并联剪力墙地震反应分析的样条函数方法

本文根据并联剪力墙振型分解的地震反应控制微分方程，构造三次样条基函数，用样条函数方法对并联剪力墙进行地震反应时程分析，建立样条最小二乘法和样条伽辽金法的时程分析计算格式，本文方法所建立的动力刚度矩阵的半带宽仅为4，计算简便，易于编程，是一个简便，有效的分析方法。     

非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算的振型分解反应谱法

以非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算实数形式的一般解答为基础,推导得到了非比例阻尼线性体系水平地震作用计算的多种形式,建立了非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算振型分解反应谱法的基本过程与步骤。最后,以一个五层剪切型结构为例,通过与各种常用直接积分方法计算结果的比较,证实了本文非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应计算实数形式的一般解答的高精度与可靠性。通过对多种形式地震作用所得地震效应的比较,证实了非比例阻尼线性体系地震反应振型分解反应谱方法的可靠性及可行性。     

土体地震反应分析的简化有效应力法

本文提出了一个计算二维土体地震反应的简化有效应力法。该方法将整个地震特时分成若干时段，对每个时段用等效线性迭代进行次线性分析，等效剪应变幅值取该时剪应变均方根值的√２倍。     

基于偏最小二乘线性求解的结构损伤识别

基于模态参数化线性求解结构损伤的识别方法在工程中具有较为广泛的应用。然而，在噪声的干扰下，当结构可测量的模态阶数较少时，利用该方法求解的结果会出现大量的虚假损伤，严重扰乱真实的损伤信息。针对此问题，引入了一种基于偏最小二乘多线性回归建模的方法来对损伤识别结果进行降噪处理。通过对损伤结构的频率和振型信息添加一定水平的噪声干扰，分析确定结构单元的损伤参数，并利用偏最小二乘法重构线性方程组。同时，选择识别结果较为稀疏的解作为标准样本点，利用奇异值分解法回代求解结构的损伤参数。以桁架模型为例的数值模拟结果表明，在噪声干扰下，该方法与传统最小二乘法和奇异值分解法相比，不仅损伤识别结果准确，而且能够最大程度抑制虚假损伤的产生。     

基于位移的减震结构设计方法研究

针对减震结构的设计, 其振型分解反应谱方法不能反映阻尼器的非线性和结构在大震下的性能;时程分析法需要多次试算、十分繁琐的情况,采用以结构构件设计为主、线性粘滞阻尼器为强度补充的设计思想,将结构等效为单自由度体系,利用基于位移的设计方法对线性粘滞阻尼减震结构进行设计,并利用该方法设计1栋13层框架剪力墙结构,最后通过动力时程分析验证了该方法的可行性.     

修正振型叠加法在动力分析中的应用

本文对动力分析中的振型叠加法进行了研究,指出这个方法在舍弃某些高阶振型的影响时,常常会导致很大的计算误差。为此我们推导了考虑这些高阶振型影响的修正振型叠加法计算公式,并用这些公式计算了许多实例。计算结果表明,本文方法能有效地克服一般振型叠加法的缺点,提高计算的精度。     

考虑高振型影响的结构层间位移能力谱分析方法

工程界普遍采用的能力谱分析方法是建立在结构单自由度简化假设基础上，利用结构基本振型来进行能力分析。虽然此简化假设可以为工程界提供一种简便的分析方法，但从其分析效果来看，简化方法并不能很好地反映结构真实地震反应。高振型对结构局部变形的影响在分析结构动力反应特性中是很重要的因素，不应忽略掉。基于上述对现有能力谱分析方法不足之处的考虑，从提高结构能力谱分析方法的准确性出发，本文在Chopra能力谱分析方法的基础之上，根据我国振型分解反应谱思想，在能力谱分析方法中引入了结构高振型的影响分析，并提出了考虑结构高振型影响的结构层间位移能力谱分析方法的一般步骤。通过平面框架结构体系的算例分析，说明上述推荐方法在改进能力谱分析精度上的有效性。     

