潞安矿区井下地应力测量及分布规律研究

在山西潞安矿区的13个煤矿采用小孔径水压致裂地应力测量装置,完成了60个测点的原岩应力测量工作。实测数据表明：潞安矿区55%的测点最大水平主应力大于垂直主应力,由于受埋藏深度与地质构造影响,矿区内各矿地应力值差别较大,但地应力大小总体上属于中等地应力值;潞安矿区最大水平主应力方向从南到北变化较大,构造应力场呈现出多变的形态。在实测数据的基础上,绘制了潞安矿区地应力分布图;分析了地应力随埋藏深度的变化规律、平均水平主应力与垂直主应力的比值与埋藏深度的关系。煤矿井下地应力测量为井田开拓、巷道布置与支护设计等工程实践提供了可靠的基础参数,提高了工程设计的科学性、合理性与可靠性。     

煤矿井下复杂岩层跟管定向钻进技术研究

为了解决煤矿井下复杂岩层破碎定向钻进出现孔壁坍塌而成孔难题,创新发明出复杂岩层跟管定向钻进技术护住复杂破碎孔段。该技术先采用中心定向钻具外跟套管穿过复杂地层,然后提出中心定向钻具利用外部套管护住复杂岩层孔段,最后在外部套管内下入下一级定向钻具施工。本文通过开展跟管定向钻具设计、跟管定向钻进工艺研究,并将该技术应用于淮北某矿高位定向钻孔试验。试验中该技术成功护住了由2层煤线、1层泥岩组成的103.5 m复杂岩层孔段,最终定向钻进成孔孔深530 m。试验表明,本技术可有效护住复杂地层孔段,提高复杂岩层定向钻孔深度和保护抽采通道。     

南京市露采矿山存在的环境问题与整治建议

在露采矿山地质环境调查成果的基础上，分析了南京市露采矿山环境现状，指出了矿山存在的环境问题，提出了矿山环境保护与整治建议，为科学有序地开展矿山环境整治及制定相关政策提供了依据。     

Local measurements of the polar deformation response in a hollow cylinder apparatus

This paper describes the set-up, calibration and performance of the local instrumentation that measures the deformation response of the test-specimen in a new hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA). Customised, single- and double-axis inclinometers measure the axial and twist deformations of the outer specimen wall surface. Proximity transducers in the cell chamber and the specimen bore cavity measure the radial wall‐surface displacements and precision gearing allows the relocation of the transducers from outside the pressure-cell. The inclinometers were modified (reduced gauge of 45 mm) to suit the smaller-sized test specimen and the more compact pressure cell of the HCA. The instruments were calibrated using an optical table and laser distance-measurement system to achieve the necessary accuracy for strain measurements over the pseudo-elastic range. The calibration in water data for the proximity transducers was non-linear and strongly influenced by the specimen wall curvature. Equations are presented to compute the true torsional shear strain response from the measured inclinometer tilt angle, specimen dimensions and deformation response. External measurements include significant errors due to apparatus compliance, specimen end-restraint and bedding effects, inaccuracies in measuring volume changes and the fact that the deformations are calculated assuming that the entire specimen deforms as a right cylinder.     

基于数字图像的砂土压缩变形模式的试验研究

基于数字图像处理技术,利用图像分析程序包PhotoInfor分析了侧限压缩条件下砂土各加荷阶段土体位移的产生、发展与演化全过程,发现砂土的位移场类似于抛物线形状,位移等值线呈轴对称分布,位移量最大的区域总是发生在上透水石的下底面中心处。单调加荷条件下,位移增量主要集中在局部变形带附近,其范围有继续延展和贯通的趋势,顶部、中部测点的土体位移与整体压缩量基本呈同步增长;顶部的土体位移量始终大于中部,加荷的中后期差别更加明显。与粉质黏土位移场进行对比试验分析,砂土内部的应力传递、变形模式以及荷载的影响范围均表现出明显的差异。上述研究为深入探讨基底压力的分布规律,利用宏观试验现象研究砂土细观结构变化的定量模型提供了新的思路。     

数字图像测量技术在土工三轴试验中的应用研究

将数字图像处理技术应用于土工三轴试验土样变形测量,提供了一种新的非接触变形测量手段。可消除传统三轴系统的变形测量误差,可测量土样任意部分的局部变形、剪切带的形成和发展过程,可定量分析橡皮膜嵌入的影响,还可实时跟踪并纪录土样变形过程。文中讨论了图像测量结果与传统测量结果的差别,指出对于标准的小三轴试样可以取中间40 mm左右的试样段进行变形测量以排除端部效应影响。     

三轴试验土样的端部影响问题研究

在以往的研究中,由于受到三轴试样变形测量手段的限制,无法定量研究三轴试样的端部约束对试样受力变形及其测量结果的影响。采用数字图像测量技术,直接量测试样的轴向变形和径向变形,把它们与传统测量方法得到的变形测量结果进行比较,定量分析端部约束与端部接触对三轴试验土样的影响。同时笔者建议采用数字图像测量技术,直接测量三轴试样中间部分的土样变形,以此避开试样端部的影响,使试验结果更加真实可靠。     

