有蒸发-风反馈和海-气相互作用的CISK开尔文波——热带季节内振荡机制的进一步研究

将波动－CISK（积云对流加热反馈）、海－气相互作用和蒸发－风反馈都引入一个简单理论模式，研究了他们在驱动热带大气季节内振荡（ISO）中的作用。其结果表明：波动－CISK在减慢激发波的位相速度以接近观测到的热带ISO的移速过程中起主要作用；而蒸发－风反馈的主要作用是使激发波不稳定；海－气相互作用在减慢激发波的移速方面也有一定作用。因此，波动－CISK和蒸发－风反馈可认为是热带ISO的主要动力学机制。本研究还表明，由于蒸发－风反馈和海－气相互作用的影响，激发波是一种频散波，这种频散性可以更好地解释热带大气中ISO的活动特征。     

Ship-board measurements and estimations of air-sea fluxes in the western tropical pacific during TOGA COARE

Direct air-sea flux measurements were made on R/V Kexue #1 at 4 ° S, 156 ° E during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Response Experiment (COARE) Intensive Observation Period (IOP). An array of six accelerometers was used to measure the motion of the anchored ship, and a sonic anemometer and Lyman-α hygrometer were used to measure the turbulent wind vector and specific humidity. The contamination of the turbulent wind components by ship motion was largely removed by an improvement of a procedure due to Shao based on the acceleration signals. The scheme of the wind correction for ship motion is briefly outlined. Results are presented from data for the best wind direction relative to the ship to minimize flow distortion effects. Both the time series and the power spectra of the sonic-measured wind components show swell-induced ship motion contamination, which is largely removed by the accelerometer correction scheme. There was less contamination in the longitudinal wind component than in the vertical and transverse components. The spectral characteristics of the surface-layer turbulence properties are compared with those from previous land and ocean results. Momentum and latent heat fluxes were calculated by eddy correlation and compared to those estimated by the inertial dissipation method and the TOGA COARE bulk formula. The estimations of wind stress determined by eddy correlation are smaller than those from the TOGA COARE bulk formula, especially for higher wind speeds, while those from the bulk formula and inertial dissipation technique are generally in agreement. The estimations of latent heat flux from the three different methods are in reasonable agreement. The effect of the correction for ship motion on latent heat fluxes is not as large as on momentum fluxes.     

台风生成阶段周期性对流爆发机制及辐射的影响

最新观测统计分析表明台风生成前对流活动存在周期性特征,周期集中在18~26 h,峰值多出现在夜间。本文通过一系列理想的云分辨数值控制试验和辐射敏感性对比试验讨论了台风生成阶段周期性对流爆发的成因以及辐射日变化在此过程中产生的影响。结果表明,在给定无日变化的恒定太阳辐射情况下,台风生成过程中也会出现与观测一致的周期性对流爆发,说明辐射日变化不是该周期性形成的控制因素。对湿静力能扰动的收支分析发现边界层中湿静力能的周期性增减是导致周期性深对流爆发的关键因素。深对流爆发形成的冷池通过平流作用降低了边界层内的湿静力能,需要通过辐射与海表面通量过程使其恢复,才能再次触发对流。辐射日变化对于一些较弱的热带低压涡旋有调制作用,能使其周期性对流爆发的峰值时间相位改变并趋于在夜晚出现;但对于较强的涡旋,辐射的这种调制作用并不显著,涡旋会保持其最初对流爆发的周期和相位。本研究对观测到的台风生成阶段对流峰值出现在白天或夜间的情况都可以作出合理解释,也深化了对台风生成过程对流和辐射的作用和影响科学问题的理解。     

Progress of the Seasonal Evolution of East Asian Summer Circulation during July-August and Its Linkages with the Subseasonal Processes over the Western North Pacific

Based on the NCAR/NCEP monthly and pentad reanalysis dataset of 1961-2003, the progress of seasonal evolution of the summer atmospheric circulation in the East Asia in July to August, including the advanced and delayed cases, and their relationships with the subseasonal processes over the western North Pacific are analyzed and compared with that of climatology. The results show that the progress of seasonal cycle is advanced about a month ahead of the climatological time when the convection during 20-29 July is active in the region of the subtropical West Pacific (15°-25°N, 150°-165°E), while it is delayed about one month when weaker convections appear in the same region. Instead, the relative active convection for the latter occurs in Pentad 46 (14-18 August). It is proved that the convective activities in the early July in the equatorial central and east Pacific, and then the convective anomalies in the subtropical western North Pacific can excite the formation of the acceleration and delay of the seasonal circulation evolution in the East Asia in the late summer. The preceding subseasonal processes over the western North Pacific, including the time-lag interactions among the active convection in the late June and early July, the Northwest Pacific anticyclone, the underlying sea surface temperature and low-level winds anomalies, and their relationships with the anomalous seasonal evolution of the summer atmospheric circulation in the East Asia in late July are also investigated. However, further study, especially the numerical experiments, is needed on the mechanism of the anomaly summer seasonal cycle in the East Asia and the Northwest Pacific.     

冬季亚欧500hPa高度与下表面温度异常的大尺度相关型

使用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了冬季欧亚地区500hPa高度距平场与下表面温度距平场间的大尺度相关空间型，结果表明，两个场整体相关程度远高于随机水平，得到4对显著的耦合空间型，解释两场间协方差平方和的86％和各自方差的58％和38％，反映500hPa环流两种不同纬带的纬向环流异常和两种不同形态的经向环流异常，两个场距平之间的配合是受静力平衡关系支配的，秋季的表面温度异常能给出中低续500hPa高度距平符号的信息。