耗能减振结构的抗震设计方法

本文基于国内外耗能减振装置的性能试验和耗能减振结构的计算研究并结合我国正在修订的建筑结构抗震规范。提出了耗能减震结构抗震设计的统一方法。首先,提出了速度相关型线性耗能器和滞变型耗能器等效阻尼和刚度的计算方法;其次,通过大量的计算比较,研究了耗能减振结构非交阻尼阵强行解耦的精度和实际应用的可行性,提出了在结构地震反应分析了振型分解反应谱法中耗能器可统一归结为结构附加振型阻尼比的方法;第三,通过耗能减     

求解结构动力响应的小波分解法

本文用时程分析、振型迭加和小波变换3种方法,对一个10层建筑结构的地震动力响应进行了计算和比较,三者的结果完全一致,从而说明了线性时不变系统结构动力响应的唯一性定律是正确的。由于时程分析法可以用于非线性系统,而振型分解法只能用于线性系统,小波变换不但可以用于非线性,更可以用来进行多尺度分析的能谱计算,它能使抗震分析从传统的滞回耗能模型,提高到以结构损伤和延性评价的体系上来。     

确定土层地震最大反应的简化方法

本文将水平土层简化为剪切型多自由度线性体系,根据对土层地震反应的振型迭加法所得结果的统计分析,确定体系的传递函数。参考概率理论中有关求极值的办法,给出与功率谱密度相应的反应谱。同时,根据振型均方根的办法,给出土层的加速度、相对位移、剪应变和剪应力的最大反应值沿深度的分布。分析结果表明,文中所提供的方法与精确法所得的结果有很好的吻合。      

TIME-DELAY EFFECT AND ITS SOLUTION FOR OPTIMAL OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROL OF STRUCTURES

This paper investigates the stability of MDOF optimal direct output feedback control systems through analysis of system modal properties after the application of time-delayed control force. Explicit formula and numerical solution are obtained to determine the maximum delay time and critical delay time which cause system instability and control ineffectiveness, respectively. The results indicate that direct velocity feedback has longer maximum and critical delay times than state feedback. The feedback of non-collocated measurements will reduce maximum delay time. The ratios of maximum and critical delay times to structural natural period decrease as the active damping increases. For a given damped structure, a critical control weighting factor exists. When a larger control weighting factor is used, the control system will remain stable even with longer delay time. A formula is also developed to determine the critical control weighting factor so as to make the stability of MDOF control systems dominated by lower modes. Hence, the maximum delay time and critical delay time can be significantly lengthened by selecting an appropriate control weighting factor and/or adding higher modal dampings.     

多维Benchmark桥梁结构半主动控制策略

随着大跨度桥梁结构的广泛应用,作为生命线工程之一的桥梁结构振动问题备受关注。结构振动控制作为一种新方法,可以有效的减小结构振动响应。半主动控制只需较少的能量调节便可对最优控制力进行跟踪,进而成为研究的热点。传统的最优控制算法（LQR）需要计算复杂的Riccati方程,具有在线计算时间长等缺点。基于最优控制与计算结构力学之间的模拟理论,引入区段混合能的概念,将Riccati方程转化为区段矩阵的求解,采用水平双向布置MR阻尼器的方法对桥梁结构进行振动控制,考虑了桥梁结构3个方向的平动分量和转动分量,基于哈密顿体系提出了LQR半主动控制策略。最后,对Benchmark桥梁结构模型进行了仿真计算,结果表明:提出的LQR半主动控制策略是有效的。     

Genetic algorithm based LQR vibration wireless control of laminated plate using photostrictive actuators

