conditions outside the rift, which is consistent with the occurrence of a wet period in the early to middle Holocene in intertropical Africa, but out of phase with the climatic conditions in Sinai and Israel and with the high-latitude maximum lake levels and glacier advance. These relations have probably been caused by migration of climatic belts.     

Climate and crop yields in Northern Africa (Senegal,Sudan, Tunisia)

The study attempts to relate crop yields to climatic events in the Sahelian Zone of Africa. The examples are taken from Senegal, Sudan and Tunisia. Theinvestigation was centered to examine closely the relations between weather and crop yields, that means first of all to analyze the influence of the inter-annual variations of the weather on the yields. The aim was to reveal the dependency of the temporal variability of the yields (1960–1980) on the climatic parameters during the different phenological stages of the plants. This analysis made it possible to develop models of prognosis for different cultivated plants (food crops basically). In general suitable models of forecasts could be established for all food crops. An early and exact prediction of harvest losses or surpluses could reduce negative effects for the respective population in unfavourable, and induce food storage in favourable years.     

Geochemical differentiation in the stratigraphy of a peat bed as an indicator of its evolution in the Holocene

The paper reports geochemical parameters of units in a peat bed in a raised bog in the southern Tyumen territory. Based on radiocarbon dates and the variability of the geochemical data, the following four evolutionary stages of the bed in the Holocene are distinguished: an ancient lake (5600–5750 years B.P.), low-land-bog peat (4550–5600 years B.P.), transitional-type peat (4200–4550 years B.P.), raised-bog peat. The major-component technique was applied to analyze relations between various parameters of the bed and evaluate the variations in the condition under which the bog evolved with time, including climatic conditions (in relative units). An anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of certain metals in bog systems is distinguished.     

洞穴碳酸盐有机质荧光发光特征研究及其展望

洞穴碳酸盐是洞穴滴水沉淀的结果,其有机质的荧光性质响应于外界气候与生态环境的高频率、周期性变化,是高分辨率反映气候- 环境变化的有效手段。本文详细分析了洞穴碳酸盐荧光物质的组成、来源及影响其荧光光谱的因素,并总结了其分析方法; 回顾了国内外在洞穴碳酸盐荧光发光性的古气候- 环境研究方面的应用,并对其将来的发展方向作了展望; 认为洞穴碳酸盐发光微层及其光谱特征形成机制的现代过程、微层层内物质组成,以及土壤、植被、气候三者响应关系是值得今后进一步加强研究的主要内容。      

黄土高原地区古气候定量化研究方法评述

定量化重建黄土高原地区古气候,是黄土研究的新方向和大趋势。本文主要从土壤磁化率、植物孢粉、植物硅酸体和稳定同位素等替代性指标方面回顾了国内外对黄土高原地区古气候定量化研究的现状,并对研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。相关的研究结果表明,黄土高原地区的古气候定量化研究取得了积极的成果,但还仍处在初步阶段。由于指标本身存在局限性或指标与气候要素之间机理尚不十分清楚,所获得的定量化结果并不能令人十分满意。提出今后定量化重建古气候研究的重点是要进一步加强对黄土高原现代生态过程的研究,清楚地认识各指标与气候要素之间的机理和联系,建立可信的相关函数。希望对这方面的研究有所裨益。     

