页岩气及其勘探研究意义

与传统意义上的泥页岩裂缝气并不完全相同,现代概念的页岩气是主体上以吸附和游离状态同时赋存于具有生烃能力泥岩及页岩等地层中的天然气聚集,具有自生自储、吸附成藏、隐蔽聚集等地质特点。美国的页岩气勘探取得巨大成功,是投入工业性勘探开发的三大非常规天然气类型之一,目前已形成了区域性页岩气勘探开发局面。中国的页岩气研究正在起步,许多盆地及研究区具有页岩气成藏的地质条件。与美国东部地区页岩气成藏地质条件进行初步对比,中国南方具有有利的页岩气发育条件,开展页岩气研究具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤系页岩气藏特征及勘探方向

煤系页岩气是未来非常规天然气的勘探方向。以鄂尔多斯盆地东部为例,对区内上古生界煤系太原组和山西组页岩气成藏的构造条件、储层特征和资源潜力进行了分析。研究认为,区内构造简单,泥页岩储层埋藏浅,厚度大,泥页岩有机质演化程度较高,有机碳含量较高,页岩气含量较高,页岩气成藏条件较优越,页岩气勘探开发的有利区位于府谷-神木-临县一带。鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤层发育,煤层气含量较高,局部层段存在砂岩气,页岩气可与煤层气、煤系砂岩气等综合勘查、共同开发。      

根缘气成藏主控地质因素

根缘气是在特殊成藏机理作用下形成的气水倒置关系气藏,它的形成需要特殊的地质条件.从天然气运移的机理过程分析,天然气对地层孔隙水活塞式的排驱方式是典型根缘气成藏的关键性控制因素.由于根缘气成藏介质条件变化的复杂性通常导致活塞式和置换式的气水排驱过程在储层孔隙内同时发生,那些促使气水活塞式排驱过程发生的因素条件就构成了根缘气成藏的主要地质条件,其主要包括大面积高效生排气的源岩基础、普遍致密且均质性强的储层物性以及密切接触的源储关系等,尤其是静水柱地层压力(气层埋藏深度)对根缘气的成藏范围具有直接影响.     

准噶尔和吐哈盆地株罗系煤层气储集特征

西北侏罗纪陆相盆地低煤级煤层气藏勘探开发近年来受到越来越多的关注,煤层气成藏机制是该区煤层气勘探开发的重要基础工作,而煤层气储集是煤层气成藏的关键地质过程。研究表明:准噶尔、土哈两个侏罗纪陆相盆地低煤级煤储层具有高孔容、高孔比表面积、高游离气储集潜力和低原位吸附气体能力的特征,深部煤储层储集气量显著高于浅部煤储层;浅部煤储层中基本上为吸附气,深部煤储层中吸附气、游离气、溶解气共存,游离气的重要性随埋深增加而增大;构造高点和构造圈闭对深部煤层气成藏具有重大影响,煤层气与常规气兼探与共采在理论上可行,深部煤层气藏可能较浅部煤层气藏更具开发价值。     

页岩气成藏动力特点及其平衡方程

针对页岩气吸附加游离的成藏方式对其成藏动力特点进行了系统分析。与特定的储集物性条件与相应的气源压力相匹配时,页岩气藏中游离气具有与根缘气或常规储层气相似的作用力类型,包括生烃膨胀力、连续气柱顶界静水柱压力、连续气柱底界静水柱压力、连续气柱重力、毛细管压力和动水头压力等,而造成气体分子在有机质颗粒及岩石矿物表面进行吸附与游离相态转换的作用力类型则为吸附作用力和解吸作用力。天然气动力类型存在运移动力与成藏动力的区别,页岩气作为源储一体的聚集模式,其运移动力和成藏动力具有方向相反特点。根据页岩热演化程度、生气强度、构造条件、物性条件等,将页岩气成藏划分为4个阶段,对每一阶段的成藏动力特点进行了系统分析,据此建立了成藏(运移)动力平衡方程,并采用权重系数赋值方法建立了页岩气成藏(运移)动力平衡方程通式。     

页岩气成藏动力特点及其平衡方程

针对页岩气吸附加游离的成藏方式对其成藏动力特点进行了系统分析。与特定的储集物性条件与相应的气源压力相匹配时,页岩气藏中游离气具有与根缘气或常规储层气相似的作用力类型,包括生烃膨胀力、连续气柱顶界静水柱压力、连续气柱底界静水柱压力、连续气柱重力、毛细管压力和动水头压力等,而造成气体分子在有机质颗粒及岩石矿物表面进行吸附与游离相态转换的作用力类型则为吸附作用力和解吸作用力。天然气动力类型存在运移动力与成藏动力的区别,页岩气作为源储一体的聚集模式,其运移动力和成藏动力具有方向相反特点。根据页岩热演化程度、生气强度、构造条件、物性条件等,将页岩气成藏划分为4个阶段,对每一阶段的成藏动力特点进行了系统分析,据此建立了成藏(运移)动力平衡方程,并采用权重系数赋值方法建立了页岩气成藏(运移)动力平衡方程通式。     