A photostrictive type of opto-electromechanical actuator activated by high-energy lights can introduce actuation and control effects without hard-wired connections.This paper addresses the controllability aspect in wireless vibration control of plate structures via photostrictive actuators.A modal force index,which has taken into account the mode number,the spatial distribution,and the dimension of the actuator,is chosen as an objective function to determine the optimal locations of photostrictive actuators.A linear methodology is proposed in this paper and the vibration equation is written in the standard state-space form.A binary-coded GA based combined optimal placement and LQR(linear quadratic regulator) control scheme has been incorporated,which maximizes the modal force index,the closed loop damping and minimizes input light intensity to the actuators.In the present method only three weighting factors have been used to search optimal Q and R matrices using GA,which reduces chromosome length and hence minimizes computational time.Numerical results demonstrate that the use of strategically positioned actuator patches can effectively control the fundamental modes that dominate the structural vibration.     

Smart base isolated buildings with variable friction systems: H∞ controller and SAIVF device

A new control algorithm is developed for reducing the response of smart base isolated buildings with variable friction semiactive control systems in near‐fault earthquakes. The central idea of the control algorithm is to design a H_∞ controller for the structural system and use this controller to determine the optimum control force in the semiactive device. The H_∞ controller is designed using appropriate input and output weighting filters that have been developed for optimal performance in reducing near‐fault earthquake responses. A novel semiactive variable friction device is also developed and with the H_∞ controller shown to be effective in achieving response reductions in smart base isolated buildings in near‐fault earthquakes. The new variable friction device developed consists of four friction elements and four restoring spring elements arranged in a rhombus configuration with each arm consisting of a friction–stiffness pair. The level of friction force can be adjusted by varying the angle of the arms of the device leading to smooth variation of friction force in the device. Experimental results are presented to verify the proposed analytical model of the device. The H_∞ algorithm is implemented analytically on a five storey smart base isolated building with linear elastomeric isolation bearings and variable friction system located at the isolation level. The H_∞ controller along with the weighting filters leads to the smooth variation of friction force, thus eliminating the disadvantages associated with rapid switching. Several recent near‐fault earthquakes are considered in this study. The robustness of the H_∞ controller is shown by considering a stiffness uncertainty of ±10%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sub‐optimal control of structures

It is well known that the classical optimal control method requires all the state variables of the controlled system to be measurable and available for control feedback. However, for a high‐order or complex system some state variables are possibly unmeasurable in practice. In addition, the control cost will be higher if more sensors are used, because it is expensive to install sensors. On the other hand, when using the optimal control method with full‐state feedback, some state variables in control feedback have only a small effect on control performance. Neglecting these state variables does not affect the control performance greatly. Good control effectiveness can be obtained by using only the state variables that have a big effect on the control performance. So the questions become how to determine those state variables which have a big effect on the control performance? and how to design the optimal controller using only the determined state variables? The discrete sub‐optimal control method with partial‐state feedback is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the continuous control system and performance index are both transformed into discrete forms. Then the state variables, which have a big effect on the control performance, are determined using the second‐order sensitivity which is the second‐order derivative of the performance index with respect to control gain. The sub‐optimal controller is finally designed using only the determined state variables. Numerical examples are worked out to demonstrate the application of the proposed control algorithm. It is shown that the relative importance of each state variable can be indicated clearly by the second‐order sensitivity. The sub‐optimal control method presented is effective in reducing maximum responses of the structure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

突发地震灾害中无人驾驶救援车伺服控制系统研究

针对当前采用PID控制器控制无人驾驶救援车伺服系统时存在的轨迹跟踪精度不高,误差控制性能较差,灵活性、平稳性和安全性能不佳等问题,提出并设计基于BP神经网络整定PID控制器的无人驾驶救援车伺服控制系统,建立突发地震灾害中无人驾驶救援车伺服控制系统驱动模型,并以此模型作为被控对象;根据系统期望输出值与实际输出值构成的控制偏差获得PID控制规律,并通过调节PID控制器控制参数实现系统控制,在此基础上,采用BP神经网络通过对无人驾驶救援车伺服控制系统性能的学习,构建基于BP神经网络整定的PID控制器,并采用梯度下降法修正控制器加权系数,通过在线调整BP神经网络加权系数即可实现控制器的自适应调整,控制突发地震灾害中无人驾驶救援车实施救援。实验结果表明,设计的基于BP神经网络整定PID控制器的无人驾驶救援车伺服系统可有效提高轨迹跟踪精度,具有较好的灵活性,且能够保证驾驶员的安全和车辆平稳行驶。     