中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空分布及其气候意义

本文介绍了中国中东部白垩纪沙漠沉积的时空分布，探讨了时空分布规律，认为：（１）中东部白垩纪沙漠分布严格受气候带控制，其实际分布限于北纬２０—４０°的干旱带（横跨当时的副热高压带），主要分布于鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、江汉盆地和苏北盆地之中；（２）各盆地沙漠发生的时间不同，鄂尔多斯盆地为早白垩世，四川盆地为中白垩世晚期，江汉盆地为晚白垩世早期，苏北盆地为晚白垩世中期，（３）沙漠发生的穿时性反映了各盆地进入干旱带的顺序，由北到南，由西及东；（４）造成这种顺序的原因是由于亚洲在白垩纪时其总体为顺时针旋转，因而使西北部鄂尔多斯盆地率先进入干旱带，其次是西南部的四川盆地，然后是中部的江汉盆地。晚白垩世的降温事件迫使干旱带南移而使其滞后的最东部的苏北盆地进入干旱带，（５）中国白垩纪沙漠的存在说明处于“温室效应”的大气环流不仅不会“呆滞”而且还有所增强，季风的存在也说明当时的气候并不均一。本文提出了气候带漂变（ｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｚｏｎｅｄｒｉｆｔ）的概念，认为气候变化的表现形式为气候带漂变。漂变既有长周期和短周期漂变之分，又有相对和绝对漂变之别。中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空变迁就是干旱气候带漂变的结果。     

龙羊峡谷更新世以来气候演变特征及其对拉西瓦水电站坝区花岗岩风化作用的影响

龙羊峡谷为黄河上游水电富矿河谷段，拉西瓦水电站位于龙羊峡谷出口地段，研究龙羊峡谷更新世以来气候演变特征对于探讨拉西瓦水电站坝区自然环境发展演化与工程岩体地质过程浅表生改造均有重要意义。本文在简述了龙羊峡谷形成史之后，通过分析树木年轮法、植物孢粉法、同位素法等所获取的资料，总结了更新世以来龙羊峡地区气候演变特征。分析认为龙羊峡地区更新世以来气候以旱寒为主，这种气候特征对于拉西瓦水电站坝区花岗岩风化作用的影响主要存在于两个方面：温度变化及由此带来的冰劈作用。     

厄尔尼诺的三个调控器

在地球系统中,气候和构造活动是相互影响的.气候变化引起地表大规模的物质运动,是长期被忽视的构造运动的动力之一.构造运动改变了陆海分布的类型,又会引起全球气候类型的强烈变化.德雷克通道和环南极海冰的全球气候冷暖开关作用是最典型的事例.环南极海冰的扩大压迫南大洋的西风漂流和赤道辐合带北移,加强三大寒流,引发拉尼娜冷事件.     

中国气候雪线空间分布特征

气候雪线的空间分布规律既受高度地带性和纬度地带性限制,也受区域性气候的控制。雪线空间格局变化实质上是水热条件变化的反映。本文主要依据我国106个气象站的气象资料,从年均温、年降水量和固态降水率之间的相关函数计算出气候雪线高程,进而探讨中国大陆气候雪线的空间分布特征。      

6 000 a BP以来长江下游地区古洪水与气候变化关系初步研究

通过对埋藏古树、泥炭、以及海相贝壳测年资料进行搜集和整理，结果表明：长江下游地区6000 a BP以来古洪水的发生与气候变化有着密切的联系。由于长江下游地区地势低平这一地貌特点，使得海面变化对于研究区洪水发生有着重要的影响，气候变化导致的海面上升对长江下游河段径流的顶托作用导致河流上溯以及地面排水不畅，致使洪水发生频率加大以及洪水危害的程度加强，出现“小水大灾”的现象，长江三角洲地区古洪水发生频率与美洲地区古洪水发生频率的对比研究表明，长江三角地区乃至整个长江流域在大的气候变化趋势上与全球其它地区是相似的，既有全球气候变化特点的同时又具有区域响应的特点，这对于未来研究区洪水发生的预测有着重要意义。     

过去气候演化的阶段性和突变

地球系统的历史信息是评估全球变化的一项重要因素。前些年，过去气候研究中发现了气候的突然变化的现象，突变证据大多出现在冰期，或由冰期向间冰期的过渡时期，并认为这是冰盖的成冰与溶解过程造成海水铅直运动的结果。近些年，过去气候研究还发现在间冰期中也出现突变。我国的历史文献、冰芯和沉积的高分辨率的古气候恢复工作发现近２０００年来中国气候明显存在着突变事件。因此，这给我们带来了新的问题，即间冰期气候的稳定性问题。如果气候突变的证据增多，那意味着气候系统很可能按两种方式运行