急倾斜软硬互层巷道变形破坏机制及支护技术研究

针对急倾斜软硬互层巷道围岩大变形控制难题,采用现场试验、理论分析和数值仿真等多种手段,研究急倾斜巷道围岩变形破坏机制,研究结果表明：急倾斜软硬互层巷道的变形与破坏具有非对称性,偏压作用明显,呈现顶板下滑,底板臌起的相互错动变形特征,底臌严重且易片帮冒顶。巷道断面与岩层倾斜方向的钝角部位受侧向约束小,因而剪切滑移变形较大,是产生非对称变形破坏的关键部位;下帮围岩变形破坏较上帮更为严重。基于急倾斜巷道的变形破坏特点,提出在锚- 网-索耦合支护的基础上利用锚索、底角锚杆等对产生差异变形破坏的关键部位进行加强支护的方法,巷道大变形得到了有效控制。     

Generalized contact model for polyhedra in three‐dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis

We present a generalized contact computation model for arbitrarily shaped polyhedra to simplify the contact analysis in discontinuous deformation analysis. A list of generalized contact constraints can be established for contacting polyhedra during contact detection. Each contact constraint contains information for 2 contact points, unique contact plane, and related contact modes (open, locked, or sliding). Computational aspects of the generalized contact model include identification of contact positions and contact modes, uniform penalty formulation of generalized contact constraint, and uniform updating of contact modes and contact planes in the open‐close iteration. Compared with previous strategies, the generalized contact computation model has a simpler data structure and fewer memory requirements. Meanwhile, it simplifies the penalty formulation and facilitates the open‐close iteration check while producing enough accuracy. Illustrative examples show the ability of the method to handle the full range of polyhedral shapes.     

岩溶山区崩滑灾害变形破坏地质模式分类

岩溶山区特殊的地质结构导致崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害时常发生,带来了严重的人员伤亡和经济社会损失。研究岩溶山区崩滑灾害特征,建立相应的变形破坏地质模式,对于岩溶山区崩滑灾害风险防控与治理工程具有重要理论意义与指导价值。文章以典型地质灾害形成演化过程为例,在系统地分析研究区典型崩滑灾害地质背景、影响因素、动力学与运动学特征的基础上,提出了岩溶山区崩滑灾害变形破坏地质模式,得出以下主要结论：（1）影响崩滑成灾基本因素（崩滑灾害体势能、岩溶结构面、岩组结构、斜坡地貌和斜坡结构）、影响因素（水文地质条件、工程活动、地震、降雨）和变形运动特征（运动形式和变形机制）三个方面,据此建立了岩溶山区崩滑灾害地质分类指标体系。（2）结合研究区特征对模型体系里面的每个要素进行系统分析,崩滑灾害的发生是各个要素相互组合、相互作用的结果。（3）总结了研究区内5种典型崩滑地质模式：高势能反倾降雨型高速远程滑坡—碎屑流模型、高势能斜倾视向采矿型高速远程崩滑灾害模型、超高势能横向陡倾地震型高速远程滑坡、高势能采矿型高速崩塌—碎屑流模型、低势能差异风化崩塌模型。为后续开展物理模拟、数值模拟、稳定性计算和变形破坏预测等工作奠定基础。下一步将更加深入全面地建立研究区的崩滑灾害模式,并进行崩滑灾害的危险性分级工作。     

An automated approach for conditioning discrete fracture network modelling to in situ measurements

Creation of a geological fracture network model conditioned to in situ geometric measurements is of great importance to geoprofessionals, as fractures dominate pathways for fluid flow, a major concern for many engineering applications. This paper introduces and applies the Stochastic Nelder Mead simplex method to automatically calibrate stochastic parameters of geometric characterisations of a discrete fracture network model. This method can overcome the non-convergence of a previous exploratory approach on the classic Nelder Mead method by others, and is an effective substitution to the manual trial-and-error method and is complementary to existing conditional simulation approaches. The procedure to integrate the Stochastic Nelder Mead with a discrete fracture network is presented in detail, and a case study was conducted. Results show that the improved model can better handle the stochastic nature of the underlying system and effectively simulates the observed number and mean trace length of these fractures, although the model results underestimate its standard deviation. Simulated distributions of trace lengths and spacings are within acceptable ranges except for some small offsets, which can be adjusted during model runs.     

现场测试地层平均热物性参数方法初探——以北京某工程地源热泵系统地层热物性测试评价工程为例

地层热物性参数是地源热泵系统地下换热器设计所需要的非常重要的参数,热物性参数的大小对钻孔的数量及钻孔的深度均有显著的影响,进而影响地源热泵系统的初投资。笔者以北京某工程地源热泵系统地层热物性测试评价工程为例,阐述了现场测试获取平均热物性参数的测试方法和原理,并通过建立传热模型,利用参数估算法计算了工程场区的热物性参数。为验证结果的可靠性,又采用了线源理论对测试数据进行计算并将计算结果与参数估算法进行了分析比较。最后,笔者对两种计算方法的求解方法和适用条件进行了归纳总结。由于目前地层热物性参数确定方法还很不成熟,可借鉴的经验不多,所以笔者提出的热物性参数确定方法只是尝试性的探索,还有待今后的实践检验和进一步的理论研究工作。