Optimal weighting in the finite difference solution of the convection-dispersion equation

Oscillation and numerical dispersion limit the reliability of numerical solutions of the convection-dispersion equation when finite difference methods are used. To eliminate oscillation and reduce the numerical dispersion, an optimal upstream weighting with finite differences is proposed. The optimal values of upstream weighting coefficients numerically obtained are a function of the mesh Peclet number used. The accuracy of the proposed numerical method is tested against two classical problems for which analytical solutions exist. The comparison of the numerical results obtained with different numerical schemes and those obtained by the analytical solutions demonstrates the possibility of a real gain in precision using the proposed optimal weighting method. This gain in precision is verified by interpreting a tracer experiment performed in a laboratory column.     

OPTIMAL POLYNOMIAL CONTROL FOR SEISMICALLY EXCITED NON-LINEAR AND HYSTERETIC STRUCTURES

In this paper, we present an optimal polynomial controller for reducing the peak response quantities of seismically excited non-linear or hysteretic building systems. A performance index, that is quadratic in control and polynomial of any order in non-linear states, is considered. The performance index is minimized based on the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation using a polynomial function of non-linear states, which satisfies all the properties of a Lyapunov function. The resulting optimal controller is a summation of polynomials in non-linear states, i.e. linear, cubic, quintic, etc. Gain matrices for different parts of the controller are determined from Riccati and Lyapunov matrix equations. Numerical simulation results indicate that the percentage of reduction for the selected peak response quantity increases with the increase of the earthquake intensity. Such load adaptive properties are very desirable, since the intensity of the earthquake ground acceleration is stochastic in nature. The proposed optimal polynomial controller is an effective and viable control method for non-linear or hysteretic civil engineering structures. It is an addition to available control methods in the literature.     

Effectiveness of structural control based on control energy perspectives

A computational algorithm for maximizing the control efficiency in actively controlling the elastic structural responses during earthquake is proposed. Study of optimal linear control using a single degree of freedom shows that applying active control is very effective in reducing the structural displacement and velocity responses for long‐period structures, but at the same time it has an adverse effect in increasing the absolute acceleration response. The extent of this adverse effect reduces the effectiveness of the control system, and therefore it poses a limit on the maximum control force in order to provide maximum control efficiency. In view of this shortcoming, maximum control energy dissipation is used to define the most effective optimal linear control law. Less displacement and velocity response are expected as larger control force is applied, but there is always a limit that maximum control energy can be dissipated. This study shows that this limit depends on the structural characteristics as well as the input ground motion, and a general trend is that the maximum control energy decreases as damping increases. Finally, application of the proposed algorithm on a six‐storey hospital building is presented to show the effectiveness of using optimal linear control on a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system from the control energy perspectives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于二次型性能指标的控制器优化布置方法

本文建立了基于二次型性能指标的结构控制系统控制器最优布置方法。以控制器撤除时的系统最优控制性能指标增量作为控制器对系统最优控制的贡献，并用做确定经济的控制器数量和最优控制器位置的定量分析准则。本文中的控制器位置和控制器设计采用同一个优化性能指标，使得控制系统设计为最优。根据逼近满设置控制器结构控制系统的最优状态求得控制器降阶后等价的反馈控制增益。应用本文的方法对剪切模型框架结构上安装的锚索控制器进行了控制器的总体优化设计。数值分析表明，本文提出的控制器数量、位置和参数优化方法不仅易于实现，而且甚为有效。