准噶尔和吐哈盆地侏罗系煤层气储集特征

西北侏罗纪陆相盆地低煤级煤层气藏勘探开发近年来受到越来越多的关注,煤层气成藏机制是该区煤层气勘探开发的重要基础工作,而煤层气储集是煤层气成藏的关键地质过程。研究表明：准噶尔、土哈两个侏罗纪陆相盆地低煤级煤储层具有高孔容、高孔比表面积、高游离气储集潜力和低原位吸附气体能力的特征,深部煤储层储集气量显著高于浅部煤储层;浅部煤储层中基本上为吸附气,深部煤储层中吸附气、游离气、溶解气共存,游离气的重要性随埋深增加而增大;构造高点和构造圈闭对深部煤层气成藏具有重大影响,煤层气与常规气兼探与共采在理论上可行。深部煤层气藏可能较浅部煤层气藏更具开发价值。     

中国南方海相页岩气超压机制及选区指标研究

在页岩气勘探开发选区的过程中,首先要寻找含气量较高的地区作为开发区块,含气量高的地区其资源丰度高,在同样的增产改造规模下单井EUR也较高,经济性也好。由于页岩含气量等于吸附气加上游离气,再加上溶解气,游离气、吸附气和溶解气都与压力系数关系密切。在美国开展页岩气地质选区过程中,由于地质条件稳定,认为超压对于页岩气田没有那么重要,正常压力、甚至欠压都可以实现开发,因此美国页岩气地质选区指标中没有压力系数的概念,并没有将超压作为一个关键指标。但是由于中国与北美地质成藏背景不同,北美页岩气主要位于环加拿大克拉通盆地,背景非常稳定,而我国是由多个地块拼接而成,构造复杂,同时页岩形成的时代较久,因此,我国与北美地质条件最大的差别为页岩成熟度高低和构造运动的强弱。因为我国海相成熟度高,导致孔隙压实,孔隙度降低;我国构造运动相对活跃,断裂发育,保存条件相对差。对于高成熟、低孔隙度的页岩,要达到同样的含气量需要较大的地层压力系数,这样单井最终可采储量才能达到经济极限,才能实现商业开发。我国南方分布有丰富的海相页岩气,具有厚度大、分布稳定的特点,普遍经历了高成熟演化和强烈地质构造运动。在油气生成过程中由于排烃作用的发生形成了广泛发育超低含水饱和度的特征,超低含水饱和度存在为形成超压富集区创造了条件,这种超压核心区是南方海相页岩气近期主要的勘探目标。扬子地区已经发现的超压页岩气田的增压机制主要包括构造抬升型增压、水热型增压、黏土矿物脱水型增压、生烃型增压。焦石坝海相页岩气田主要为构造型增压所形成的超压页岩气田,长宁页岩气田主要为生烃增压型页岩气田。页岩气选区指标应该是核心区/富集区优选指标,指标取值依据必须与超压气田地质特征参数匹配才有意义。北美地区页岩气地质选区需要考虑埋深、页岩厚度、TOC含量、含气量、硅质矿物含量。由于北美地质条件简单、成熟度适中,在低压、欠压条件下可实现商业化,但在高成熟、断裂发育背景下,地层压力系数尤其重要,应该考虑地层层压力系数。因此,本文认为页岩气地质选区中,除了考虑页岩埋深(1 500~4 500 m)、页岩厚度(>30 m)、总有机碳含量(>2%)、硅质矿物含量(>30%)等基本参数外,应把地层压力系数大于1.3以上作为我国南方海相页岩气选区的重要指标之一,才能体现我国南方海相页岩气特点,同时提高页岩气选区的准确性和科学性。     

页岩气储层特征及测井评价方法

为准确分析页岩气储层特征及其测井评价方法,在大量国内外文献调研基础上,综合已有的地质、测井资料,详细分析了页岩气储层的矿物成分、有机质特征、物性特征和储集特征等,提出了从含气页岩识别、页岩生烃潜力评价及含气页岩储集参数评价等三方面开展页岩气测井评价工作。对页岩气储层特征及其测井评价方法进行分析总结,可为页岩气的勘探开发提供技术支持。      

中国海相层系油气成藏过程与储层沥青耦合关系:以四川盆地为例

鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地和四川盆地三大海相盆地在古生界均不程度地发育古油藏,古油藏中储层沥青是藉以恢复和重建油藏成藏过程的重要中间产物。在对四川盆地海相层系油气成藏分类的基础上,对四川盆地碳酸盐岩储层沥青特征开展了详细的产出形态分析,总结了储层沥青产出形态与油气成藏过程的关系。四川盆地海相天然气藏储层岩类页岩、致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩均有分布,多期生烃、多期构造调整导致天然气与古油藏耦合关系复杂。总体上讲,四川盆地海相天然气气藏构建了一个原生与次生兼备、原油裂解气藏占主导、页岩气藏和致密砂岩气藏为辅的复式成藏系统。储层沥青分布特征可揭示古油藏和气藏成藏调整过程。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861